几种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾寄生能力的影响

通过室内功能反应试验,测定松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimiMatsumura、短管赤眼蜂T.pretiosumRiley、暗黑赤眼蜂T.pintoiVoegele、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniaePangetChen、卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactraeNagaraja、拟澳洲赤眼蜂T.confusumViggiani、舟蛾赤眼蜂T.closteraePangetChen、广赤眼蜂T.evanescensWestwood对广州地区重要园林害虫灰白蚕蛾的寄生能力。结果表明,除卷蛾分索赤眼蜂外,其它7种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的寄生作用均能用HollingⅡ型功能反应模型拟合。松毛虫赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的寄生能力为最强,短管赤眼蜂和暗黑赤眼蜂次之,最大寄生卵量分别为25.8粒/雌、19.0粒/雌和18.6粒/雌,且在灰白蚕蛾卵内都能发育成功和正常羽化,可进一步进行筛选。虽然玉米螟赤眼蜂和舟蛾赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾有较强的寄生能力,但其后代雌蜂率都较低,且玉米螟赤眼蜂不能正常羽化,因此不适宜用来防治灰白蚕蛾。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂的最大寄生量都较低,均不超过15.0粒,对灰白蚕蛾卵的寄生潜能不大。     

不同赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的偏好性比较

在实验室条件下,利用不同种类和品系的赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.对灰白蚕蛾Ocinnara varians选择性和灰白蚕蛾对其适合性的差异,筛选防治灰白蚕蛾的有效蜂种和品系,结果表明,在供试的8种赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、舟蛾赤眼蜂Trichogramma closterae、暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma euproctidis和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum 5种赤眼蜂较其它3种赤眼蜂更偏好寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵,每雌蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的接触次数、寄生卵数都相对较多,且羽化率也都较高.广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数最多,为6.60次/雌,但寄生卵数却很少,为4.55粒/雌,羽化率也很低,为27.86%.玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵比较多,为14.35粒/雌,但对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数很少,仅1.20次/雌,羽化率也很低,为24.17%.卷蛾分索赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数和寄生卵数最少的,分别为0.60次/雌和2.20粒/雌,且被寄生卵全部不能发育成功.综合分析结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂是最适合寄生灰白蚕蛾卵的赤眼蜂种,可作为其生物防治的潜在寄生蜂.     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力和种间竞争

在实验室内研究了本地天敌拟澳洲赤眼蜂和外来天敌短管赤眼蜂在不同卵龄和不同空间条件下对小菜蛾卵的寄生和种间竞争.结果表明,在0～62 h的小菜蛾卵上,拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时对小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率随卵龄下降,而后代发育死亡率则随卵龄增加.短管赤眼蜂对各龄小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率均较拟澳洲赤眼蜂高,而子代蜂的发育死亡率则较拟澳洲赤眼蜂低.两种蜂对小菜蛾卵龄的要求都不太严格,在小于48 h的小菜蛾卵上都能产卵寄生,且寄生率高于50%,但短管赤眼蜂寄生对小菜蛾卵龄的要求更宽松.在两种蜂混合接蜂时,后代中短管赤眼蜂的比例在各处理中都高于50%,且随寄主卵龄增加,当小菜蛾卵龄大于48 h后,短管赤眼蜂的比例高达100%,说明短管赤眼蜂对小菜蛾有更强的寄生能力和竞争能力.拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时,在4～22cm^3空间范围内,各处理间对小菜蛾卵的寄生率没有显著差异,而短管赤眼蜂的寄生率(76.4%～86%)略低于拟澳洲赤眼蜂(88.7%～92.3%).当空间大于53 cm^3时,寄生率显著下降,在102cm^3空间时显著降低到50%.混合接蜂时各处理间寄生率差异不显著.两种接蜂方式对后代羽化率和雌蜂百分率没有太大影响,蜂的后代发育死亡率在两种蜂单独接蜂时随空间而增加.在4～102cm^3空间范围内,混合接蜂后代雄蜂中短管赤眼蜂从80%以上降低到20%以下,说明短管赤眼蜂的竞争能力随接蜂空间的加大而降低.     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析

