胭脂虫寄生对仙人掌生长的影响

从印榕仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)植株高度、新增茎片数量和新增茎片面积3个方面研究不同密度胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生对仙人掌生长量的影响。结果表明:1)胭脂虫寄生对寄主仙人掌有明显的抑制作用,未被寄生的仙人掌株高、茎片数量和茎片面积的增加均明显大于被寄生的仙人掌;2)随着胭脂虫寄生密度的增加,仙人掌植株生长量的增加相应减少,生长高峰期的出现也会相应推迟;3)胭脂虫的寄生密度应控制在1000头/株以下,过大会导致仙人掌的死亡。     

胭脂虫养殖方式初探

2003～2005年在四川凉山彝族自治州西昌市、宁南县,对胭脂虫进行大棚养殖试验、大棚仙人掌悬挂养殖试验和野外养殖试验,结果表明大棚养殖和大棚仙人掌悬挂养殖胭脂虫效果比较好;野外养殖受气候影响较大,胭脂虫难以成活.     

胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa培育方法研究

【目的】为探索胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus高产培育新方法。【方法】胭脂虫的室内培养模式有采摘茎片培育模式和种植培育模式两种。本研究在采摘茎片模式下开展了培育环境构筑、平铺培育、接种方式、蔗糖培育等培育技术的研究;在种植模式下进行了接种方式、轮放培育和寄主高度控制的培育技术研究。【结果】探索出胭脂虫在两种模式下的新培育方法。【结论】在采摘茎片培育模式下,采用松针覆土保湿效果较好;平铺培育产量较高,值得推广;悬挂培育宜采用网兜内置谷草接种方式。蔗糖对胭脂虫有明显助食作用,喷洒适当浓度的蔗糖有助于提高胭脂虫的产量。在种植模式下,宜进行轮放培育,寄主植株高度控制在100 cm之内且茎片级数在4级之内,可避免植株倒伏及断离。采用纱网撒种方式,可节约接种环节中大量人力。     

胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌挥发性物质的变化

为了研究胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生前后梨果仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)挥发性物质的变化,以动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集法捕集胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌的挥发物,并运用全自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱(ATD-GC/MS)联用技术进行分析检测,用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量。结果表明,无虫梨果仙人掌的挥发物中共检测到8种化合物,有虫的梨果仙人掌中共检测到9种化合物,化合物的种类和含量都有一定的变化;萜烯类是植食昆虫诱导的植物挥发性次生物质中的主要成分,本试验中,萜烯类在胭脂虫寄生前后的含量由23.12%降为6.98%。在无虫仙人掌的挥发物中检测出苯甲醛,含量约占1.73%,有虫的仙人掌中则未检测到;同样在有虫仙人掌挥发物中检出的其他物质如酯类(21.15%)、醇类(1.79%)和卤代芳烃类(1.51%)物质在无虫仙人掌植株中都未检测出。     

Volatile changes of Opuntia ficus-indica Mill before and after parasitizing by Dactylopius coccus Costa

为了研究胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生前后梨果仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)挥发性物质的变化,以动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集法捕集胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌的挥发物,并运用全自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱(ATD-GC/MS)联用技术进行分析检测,用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量.结果表明,无虫梨果仙人掌的挥发物中共检测到8种化合物,有虫的梨果仙人掌中共检测到9种化合物,化合物的种类和含量都有一定的变化;萜烯类是植食昆虫诱导的植物挥发性次生物质中的主要成分,本试验中,萜烯类在胭脂虫寄生前后的含量由23.12％降为6.98％.在无虫仙人掌的挥发物中检测出苯甲醛,含量约占1.73％,有虫的仙人掌中则未检测到;同样在有虫仙人掌挥发物中检出的其他物质如酯类(21.15％)、醇类(1.79％)和卤代芳烃类(1.51％)物质在无虫仙人掌植株中都未检测出.     

胭脂虫质量的研究

对云南省北亚热带、南亚热带和中亚热带三种气候类型昆明、景东、禄丰、通海等试验点养殖的3代胭脂虫雌成虫干体长(CL)、千虫重(KCW)、胭脂虫蜡(CW)、胭脂红酸(CA)研究表明:Ⅰ类(约88000头/kg)和Ⅱ类(约127000头/kg)胭脂虫与国外养殖的(70000～140000头/kg)一致,胭脂红酸含量平均为18.56%,与国外资料报道的17%～24%相吻合;胭脂虫的千虫重和胭脂红酸含量均与试验点、养殖方式、收虫季节无显著性差异,而与胭脂虫的类别呈显著性差异。将商品流通的胭脂虫分为四级,加工用胭脂虫分为三级,并初步提出胭脂虫的质量指标。     

胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用研究进展

胭脂虫DactylopiuscoccusCosta属同翅目(Homoptera)洋红蚧科(Dactylopiidae)洋红蚧属(Dactylopius),其饲养和应用历史悠久。从干燥的雌性胭脂虫体内可以提取出一种红色色素——胭脂虫红。胭脂虫红主要由胭脂红酸、胭脂酮酸、虫漆酸D、DCⅣ(2-C-α-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷)、DCⅦ(2-C-β-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷)以及Spiroketalcarminic acid等组成,具有极高的稳定性和安全性,应用范围极为广泛,可用于医药、天然色素添加剂和化妆品等领域,价格非常昂贵。鼓励边远地区的农民饲养胭脂虫曾是云南等省份的扶贫工作之一。胭脂虫红质量的高低受多方面因素影响,如个体内在因素(性别、生长发育阶段等)、环境因素(温度、湿度、光照、害虫等)。目前,可采用核磁共振光谱法NMR、高效液相色谱结合二极管阵列和串联质谱与电喷雾电离HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS、三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析、多变量统计分析等技术检测和鉴定胭脂虫红。本文综述了胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用,以期得到昆虫学业内更广泛的关注。     

胭脂虫肠道细菌的初步研究

目的通过对胭脂虫肠道细菌研究,探讨其生理活动。方法从山东农业大学昆虫温室仙人掌上采集胭脂虫,经表面消毒、分离纯化获得4个细菌菌株,对其细菌形态、培养性状、染色反应、生理生化反应等性状进行测定。结果研究结果表明,上述细菌菌株分别属于明串球菌属、链球菌属、微球菌属和孪生球菌。结论 4个属的细菌在不同温度、pH和NaCl不同浓度培养下,均在2530℃,中性偏碱,低NaCl浓度下生长良好。     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区砂仁的分布现状和适宜地选择

通过实地调查和 6家重点农户砂仁地一年定期观察资料表明 ,砂仁集中分布在沟谷季节性雨林林下 ,在半常绿季雨林和季风常绿阔叶林下也有分布 .为发展山区民族经济和减小对热带山地森林的干扰 ,以海拔高度和单位面积产量作为砂仁种植适宜地选择标准 ,提出最适宜区是海拔 80 0～ 1 1 0 0m ,0 .0 667hm2 产干果 1 5kg以上 ;不适宜区是海拔1 30 0m以上 ,0 .0 667hm2 产干果 1 .9kg以下地区 ;此外 ,0 .0 667hm2 产干果 2～ 1 4.9kg的其它地区是适宜区 .最适宜区的国有林部分应加强管理 .     

二色仙人掌，中国仙人掌科一新归化种

2019年4-6月,在江苏省西南部句容市郭庄镇虬山,首次发现二色仙人掌(Opuntia cespitosa Rafinesque)归化种群。该种群主要生长在海拔46～90 m的废弃采石场上,分布范围东西长510 m,南北宽260 m,面积约13.26 hm2。二色仙人掌开花结实的成年植株共计910棵,其中最大灌木平卧茎长轴上叶状茎10个,树龄可达10 a,大概在2010年就生长于虬山。在句容虬山采石场关闭时,采石场工作人员可能将盆栽的二色仙人掌就地丢弃,从而导致该归化种群的发展。比较了二色仙人掌与中国仙人掌属已知其余4种归化植物的形态特征,并编制了分种检索表。此外,讨论了二色仙人掌的传播机制及其入侵风险。     

Fermentative production of hydrogen from a wheat flour industry co-product

The global flour industry produces 96 million ton/year of wheatfeed, which is mainly used for animal feed. This co-product is high in carbohydrates and potentially a significant substrate for biohydrogen production. A 10 l bioreactor, inoculated with sewage sludge, was operated on wheatfeed (10 g l(-1)) at pH 5.5 and 35 degrees C in batch and semi-continuous mode (15 h hydraulic retention time (HRT)). Wheatfeed hydrolysate was also investigated in continuous mode (15 h HRT). NaOH-H2O2 treatment of 25 g l(-1) wheatfeed resulted in hydrolysate containing on average 8.1 g l(-1) total sugar. Hydrogen yields of 64 and 56 m3 H(2) per ton dry weight were produced from wheatfeed in batch and 56 m3 H2 per ton dry weight of wheatfeed in semi-continuous mode. Hydrogen yields from hydrolysate were only 22 and 31 m3 H2 per ton dry weight, (or 0.9 mol H2 per mol hexose degraded, assuming all sugar is hexose). Fermentation of unhydrolysed wheatfeed is therefore recommended. It is calculated that approximately 264 m3/ton of CH4 can be produced from a subsequent anaerobic digestion stage. The biohydrogen produced (diesel equivalents) from the 1.2 million ton/year of wheatfeed in the UK would be more than twice that required for transportation by the UK flour industry.     

