ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKES MUTANDA, BUNYONYI AND MULEHE

Quantitative samples of zooplankton from three lakes in the Kigezi District of Uganda have been studied. The systematics of the zooplankton are considered, and some of the identifications given by Worthington & Ricardo (1936) in a previous study of one of these lakes are revised.
Lake Mulehe is the shallowest of the three lakes and contains the largost standing crop of zooplankton. This is in agreement with chemical data which indicato that the supply of nutrient salts in Lake Mulehe is higher than in the other two lakes.
In October 1962 the zooplankton of Lake Mutanda was characterized by the relative abundance of three species of Daphnia which were not found in the samples from the other lakes, although two of these species were present in Lake Bunyonyi in 1931. Rotifers were sparse in Lako Mutands, but here dominant by Tetramastix opoliensis. Lake Bunyonyi was richer in rotifers, but here the dominant species was Keratella tropica , whilo in Lake Mulehe the dominant rotifer was Synchaeta pectinata.
The zooplankton of Lake Mutanda in October 1962 was similar in composition to that of Lake Bunyonyi in 1931, but in 1962 the zooplankton of Lake Bunyonyi was more like that of Lake Mulehe. The possible causos of this change are discussed.     

Lake ecosystem effects associated with top-predator removal due to selenium toxicity

We examined the fish and zooplankton composition of Belews Lake, a 1,564-ha impoundment located in north-central North Carolina, which experienced a temporary surge of selenium that subsequently eliminated piscivorous fish stocks from the lake basin. Beginning in 1974 and ending in 2004, we focused on three 14 month sampling periods. In 1974/1975 the piscivorous fish community was comparable to that of near-by lakes. In the high selenium impact period of 1985/1986 piscivorous fish species were eliminated from the lake basin. In 2003/2004 piscivorous species again constituted a significant component of the fish community of the lake, although fish species diversity declined significantly. Lepomis cyanellus, which had been limited to <2% of all fish sampled prior to 1984, increased dramatically, constituting >63% from 1993 to 2004. Macrozooplankton density was >17 times higher in 1974/1975 than in 1985/1986. During 1985/1986, all cladocera except the smallest species were eliminated or were present at extremely low densities. As the piscivore population at Belews Lake returned to its pre-impact density, macrozooplankton recovered to baseline levels for density, raw species counts, and Shannon–Wiener diversity. Since zooplankton is resistant to selenium at the exposure levels experienced at Belews Lake, we attribute the changes in the restructuring of the zooplankton community and phytoplankton densities to changes in top-down predation.     

Reproductive strategies of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) forms in Kiryalta lakes,Transbaikalia, Russia

Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo are the two largest Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes; they are located close to each other, but have a strikingly different water transparency. We explain key differences in the structure and the functioning of the food web with variation in limnological variables and major pelagic food web compartments within and across both lakes. Data from a detailed comparative investigation of physical and chemical variables and zooplankton community characteristics during the wet and dry season from two consecutive years revealed major differences in key limnological variables between Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo. The most pronounced differences were related to water transparency and the amount of suspended solids in the water column. Lake Abaya is much more turbid, has lower phyto- and zooplankton biomass, and has considerably lower primary production than Lake Chamo. Based on our results, we infer that the profound differences in food web structure between both lakes probably result from differences in sediment load. Finally, our results indicate that conservation programs should focus on reducing sediment inflow from the catchments into the lakes.

     

The zooplankton-phytoplankton interface in lakes of contrasting trophic status: an experimental comparison

We report here the results of an experimental study designed to compare algal responses to short-term manipulations of zooplankton in three California lakes which encompass a broad range of productivity (ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, mesotrophic Castle Lake, and strongly eutrophic Clear Lake). To assess the potential strength of grazing in each lake, we evaluated algal responses to a 16-fold range of zooplankton biomass. To better compare algal responses among lakes, we determined algal responses to grazing by a common grazer (Daphnia sp.) over a range ofDaphnia densities from 1 to 16 animals per liter. Effects of both ambient grazers andDaphnia were strong in Castle Lake. However, neither ambient zooplankton norDaphnia had much impact on phytoplankton in Clear Lake. In Lake Tahoe, no grazing impacts could be demonstrated for the ambient zooplankton butDaphnia grazing had dramatic effects. These results indicate weak coupling between phytoplankton and zooplankton in Clear Lake and Lake Tahoe, two lakes which lie near opposite extremes of lake trophic status for most lakes. These observations, along with work reported by other researchers, suggest that linkages between zooplankton and phytoplankton may be weak in lakes with either extremely low or high productivity. Biomanipulation approaches to recover hypereutrophic lakes which aim only to alter zooplankton size structure may be less effective if algal communities are dominated by large, inedible phytoplankton taxa.     

