温度对深点食螨瓢虫实验种群的影响

在５种温度下观察了深点食螨瓢虫各虫态的生长发育及成虫产卵的情况,由此拟合了各虫态的发育速率和温度的关系模型,求出了各阶段的发育起点温度和有效积温,组建了４种温度下的实验种群繁殖特征生命表,并算出了内禀增长能力、稳定年龄组配、瞬时出生率和瞬时死亡率等参数值。     

叶螨天敌塔六点蓟马生物学特性的研究

【目的】研究了在不同温度下塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Prisener的生物学参数以及温度对雌虫日产卵动态的影响。【方法】本研究通过在18、22、26、30、34℃5个恒温条件下用二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch卵对塔六点蓟马单头饲养,明确了不同温度下塔六点蓟马试验种群的生物学特性。【结果】观测表明:在18~34℃范围内,塔六点蓟马的发育随着温度的升高而逐渐加快,在18℃下需要1个月左右,而在34℃下完成1个世代仅需7.8 d;其发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.4℃和171.0日·度。在18~34℃之间,塔六点蓟马成虫日均食螨卵量随温度升高而上升,在34℃条件下,单雌每日捕食螨卵量达到105粒左右,而若虫期对二斑叶螨卵的总取食量随温度变化不大。此外,塔六点蓟马的子代雌雄性比随温度升高有依次降低的趋势。【结论】根据室内观察结果认为塔六点蓟马是喜温昆虫,据此可以解释早春低温导致天敌塔六点蓟马种群上升缓慢,而6月份气温升高后田间密度迅速上升成为控制叶螨的优势天敌。     

塔六点蓟马对山楂叶螨的功能反应

室内采用叶碟饲养的方法研究了苹果园塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii各发育阶段对山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis各虫态的功能反应,结果表明,塔六点蓟马成虫、幼虫对叶螨的卵、幼若螨及成螨的功能反应均为Holling-Ⅱ型;随着蓟马个体的不断生长,其捕食量逐渐增大,雌成虫的捕食量显著大于雄虫,但其捕食的猎物数量随着叶螨个体的不断生长而减少;温度对蓟马成虫的功能反应有明显的影响,在20～35℃范围内,随着温度的升高其处置时间缩短、捕食能力明显增强;蓟马成虫的日龄对其功能反应也有明显影响,雌虫在日龄在12d之后,捕食能力逐渐减弱,15d日龄的雌虫对螨卵的处置时间显著长于3～6d日龄,雄虫则在9d日龄时对螨卵的处置时间已显著延长.     

不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

为明确饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫 Stethorus (Allosstethorus) parapauperculus 控害潜能的影响,本研究通过比较不同饥饿程度下拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨 Tetranychus cinnabarinus 的功能反应和自身密度干扰效应,探讨不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明,饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫朱砂叶螨的捕食量有明显的影响,瓢虫的取食量与朱砂叶螨的密度呈正相关,表现为饥饿48 h＞饥饿24 h＞未饥饿;拟小食螨瓢虫对各虫态朱砂叶螨的捕食作用均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。在一定空间范围内,拟小食螨瓢虫个体间存在竞争和相互干扰,Hassell Varley模型能较好地反映拟小食螨瓢虫在捕食各虫态朱砂叶螨时受自身密度的干扰情况。在同样饥饿状态下,随着瓢虫自身密度增加,捕食效率降低,干扰效应增大。     

深点食螨瓢虫交配及产卵习性研究

深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise是叶螨的捕食性天敌,本研究以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch为猎物,进行了深点食螨瓢虫交配及产卵习性的研究。结果表明:深点食螨瓢虫交配前期为2.64±0.19 d,产卵前期为5.27±0.28 d;交配高峰期为每天的8∶00-12∶00,产卵高峰期为成虫羽化后的第6-16天;产卵期为21-27 d,单雌产卵量为55-135粒。室内连代繁育4代,其中F_3代的产卵量显著低于F代。本研究明确了深点食螨瓢虫的交配、产卵的规律,讨论了F_3代产卵量下降的原因,为其人工繁育提供了科学依据。     