Water and carbon storage capacity in Isolatocereus dumortieri (Cactaceae) in an intertropical semiarid zone in Mexico

In the biosphere reserve Barranca de Metztitlán in Mexico, there is an extensive area with a semiarid scrub. The dominant species is the cactus Isolatocereus dumortieri. This is a key species in the ecosystem, because many species of birds, bats and insects are feeding from its nectar, pollen and fruits during the dry season thanks to their capacity to store water and carbon. However, there is no information about their potential to store water and carbon. The purpose of this study was to estimate the ability of I. dumortieri to store water and carbon. Water content per plant was estimated as 537.64 ± 71.59 L during the dry season and 692.24 ± 92.18 L during the wet season. In the same way the carbon stored per cactus was 16.75 kg ± 7.07 corresponding to 1.25 kg C m². The results shows the importance of I. dumortieri in maintaining the ecosystem services of the scrub vegetation.     

施氮水平对小麦籽粒发育过程中氨基酸含量的影响

施氮能提高小麦籽粒蛋白质氨基酸的含量,并与施氮水平呈正相关;但对普通小麦必需氨基酸与蛋白质氨基酸的比值没有影响,而硬粒小麦4286随施氮水平的提高,该比值下降。在开花后32d以前,籽粒发育过程中游离氨基酸与施氮水平呈正相关,以后,籽粒中游离氨基酸趋于相近,表明施氮增加了游离氨基酸的库源,不同基因型小麦对施氮水平的反应不同,在同等施氮水平和栽培条件下,籽粒中蛋白质氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量为硬粒小麦4286＞小偃6号＞小偃107,不同施氮水平下,籽粒中氨基酸含量为高氮＞中氮＞低氮。     

Meta-analysis of spineless cactus feeding to meat lambs: performance and development of mathematical models to predict dry matter intake and average daily gain

Spineless cactus is a useful feed for various animal species in arid and semiarid regions due to its adaptability to dry and harsh soil, high efficiency of water use and carbohydrates storage. This meta-analysis was carried out to assess the effect of spineless cactus on animal performance, and develop and evaluate equations to predict dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) in meat lambs. Equations for predicting DMI and ADG as a function of animal and diet characteristics were developed using data from eight experiments. The dataset was comprised of 40 treatment means from 289 meat lambs, in which cactus was included from 0 to 75% of the diet dry matter (DM). Accuracy and precision were evaluated by cross-validation using the mean square error of prediction (MSEP), which was decomposed into mean bias, systematic bias and random error; concordance correlation coefficient, which was decomposed into accuracy (C_b) and precision (ρ); and coefficient of determination (R²). In addition, the data set was used to evaluate the predicting accuracy and precision of the main lamb feeding systems (Agricultural and Food Research Council, Small Ruminant Nutritional System, National Research Council and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) and also two Brazilian studies. The DMI, CP intake (CPI), metabolizable energy (ME) intake and ADG increased when cactus was included up to 499 g/kg DM (P<0.001). In contrast, animals fed high levels of cactus (>500 g/kg DM) had a decreased DMI, CPI and NDF intake, but increased feed efficiency (P<0.001) and similar ADG compared with those without cactus addition. The DMI was positively correlated with initial BW, final BW, concentrate and ADG, while it was negatively correlated with cactus inclusion and ME of the diet. On other hand, ADG was positively correlated with DMI, initial and mean BW and concentrate, and it was negatively correlated with cactus inclusion. The two developed equations had high accuracy (C_b of 0.95 for DMI and 0.94 for ADG) and the random error of MSEP was 99% for both equations. The precision of both equations was moderate, with R² values of 0.53 and 0.50 and ρ values of 0.73 and 0.71 for DMI and ADG, respectively. In conclusion, the developed equation to predict DMI had moderate precision and high accuracy, nonetheless, it was more efficient than those reported in the literature. The proposed equations can be a useful alternative to estimate intake and performance of lambs fed cactus.     