巢湖及其支流浮游动物群落结构特征及水质评价

2013年9月至2014年6月对巢湖及柘皋河、杭埠河、南淝河3条支流的浮游动物进行了调查,共检出浮游动物297种,其中,原生动物124种,轮虫135种,枝角类29种,桡足类9种。南淝河浮游动物物种数最多,为203种,巢湖最少,为130种;巢湖及3条支流均以原生动物和轮虫物种数最多。浮游动物总密度为644 223 ind/L,柘皋河浮游动物密度最高,巢湖浮游动物密度最低,巢湖及3条支流原生动物密度占浮游动物总密度的比例均为最高;四个季节柘皋河浮游动物密度均为最高。浮游动物总生物量为253.14 mg/L,南淝河浮游动物生物量最高,杭埠河和巢湖浮游动物生物量较低;春季和冬季柘皋河浮游动物生物量最高,夏季和秋季南淝河浮游动物生物量最高。相较3条支流,巢湖浮游动物优势种数最少。依据理化指标,巢湖及3条支流为富营养或超富营养水平,营养水平为:南淝河巢湖柘皋河杭埠河。浮游动物群落结构和环境因子的冗余分析(RDA)表明,巢湖及3条支流浮游动物群落结构在四个季节均未能明显区分开,浮游动物群落和环境理化因子的相关性较小。     

Metabolic activity of herbivorous zooplankton in Lake Kinneret (Israel) during 1972-1977

Metabolic activities of herbivores zooplankton in Lake Kinneretduring 1972–1977 were analysed, based on experimentaldata. Two multiannual cycles of activity were observed: I-1972-1974;II-1975-1977. Some changes of nutritional value of the grazedmaterial in the 1975–1977 cycle are suggested.     

不同类型景观水体浮游动物群落差异及其影响因素

探明不同类型景观水体中环境敏感型浮游动物群落特征差异及影响因素对景观水体生物多样性维持和水生生态系统保护十分重要。于2014年5月在上海选取具代表性的8个景观水体共设置35个采样点进行浮游动物采样调查,并同步测定水体环境指标。本次调查采集并鉴定浮游动物40种,其中轮虫29种,枝角类7种,桡足类4种。基于浮游动物群落组成进行聚类分析,所有采样点聚为四种景观类型:天然湖泊(淀山湖)、人工湖泊(滴水湖)、AAAA级公园水体(共青森林公园和古猗园)和普通综合性公园水体(世纪公园、和平公园、长风公园和车镜公园)。两种公园水体浮游动物种类较为丰富,多样性较高,各自约有40%的种为生境特有种,而淀山湖特有种仅1种(为猛水蚤),滴水湖3种均为蛭态类。物种相似性方面,大型天然淀山湖与人工滴水湖相似性最高(37.5%),普通公园水体次之(33.3%),与AAAA公园水体相似度最低(20%)。后两者间的相似性较高(27.8%),且两者与滴水湖的相似度均较低(18.5%和12.0%)。四类水体仅有3个共有种/类群:角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella co...     

Inter-and intraspecific differences in fatty acid composition of freshwater crustacean zooplankton

1. The composition of fatty acids (FA) from C14 to C18 was measured for edible seston and for individual Daphnia galeata , Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Eodiaptomus japonicus from Lake Biwa using a pyrolysis–gas chromatography (Py–GC) method. Based on the relative abundance of the FA, inter-and intraspecific differences in composition were examined.
2. Among the FA, C16 : 0 was the most abundant, both in the three zooplankton species and in edible seston smaller than 20 μm, suggesting that the composition of the zooplankton was roughly reflected by their diet. However, the abundance of C18 : 1 relative to C16 : 1 and C18 : 0 was much higher in each zooplankton species than in the diet.
3. Comparison of the relative abundance of FA among the three zooplankton species revealed that intraspecific differences in FA composition are greater than interspecific differences. These results indicate that variability in FA composition is not necessarily species-specific, and can be obscured by variation in composition between individuals.     