应用生命表技术分析了拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani(T.c)和卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogramm-atoidea bactrae Nagaraja(T.b)在两种繁蜂条件组配下（分别用米蛾Corcyra cephalomica(Stainton)(RM)卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)(DBM)卵繁育）对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析,结果表明：（1）在相同寄主繁蜂条件下,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂在小菜蛾卵上显示出较强的寄生潜能,米蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-DBM)的内禀增长率为0.3509和0.3450,而米蛾卵上所繁的澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的拟澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-DBM)的仅为0.2391和0.1902,T.b-RM和T.b-DBM的每雌平均寄生卵数为70.75和46.13粒,而T.c-RM和T.c-DBM的仅为64.90和31.73粒,但拟澳洲赤眼蜂的雌蜂寿命较卷蛾分索赤眼蜂更长。（2）在不同寄主繁蜂条件下,同种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能以米蛾卵所繁的仔蜂的各项寄生特性参数（内禀增长率,每雌寄生卵量,净生殖力,平均世代历期和雌蜂寿命）均优于用小菜蛾卵所繁之蜂,米蛾卵是其适宜的中间寄主。（3）长期用中间寄主繁蜂,赤眼蜂对目标寄主表现出一定的不适应性,中间寄主的驯化对赤眼蜂的寄生潜能有不容忽视的削弱作用。     

关于两种赤眼蜂寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的首次报道

本文首次报道了在室内从18个赤眼蜂蜂种中筛选出食胚赤眼蜂Thichogramma embryophagum Hartig、安荔赤眼蜂Thichogramma oleae Voegele et Pointel对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生能力.结果表明,食胚赤眼蜂与安荔赤眼蜂对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生率分别为21.67%和29.00%,寄生蜂的羽化率分别为81.76%和80.49%,显示出这两种蜂在生物防治上具有一定的应用前景.     

3种赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾和小菜蛾卵的寄生功能反应

为评估稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Hübner卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella Linnaeus卵的寄生潜能,本研究在室内条件下测试了3种赤眼蜂对不同密度甜菜夜蛾卵和小菜蛾卵的寄生率、寄生功能反应和搜寻效应。结果表明,稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾卵和小菜蛾卵均有一定的寄生效应。螟黄赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾卵的寄生率、瞬间攻击率、寄生效能和搜寻效应均高于稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂;3种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生率、瞬间攻击率、寄生效能和搜寻效应则表现为：稻螟赤眼蜂>螟黄赤眼蜂>玉米螟赤眼蜂。3种赤眼蜂对两种寄主的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型模型方程,表现为寄生量均随寄主卵密度的增加而升高,达到一定水平后趋于平稳。赤眼蜂的搜寻效应随寄主卵密度的增加而降低。综合分析可知,螟黄赤眼蜂对于甜菜夜蛾的控害能力优于稻螟赤眼蜂螟和玉米螟赤眼蜂,而稻螟赤眼蜂比螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂更适合用于防控小菜蛾。     

半自然条件下鳄蜥的管理

2005年7～10月我们将人工饲养鳄蜥（3条幼蜥、1条亚成蜥、5条成蜥）置于半放归栖息地进行圈养.半放归栖息地结合野外鳄蜥的生境,在半自然圈养过程中对鳄蜥进行分组管理,人工饲养的鳄蜥出现了野外鳄蜥的种群活动节律.结果表明：9月幼蜥树栖达10.38%,10月鳄蜥以在穴为主;不同年龄的鳄蜥,各种行为的时间分配无显著差异（P＞0.05）,体现了野生鳄蜥遗传特征.本文还对鳄蜥的疾病防治进行了初步探讨.     