拟小食螨瓢虫捕食六点始叶螨的初步观察

在室内以六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus(Riley)为猎物观察了拟小食螨瓢虫Stethorusparapauperculus Pang的发育历期、捕食量、捕食作用及干扰效应。研究结果表明:拟小食螨瓢虫取食六点始叶螨时完成一个世代需23.2 d,幼虫1～4龄的捕食量分别为9.5、14.5、19.5、64.2头六点始叶螨成螨;成虫期对六点始叶螨成螨的捕食量高达880.4头,拟小食螨瓢虫对六点始叶螨的捕食作用符合HollingⅡ方程,拟合的模型方程为Na=1.3843 N/(1+0.0231N),日均最大捕食量为43.29头;拟小食螨瓢虫的捕食率与个体间的干扰效应用Hassell-Varley(1959)模型拟合为E=0.4690P-0.5470。     

普通钝绥螨(Amblyseius vulgaris)对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)捕食作用的研究

研究了普通钝绥螨(Amblyseius vulgaris)对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)不同螨态的选择捕食作用、功能反应和数量反应。结果表明,普通钝绥螨喜欢捕食朱砂叶螨的幼螨,对猎物不同螨态的功能反应均表现为Holling Ⅱ型曲线,但其捕食效率因猎物螨态和环境温度不同而有差异。猎物螨的密度对普通钝绥螨的繁殖有明显影响。     

12种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨防效评价及其对天敌塔六点蓟马的影响

通过施用不同类型的杀螨剂对苹果山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis和天敌塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii的影响进行分析,结果表明,15%哒螨灵EC(0.4 mL/L)、73%炔螨特EC(0.5 mI/L)表现出较好的速效性和持效性,但是对塔六点蓟马有一定的杀伤作用,240 g/L螺螨酯SC(0.2 mL/L)、5%唑螨酯SC(0.4 mL/L)对山楂叶螨相对防效较好.对塔六点蓟马影响较小,500 s/L四螨嗪SC(0.2 mL/L)速效性较差,但对天敌安全,20%甲氟菊酯EC(0.5 mL/L)对山楂叶螨防治效果差,且对天敌杀伤率始终较高,从而可能造成山楂叶螨的爆发.复配药剂10%阿维·四螨SC(0.67 mL/L)综合了单剂的优点,15.6%阿维·丁醚EC(0.5 mL/L)、6%阿维·哒EC(0.5 mL/L)相对单剂对天敌杀伤率有所降低,1.8%阿维·甲氰EC(0.83 mL/L)则主要表现出单剂甲氰菊酯相同的特点.     

拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨的觅食行为

为明确拟小食螨瓢虫的觅食特性,揭示其觅食行为机制,本研究针对拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨不同虫态的取食选择、日取食节律以及觅食行为活动特点等进行了观察和阐述。结果表明,拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨的取食嗜好性有显著差异,取食量分别为23.2、15.8、10.5和8.0头;瓢虫对成螨的平均日取食量为14.7头,其中在白天其觅食行为较频繁,9∶00-12∶00为捕食高峰期,此时段的平均取食量为4.0头成螨,夜间基本不取食;其觅食行为过程主要分为7个部分:搜索、捕捉、嚼食、梳理、展翅、排泄和静止。     

Effects of pesticides on the functional response of predatory thrips, Scolothrips takahashii to Tetranychus viennensis

Abstract: It is of importance to integrate the biological control of hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis, by predatory thrips in commercial orchards in north China. In this study, a leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the effects of two insecticides, i.e. abamectin and fenpropathrin, and two fungicides, i.e. mancozeb and carbendazim, on the functional response of an acarophagous thrips, Scolothrips takahashii Priesner, to eggs of the mite at the conditions of 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 16 : 8 h (L : D) photoperiod. Results indicated that the type of functional response in predatory thrips differed depending on the types and doses of the pesticides exposed. Holling‐II type responses were exhibited by all predatory thrips but females that were exposed to labelled dose of abamectin and half‐labelled dose of fenpropathrin exhibited the Holling‐III type responses. Parameters of random predator equation for both exposed and unexposed predators were estimated and compared with an equation with indicator variables. Both doses of both fungicide treatments did not have any impact on the attack rates of the thrips. Handling time (T_h) estimates for males exposed to both doses of both fungicides were similar to that of the control, but there seemed to be a trend towards prolonged handling times for females in these exposures with a significantly prolonged T_h found in labelled dose of mancozeb. Exposures of both doses of fenpropathrin and labelled dose of abamectin produced significantly lower attack rates and significantly prolonged handling times in both males and females, whereas an exposure of half‐labelled dose of abamectin had no obvious influence on the attack rates of the predator, but the handling time in females prolonged significantly. The theoretical maximum number of prey attacked by the thrips were 59.81 eggs per day per female and 23.21 eggs per day per male in the control, but it reduced by 57.03–71.41% and 6.03–36.75% for females and males in the insecticide exposures and 23.91–44.26% and ?5.13–11.55% in the fungicide exposures, respectively. The finding implies that the natural control effects of S. takahashii would be weakened by the application of the pesticides such as fenpropathrin, abamectin and mancozeb, which are often used to control insect pests and fungal diseases in apple orchards.     