Interactions between zooplankton and fish in a fertilized lake

The effects of fish predation on the zooplankton community in an oligotrophic lake, Langvatn, near Trondheim in Central Norway, were investigated during a six-year period (1973–1978), together with the added effects of changes produced by adding artificial fertilizer in 1975 and 1976. The improved nutrient conditions in 1975 resulted in a rapid increase in biomass and production of the largest herbivore zooplankton species and of the fish population. A change in the behaviour and food habits of the arctic char was recorded; they became more pelagic and fed mainly on zooplankton. An increased survival rate of 0-group and biomass of planktivorous fish in 1975 enhanced the degree of fish predation on the zooplankton during subsequent years (1976–1978). As a consequence of fish predation, the composition of the zooplankton changed, from a mainly large-sized to a mainly small-sized community, dominated by Bosmina longirostris and rotifers. Since fish predation is size-selective and visibility-dependent, it induced a decrease in mean size and in body length at onset of maturity of the cladoceran populations and probably also weakened their ability to produce resting eggs.     

Comparison of Plankton-Water Chemistry Relationships in Three Acid Stressed Lakes in Nova Scotia,Canada

A field program was conducted in 1980 and 1981 on three lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, to study plankton-water chemistry relationships in a region of potential acid precipitation stress. Among lake and between year comparisons were made. The three study sites represent two different types of lakes. Kejimkujik Lake (pH 4.8) and Pebbleloggitch Lake (pH 4.5) are both high-colored, dystrophic acid lakes. Beaverskin Lake is a clear, oligotrophic lake which is not as acidic (pH 5.4). The phytoplankton of Kejimkujik Lake was dominated by diatoms, while Pebbleloggitch Lake was dominated by chlorophytes and chrysophytes, and Beaverskin Lake was dominated by cyanophytes. Kejimkujik Lake had the highest total algal cell volume per liter, and Pebbleloggitch Lake the lowest. Rotifer populations composed the majority of the zooplankton communities, while the crustacean zooplankton were dominated by the acid-tolerant copepod Diaptomus minutus. Kejimkujik Lake had the lowest zooplankton biomass and Pebbleloggitch Lake the highest zooplankton biomass per m³. A pattern of highest algal density in Beaverskin Lake, but highest zooplankton density in Pebbleloggitch Lake emerged in both years. This is likely an effect of abundant, but unsuitable food (blue-green algae) in Beaverskin Lake and important detrital food resources in Pebbleloggitch Lake in both years. Multiple regression analysis of water chemistry variables with plankton species produced many significant effects, but failed to show clear patterns. Cause and effect relationships in aquatic ecosystems are poorly delineated by such techniques.     

南四湖浮游动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探讨南四湖浮游动物多样性特征及其与水质的相关性,于2012年夏季(7月)和冬季(12月)对南四湖浮游动物的群落结构进行了系统研究,结合历史数据,分析了南四湖浮游动物群落的多样性特征和时间变化。共采集到浮游动物163种,其中,轮虫78种,原生动物65种,枝角类17种,桡足类3种。夏季记录浮游动物种类数(141种)高于冬季(105种)。从四个湖区来看,微山湖浮游动物种数最多(102种),其次是南阳湖(95种)和昭阳湖(80种),独山湖(73种)较少。南四湖浮游动物全年平均密度为2 192 ind/L,平均生物量为2.27 mg/L。除原生动物外,其他三类浮游动物夏季的平均密度和生物量都高于冬季。采用丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数对浮游动物多样性进行了评价,结果均显示,南四湖浮游动物多样性夏季高于冬季。通过回归分析发现,总氮是影响浮游动物密度的主要因素,总氮和水温是影响浮游动物生物量的主要因素,p H和电导率是影响浮游动物多样性的主要因素。     

Specific features of the zooplankton of the coastal zone of Lake Sevan

Specific features of the Lake Sevan zooplankton development during a rise in water level in July 2007 and a change in the fish density were revealed. Compared to earlier data (from the second half of the 20th century), the pelagial zooplankton quantitatively dominates over the zooplankton of shallows. It is shown that the diversity and abundance of rotifers increase in the coastal zones subject to inundation. The rotifer indicator species of eutrophic and α-mesosaprobic waters contribute to this increase. The stimulating effect of the waste products of a bird colony on the zooplankton of the lake shallows is revealed.     