稻螟赤眼蜂与二种赤眼蜂对水稻二化螟卵寄生竞争作用

稻螟赤眼蜂是我国水稻二化螟的优势卵寄生蜂,本文在室内条件下,初步研究了稻螟赤眼蜂分别与松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂在水稻二化螟卵上的种间竞争作用。结果表明,同时接入稻螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂时,寄生水稻二化螟卵(40.2粒)及子代雌蜂总数(32.0头)最多,且松毛虫赤眼蜂平均寄生二化螟卵的数量(26.5粒)明显高于单独接蜂的平均寄生的数量,后代雌蜂比率(76.3%)明显低于单独接蜂时的雌蜂比率,发育历期(10.7 d)明显长于接入同种时的发育历期。而稻螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂共存时,螟黄赤眼蜂平均寄生二化螟卵的数量(10.3粒)、后代雌蜂比率(75.3%)以及发育历期(8.0 d)与单独接蜂时相似;同样,当稻螟赤眼蜂与松毛虫赤眼蜂混合接蜂时,稻螟赤眼蜂平均寄生二化螟卵的数量(14.4粒)、后代雌蜂比率(79.0%)以及发育历期(8.6 d)与单独接蜂时相似,但是,当稻螟赤眼蜂与螟黄赤眼蜂混合接蜂时,其后代雌蜂比率(76.7%)明显低于单独接蜂处理,而发育历期(8.8 d)明显长于单独接蜂处理。总的来看,在二化螟卵上,同时接入二种赤眼蜂时,蜂种间存在一定的竞争作用,其中混合接入稻螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂时,对水稻二化螟的控制效果最佳。     

寄主利它素和学习行为对赤眼蜂嗅觉反应的影响

为弄清灰白蚕蛾Ocinara varians利它素以及探讨两种卵寄生蜂搜索寄主的过程中的学习记忆能力,本实验采用四臂嗅觉仪测定了松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi和短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum对来源于灰白蚕蛾不同部位挥发性物质的嗅觉反应,结果表明,灰白蚕蛾交配未产卵雌蛾腹末鳞片、卵表及其卵液中存在吸引两种赤眼蜂的利它素,且腹末鳞片和卵表中的利它素溶于正己烷,而灰白蚕蛾处女蛾和交配已产卵雌蛾腹末鳞片中没发现吸引两种赤眼蜂的利它素.在学习行为方面,松毛虫赤眼蜂成蜂的学习能力较强,其羽化后学习经历可明显增强其对灰白蚕蛾卵表和卵液的挥发性物质的趋性,而幼期经历对其行为没影响;短管赤眼蜂的学习能力较弱,无论是羽化后的学习经历还是幼期的学习经历对其在卵表和卵液挥发性物质的搜索行为中均无影响.     

小菜蛾卵作为赤眼蜂中间寄主的寄生适合度分析

【目的】寻求快速扩繁赤眼蜂种群的寄主,试以繁殖速率较高的小菜蛾为中间寄主,评价不同赤眼蜂种类对小菜蛾卵的寄生适合度并筛选出适合的蜂种。【方法】通过构建稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead(简称T.j)、螟黄赤眼蜂T chilonis Ishi(简称T.c)和斑螟分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea hypsipylae Nagaraja(简称T.h)3种赤眼蜂在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.卵上繁殖的实验种群生命表,分析比较其各自的生命表参数,以了解不同蜂种对小菜蛾卵的寄生适合度。【结果】在小菜蛾卵上繁殖的稻螟赤眼蜂的净生殖力R_0、内禀增长率r_m、周限增长率λ与平均世代历期T分别为4.66、0.1633、1.1809、9.2532;斑螟分索赤眼蜂的上述4项参数分别为9.10、0.2177、1.2432、10.1432;螟黄赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力较差,内禀增长率r_m为0.0338,且其后代性比偏雄,雌雄性比为1♀:6.2(?),以至不能正常传代。斑螟分索赤眼蜂的平均每雌寄生卵数为15.4粒,显著高于稻螟赤眼蜂的10.0粒与螟黄赤眼蜂的8.9粒。【结论】在室内人工培育的小菜蛾卵上繁殖的稻螟赤眼蜂与斑螟分索赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力较强,尤其是斑螟分索赤眼蜂的内禀增长率r_m与小菜蛾的相近,适合以小菜蛾卵作为中间寄主扩大繁殖,稻螟赤眼蜂次之,而螟黄赤眼蜂并不适合以小菜蛾卵作为中间寄主。     