Direct fermentation of fodder maize, chicory fructans and perennial ryegrass to hydrogen using mixed microflora

This study examined the feasibility of producing hydrogen by direct fermentation of fodder maize, chicory fructooligosaccharides and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in batch culture (pH 5.2-5.3, 35 degrees C, heat-treated anaerobically digested sludge inoculum). Gas was produced from each substrate and contained up to 50-80% hydrogen during the peak periods of gas production with the remainder carbon dioxide. Hydrogen yields obtained were 62.4+/-6.1mL/g dry matter added for fodder maize, 218+/-28mL/g chicory fructooligosaccharides added, 75.6+/-8.8mL H(2)/g dry matter added for wilted perennial ryegrass and 21.8+/-8mL H(2)/g dry matter added for fresh perennial ryegrass. Butyrate, acetate and ethanol were the main soluble fermentation products. Hydrogen yields of 392-501m(3)/hectare of perennial ryegrass per year and 1060-1309m(3)/hectare of fodder maize per year can be obtained based on the UK annual yield per hectare of these crops. These results significantly extend the range of substrates that can be used for hydrogen production without pre-treatment.     

Productivity and nutrient content of Juncus kraussii in an estuarine marsh in south-western Australia

Juncus kraussii, which is the dominant emergent macrophyte in the marshes of the Blackwood River Estuary, has an estimated net above-ground production there of 0.3 to 1.3 kg dry weight m^-2 yr^-1. A high standing crop of live culms is present throughout the year and dead material generally exceeds live. New culms are produced throughout the year, but especially during the warm season. Growth and senescence of culms also occurs throughout the year although there is evidence for increased growth in the warm season. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are given on a per g dry weight and per m² basis. Some 60% of the nitrogen and 50% of the phosphorus remain in the dead culm material, the remainder being retranslocated. Sodium and, especially, potassium are readily retranslocated during senescence, but calcium and magnesium are much less mobile.     

Effects of replacing corn with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica Mill) on the performance of Santa Inês lambs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and nutrient digestibility of feedlot Santa Inês sheep fed with increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% dry matter basis) of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica, Mill) as a replacement for corn. Forty-five male (non-castrated) Santa Inês sheep, averaging 27.50 ± 0.48 kg body weight (BW) at the beginning of the study, were used in this trial. A completely randomized block design with nine replicates per treatment was used. The intakes of DM, OM, CP, EE, TC, NFC, TDN and ME were quadratic, while the intakes of mineral matter (MM) and NDF increased linearly with increased levels of cactus pear in the diet. The voluntary intake of water decreased with increased levels of cactus pear in the diet. Increased levels of cactus pear in the diet increased the apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and TC linearly, but did not influence the digestibility of EE or NFC. Daily weight gain (DWG) and feed efficiency decreased linearly with increased levels of cactus pear in the diet. The replacement of corn by cactus pear does not affect the conversion of the feed. Overall, increased levels of cactus pear in the diet of these sheep favours a high digestibility of nutrients, improves the quality of forage, reduces the voluntary intake of water, and thus represents an important source of fodder and water reserves for use in semiarid regions.     

性诱剂、赤眼蜂和化学药剂协同防治大豆食心虫的研究

【目的】本文为优化大豆食心虫Leguminirora glycinioorella(Mats.)Obraztsov生物防治策略,探究不同防治策略的最佳防治时期和最佳使用量,最终达到提高防治效率及保护环境的目的。【方法】选取哈尔滨和黑河两个地区进行试验,通过比较不同措施防治大豆食心虫的防治效果,以及在大豆食心虫不同发生期单独使用性诱剂和性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治的防治效果,寻找最佳防治方法及最佳防治时期。通过比较在不同配比下性诱剂与化学药剂(敌敌畏)协同防治效果,寻找最适配比。【结果】结果表明:(1)性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治效果为60.89%,明显优于单独使用性诱剂或赤眼蜂单独防治大豆食心虫。(2)性诱剂单独使用和性诱剂赤眼蜂协同防治大豆食心虫最佳防治时期都为其盛发期前5 d,防治效果最高可达62.42%和66.08%,其次是盛发期防治,盛发期后5 d防治效果最差。(3)性诱剂-化学药剂协同防治研究发现,从防治效果、经济效益、生态保护等多方面考虑,放每667 m2放1个诱捕器和3/4药量的敌敌畏熏蒸剂效果更佳,与使用化学药剂防治效果差差异不显著,并能减少农药使用量。【结论】研究结果表明,最佳生物防治策略为在大豆食心虫盛发期前5 d利用性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治大豆食心虫,每667 m2放1个诱捕器和3/4药量的敌敌畏熏蒸剂,可作为从化学防治向生物防治过渡的防治方法。