千岛湖浮游动物的群落结构

研究了贫－中营养型的大型,深水湖泊－－浙江千岛湖浮游动物的群落结构,包括种类组成,种群动态,现存量及群落多样性指数。在1a的研究中,共发现139种浮游动物（27种原生动物,70种轮虫,26种枝角类和16种桡足类）。根据年平均密度,各类浮游动物的优势种分别为褶累枝(Epistylis plicatilie),螺形龟甲轮虫9Keratella cochlearis),透明蚤（Daphnia hyalina)和一种中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops notius)。轮虫和枝角类群落多样性指数随着水体透明度的增大呈下降的趋势;采样站变异下,枝角类群落多样性指数与其种类数和密度呈显著的正相关关系;月份变异下,桡足类群落多样性指数与其密度呈显著的正相关关系。     

The effect of a lake fertilization on the stability and material utilization of a limnetic ecosystem

The interaction between the phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish populations and certain abiotic environmental factors, was investigated in an oligotrophic Norwegian lake during a 5-yr period (1974–1978). The effects of adding artificial fertilizer in 1975 and 1976 were also studied. When cladoceran dominated, the zooplankton community was able to maintain a more or less constant phytoplankton biomass and a rather low phytoplankton production even when nutrient levels were raised. In years when rotifers were dominant, algal biomass and productivity increased, despite the amount of added nutrients being lower. The regression for the relationship between daily phytoplankton P/B and daily herbivore zooplankton P/B indicated that these trophic levels were highly interdependent. A change, from large-sized to smaller herbivorous zooplankton, due to fish predation, also led to an increase in phytoplankton turnover. The investigations show that planktivorous fish may be the key factor which determines the stability of limnetic systems and controls the material transfer from the algae to the higher trophic level.     

Zooplankton in a quasi-stable phase in an endorheic lake (Lake Chilwa,Malawi)

Lake Chilwa, a fairly large, turbid, brackish and very shallow endorheic lake in Malawi, Central Africa, dried up completely in 1968 and filled up again in the following wet season. Compared with the zooplankton in the drying, filling and post-filling phases (1966–1971), differences in their composition, density, distribution and reproduction were found in 1975–1976, a year when the lake was 1–2 metres deeper. This situation is discussed in relation to environmental factors, fish predation and the supply of detritus from the surrounding Typha swamp, to illustrate the relative stability of the zooplankton populations in periods between lake recessions.University of Malawi     

多指标记录的1962-2008年长白山园池泥炭地地表湿度变化

使用AMS 14C和137Cs方法建立年代序列,通过植物残体、有壳变形虫和腐殖化度3个指标的综合分析,重建了长白山园池泥炭地地表的湿度变化,并探讨其对气候的响应.结果表明:园池泥炭地地表50 cm泥炭植物残体以藓类为主,利用去趋势对应分析(DCA)发现,第一轴得分代表沼泽表面湿度变化,将植物残体揭示的1962-2008...     

Zooplankton–phytoplankton relationships in shallow subtropical versus temperate lakes Apopka (Florida,USA) and Trasimeno (Umbria,Italy)

This study compares and contrasts the dynamics of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nutrients in two of the largest shallow lakes in the USA (Lake Apopka, Florida) and Europe (Lago Trasimeno, Umbria, Italy) and considers particularly the biomass ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton (BZ:BP) in relation to nutrient levels and in the context of data from other subtropical and temperate lakes. Lake Apopka is hypereutrophic with higher concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), nitrogen (TN), and nearly an order of magnitude higher BP than Lago Trasimeno. However, combined data from the two lakes can be fit to a single log–log regression model that explains 72% of the variability in BP based on TP. In contrast, BZ has a significant positive log–log relationship with TP only for Lago Trasimeno, and is much lower than expected based on the TP concentrations observed in Lake Apopka. Lake Apopka has a fish assemblage that includes high densities of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and threadfin shad (D. petenense), similar to other eutrophic Florida lakes that also have extreme low BZ. The ratio BZ:BP is below 0.01 in Lake Apopka, 10-fold lower than in Trasimeno and among the lowest values reported in the literature. Although stress of high water temperature and a greater proportion of inedible cyanobacteria may be contributing factors, the collective results support an emerging view that fish predation limits the biomass of crustacean zooplankton in subtropical lakes. Handling editor: S. I. Dodson     