灰白蚕蛾生物学特性及其防治

灰白蚕蛾OcinaravariansWalker是小叶榕 (FicusbenjamingMig)的主要害虫之一。幼虫危害叶片或嫩梢 ,被危害的叶片呈透明状或缺刻 ,严重时将整株叶片吃光。此虫在海南岛 1年发生 1 0代 ,1代一般需要 30d左右 ,最长的需要 6 0d。完成 1代有效积温为 5 0 1 5日·度 ,发育起点温度为 1 0 6℃ ,可采用90 %的敌百虫 80 0倍稀释液喷雾防治     

Entomopathogenic fungi disturbed the larval growth and feeding performance of Ocinara varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae

Abstract Feeding experiments using three strains of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea were conducted with newly moulted 3rd–5th instar Ocinara varians Walker larvae in the laboratory. The mortality of larvae immersed individually in spore suspension (1 × 10⁷ spores/mL) of all the strains was ≥ 80% except 5th instar larvae treated with M. anisopliae which transformed into pupae, but did not result in adult emergence. The growth (total body mass), consumption, relative consumption rate and relative growth rate, were reduced at all three larval stages, while developmental time was extended in infected larvae with concurrent significant increase in approximate digestibility in infected larvae. Conversion of digested food (ECD) and ingested food (ECI) values declined in infected larvae as compared to the healthy larvae (control). The 5th instar larvae treated with M. anisopliae showed higher ECD and ECI values than control. Based on mortality and growth inhibition it can be suggested that all the studied fungal strains have a high potential for biocontrol and could be developed into biocontrol agents against O. varians.     

寄生蜂寻找隐蔽性寄主害虫的行为机制

林木蛀干类害虫具有高度的隐蔽性,是林业上的一类重要害虫,也是目前世界上最难防治的害虫类群之一.寄生蜂在与寄主长期的协同进化过程中,形成了搜索、发现和攻击寄主害虫的独特机制,能够有效地找到并寄生它们.总结了寄生性天敌寻找、发现并成功定位隐蔽性寄主害虫的行为学机制.寄生蜂可以利用来自嗅觉的化学信息物质(如寄主、寄主粪便、虫道共生菌的挥发性气味)、寄主成虫的化学通讯物质、来自视觉的植物表面色差信息、来自触觉的寄主保护物性状特征、来自寄主取食和运动所产生的介质振动信号以及来自寄主活动和代谢的红外辐射等多种途径有效地发现隐蔽性害虫的位置,从而完成寄生行为.有些寄生蜂还能综合利用来源不同的多种信息,从而提高寄主定位的可靠性和准确性.本文还对寄生蜂寻找寄主的这些线索在生物防治上可能的利用途径和前景进行了讨论.这对促进我国在该领域的研究,充分利用天敌昆虫,提高生物防治效率具有参考价值.     

Behavioral mechanisms of parasitic wasps for searching concealed insect hosts

Wood borers are important forest insect pests and difficult to be controlled owing to their concealed behavior. However, parasitic wasps can effectively ascertain and parasitize wood borers as well as other concealed pests by using special searching, finding and attacking mechanisms, which have been developed during the course of long-term coevolution with their hosts. The present paper summarizes the behavioral mechanisms of parasitic wasps involved in searching and locating their concealed hosts. Parasitic wasps can accurately find the location of their hidden hosts and then parasitize them, usually by using olfactory semiochemicals from hosts (lavare and adults), host frass and symbiotic microorganisms in host galleries; visual signals from color contrast of plant surface; contact stimuli from characters of host physical defense; substrate vibrations produced by host feeding and movement; infrared radiation from host activities and metabolizability. Some parasitic wasps may integrate the information of several stimuli from different sources to enhance the reliability and accuracy of host locations. In addition, the potentials for utilizing the host location signals of parasitoids in biological control are discussed.     