毒死蜱和阿维菌素对塔六点蓟马功能反应的影响

室内采用叶碟饲养的方法,以山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher卵为猎物研究了苹果园常用药剂毒死蜱和阿维菌素对塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Prisener功能反应的影响。结果表明：毒死蜱和阿维菌素对塔六点蓟马的功能反应均有明显的影响。在推荐剂量下阿维菌素可显著降低雌雄两性蓟马的瞬时攻击率,处置时间则分别比对照增加213.36%和19.74%,且雌性的功能反应由HollingⅡ型改变为HollingⅢ型;在半推荐剂量下两性蓟马的瞬时攻击率与对照差异不明显,而雌性蓟马的处置时间则比对照增加133.72%。毒死蜱处理则不影响塔六点蓟马的功能反应类型,在推荐剂量和半推荐剂量下均可使雌雄两性蓟马的瞬时攻击率显著降低,雌性蓟马的处置时间比对照分别增加85.62％和71.97%,而雄性蓟马在两个剂量下则分别增加55.92％和38.20%,与对照的差异均达显著水平。     

Impact of temperature and prey density on the predacious capacity and behaviour of Stethorus punctillum Weise

Temperature had various effects on the predacious efficacy of immature and mature stages of the coccinellid predator, Stethorus punctillum on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. In the case of immature stages, food consumption at the lowest tested temperature (15°C) was significantly higher than that at higher temperatures (25 and 35°C). On the contrary, positive correlation between food consumption and temperature was evaluated in the case of adult predator. Regarding predator responses to different prey density, a high positive correlation between food consumption and prey density was evaluated among 4^th instar larvae of the predator, followed by adult predator, while younger instars did not show reasonable increases with increasing prey densities. These results confirm that larval and adult stages of S. punctillum exhibit “Type II” functional response. In conclusion, the 4^th instar larvae and adult predator are the most preferable stages in winter and summer crops to control T. urticae, respectively.     

朱砂叶螨越冬的研究

朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)原多混同于二斑叶螨(T.urticae),为世界性害螨,在我国严重危害棉花、瓜、豆、茄果类蔬菜及许多观赏植物。叶螨科叶螨属的很多种类以滞育态雌成螨     

朱砂叶螨抗药性监测

本文采用药膜法建立了朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus（Boisduval）对5种杀螨剂的敏感基线,并对6个不同地理种群的朱砂叶螨进行了抗药性监测,结果表明：5种药剂杀螨活性由高到低分别为阿维菌素〉丁氟螨酯〉氧化乐果〉炔螨特〉甲氰菊酯,其对朱砂叶螨雌成螨的LC50值分别为0.08、2.19、67.89、201.19和605.27mg/L;朱砂叶螨各地理种群已对甲氰菊酯和炔螨特产生了低、中水平的抗性,其抗性倍数分别介于2.93～16.22与4.85～14.35之间,其中云南种群对这2种杀螨剂抗性最高,对氧化乐果与丁氟螨酯处于敏感性降低阶段,其抗性倍数分别介于2.35～4.26与1.56～2.11之间,对阿维菌素还未产生明显抗性;对阿维菌素和甲氰菊酯的增效剂生物测定结果表明,三类解毒酶系（多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和酯酶）都不同程度地参与了朱砂叶螨抗药性的形成。