Eutrophication strengthens the response of zooplankton to temperature changes in a high‐altitude lake

To assess whether and how zooplankton communities respond to variations in temperature and how these assemblages change with eutrophication, we performed a large‐scale, monthly survey from August 2011 to July 2012 to determine the seasonal and spatial variations in these communities in a high‐altitude lake. A detrended correspondence analysis and a path analysis demonstrated that temperature and chlorophyll a were important factors influencing zooplankton. The path diagram showed that Daphnia was negatively affected directly by chlorophyll a and indirectly by temperature, whereas Bosmina was directly and positively affected by temperature. Daphnia spp. decreased in both absolute and relative biomass during warm seasons, whereas Bosmina spp. showed the opposite trend. Moreover, the lowest Daphnia spp. biomass was observed in the southern region, which was the most eutrophic. Our results indicate that increasing temperatures will continue to shift the dominant genus from Daphnia to Bosmina, and this change will be exacerbated by eutrophication. In addition, the zooplankton of Lake Erhai have shifted to smaller species over time as temperature and eutrophication have increased, which implies that zooplankton succession to small cladocerans may be markedly accelerated under further climate change and the increased eutrophication that has been observed in recent decades.     

武汉东湖夏冬两季浮游动物物种多样性及群落结构研究

2018年7月、8月、12月及2019年1月, 对武汉东湖沿岸带的浮游动物群落分夏冬两季进行了调查研究。共鉴定出浮游动物35属50种, 其中轮虫22属37种、枝角类10属10种、桡足类3属3种。夏季优势物种为跨立小剑水蚤(Microcyclops varicans)、裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)和微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura); 冬季优势物种为长肢多肢轮虫(Polyarthra dolichoptera)、疣毛轮虫(Synchaeta spp.)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)和犀轮虫(Rhinoglena sp.)。将观察到的浮游动物进行了图像信息采集, 并确定了部分物种SSU rRNA序列, 为淡水浮游动物的研究提供了参考资料。参考武汉东湖浮游动物研究的历史文献数据, 东湖数十年来浮游动物物种数逐渐下降, 轮虫优势物种由寡污型转为β-中污型甚至α-中污型。夏冬两季东湖浮游动物群落结构具有明显差异, 夏季轮虫平均密度(56.2 ind./L)和生物量(0.22 mg/L)低于冬季(476.3 ind./L、0.44 mg/L), 而甲壳类密度(137.8 ind./L)和生物量(2.88 mg/L)高于冬季(53.1 ind./L、1.12 mg/L)。夏季浮游动物群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数均高于冬季, 夏冬两季Pielou均匀度指数差异不大, 水质评价表明东湖夏季(中污染)优于冬季(重污染)。夏冬两季温度、溶解氧、pH、盐度和ORP五种环境因子均存在极显著差异, RDA分析表明, 其中温度对浮游动物群落结构的影响最大。     

基于宏基因组的保安湖浮游动物多样性研究

研究于2019年春、夏、秋、冬四季对保安湖进行了水样采集, 基于宏基因组测序, 在优化物种鉴定和丰度计算方法的基础上, 考察了保安湖浮游动物的多样性、群落结构及其影响因素。共鉴定到浮游动物OTU 374种, 其中原生动物282个; 枝角类45个; 桡足类26个; 轮虫21个。从季节来看, 夏、秋季保安湖的浮游动物多样性高; 从湖区来看, 肖四海和主湖区浮游动物多样性高。季节因素对保安湖浮游动物群落结构的影响高于湖区影响。保安湖营养状态为中营养型, 水体温度、叶绿素a是影响保安湖浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子, 不同类群与环境因子相关性不同, 总体可分为5类。其中原生动物优势类群为混合营养的纤毛虫和丝足虫, 同硝氮、化学需氧量、温度有明显的相关性, 而枝角类和桡足类同环境因子的关系较为相似, 与溶氧、叶绿素a、正磷酸盐存在明显相关。研究利用宏基因组方法对保安湖浮游动物多样性开展了研究, 为从浮游动物这一角度来理解保安湖这一江湖阻隔型湖泊的生物多样性的变化提供了支撑。