Plant cues influence searching behaviour and parasitism in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma nr. brassicae

Abstract. 1. The effect of experience of plant cues at emergence on searching behaviour and parasitism was investigated in two strains of Trichogramma nr. brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).
2. Wasps reared on Sitotroga cereallela were allowed to emerge on a tomato plant or in a vial, with or without food. For one of the strains, females emerging on tomato searched significantly longer on a tomato seedling than females emerging in a vial.
3. The experience effect lasted between 1 and 2 days. It involves associating plant stimuli with the remains of the host, because females emerging from their host on a tomato plant had an increased searching response to tomato, but females transferred to the plant immediately after emergence did not.
4. The effect of emergence environment on parasitism of the host Helicoverpa punctigera on tomato and lettuce seedlings was tested. Wasps were allowed to emerge on seedlings of tomato or lettuce, or in an empty vial. For one strain, females experienced with tomato at emergence parasitized significantly more hosts on tomato than did females emerging on lettuce or in a vial. Parasitism on lettuce was not influenced by the treatments.     

Laboratory and semi-field evaluation of three entomopathogenic nematode species on two non-target insect predators,Coccinella septumpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Abstract

Biocontrol potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on the second-instar larvae of the non-target insect predators, Coccinella septumpunctata and Chrysoperla carnea as compared to Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) was evaluated. The pathogenicity of EPNs, namely, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema carpocapsae at concentrations 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 IJs/cup) were tested at 2, 4 and 6 days’ post-inoculation. Laboratory results showed significant differences among the mortality rates of different tested larvae, for each concentration at different time intervals. H. bacteriophora induced the highest mortality followed by S. carpocapsae treatment. However, S. feltiae was found to be more safety on predators as it causes less mortality at 6 days of treatment. The values of half lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 614.06, 3797.43 and 676.47 IJs/cup for C. Carnea and 390.60, 1209.88 and 503.65 IJs/cup for C. septumpunctata treated by H. bacteriophora, S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae, respectively. In semi-field experiments, there were non-significant differences among mortality of each predator indicated at concentrations of the different EPNs after 2 days or 6 days’ post-inoculation. The study revealed a lethal pathogenic effect of EPNs against insect pests but caused low mortality on the non-target ones.     

Oviposition deterring pheromone in Rhagoletis cerasi: Biological activity of a pure single compound verified in semi-field test

A pure single compound, a palmityl-glucopyranoside identified as component of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) of the European cherry fruit fly was evaluated with respect to its biological activity by means of a semi-field bioassay in a large field-cage with host plants. The comparison of the observed behaviors of flies exposed to clean cherries, to cherries treated with a standard ODP solution and with the pure compound revealed that palmityl-glucopyranoside elicited the same response as did the crude ODP solution. Irritation indices are described that seem to be of use for the characterization of cherry fruit fly behavior in the presence and absence of ODP. The advantages of the field-cage test over the standard laboratory tests are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmenden Reinigungsschritten am Rohextrakt des Markierungspheromones (ODP) der Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi L., und zunehmenden Reinheitsgrad des aktiven Prinzipes nimmt die Menge an Substanz ab, welche sowohl für die chemische Analyse wie auch die Prüfung der biologischen Aktivität zur Verfügung steht. Beim Vorliegen einer nicht mehr wägbaren Menge eines reinen Stoffes im Sommer 1985, welcher als ein Palmityl-glucopyranosid identifiziert werden konnte (Hurter et al., 1987), musste deshalb auf den üblichen Verhaltenstest im Labor verzichtet und ein neuer Lösungsansatz gefunden werden. Nachdem ein erster elektrophysiologischer Test positive Resultate gezeight hatte, wurde die Fraktion Nr. 2634 in einem grossen Freilandkäfig mit Kirschenpflanzen und natürlichen Früchten in einem Verhaltenstest auf ihre biologische Wirksamkeit geprüft.Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Resultate zeigen nicht nur, dass mit dem Palmityl-glucopyranosid eine ähnliche Wirkung erzielt wurde wie mit natürlichen ODP, sondern zum erstenmal konnte demonstriert werden, dass in R. cerasi und möglicherweise in andern Fruchtfliegenarten eine einzelne chemische Substanz eine eiablagehemmende Wirkung ausüben kann.