荒漠生境拟步甲科指示性昆虫的初步筛选

在宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区内, 选取了具有代表性的干旱荒漠草原区、干旱草原沙生植被区及流沙人工封育区3 类生境共9 个样地, 于2012 年4 月-9 月以巴氏罐诱法对拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用进行了调查研究。结果共获得标本3737 号, 计10 属17 种。Rarefaction 曲线接近渐进线, 表明采集强度基本反映了该地区拟步甲科昆虫的物种多样性。尖尾东鳖甲Anatolica mucronata(占总个体数的29.27%)和阿小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi alashanica(占25.82%)的个体数量最多, 波氏东鳖甲Anutolica potanini(占15.68%)和谢氏宽漠王Mantichorula semenowi(占12.44%)次之, 为该地区的优势类群。干旱草原沙生植被区物种丰富度指数最高(1.671), 相应的群落多样性各指数也都最高, 其次是流沙人工封育区, 干旱荒漠草原区最低。利用指示值法筛选了不同生境的特征指示种, 结果显示泥脊漠甲Pterocoma vittata hedini(指示值为98.36%)、突角漠甲Trigonocnera pseudopimelia(指示值为100%)和莱氏脊漠甲Pterocoma reitteri(指示值为85.71%)对干旱荒漠草原区具有指示作用。蒙古漠王Platyope mongolica(指示值为100%)、弯齿琵甲Blaps femoralis(指示值为71.43%)和多毛宽漠甲Sternoplaxsetosa(指示值为91.91%)对干旱草原沙生植被区具有指示作用。谢氏宽漠王(指示值为94.41%)对流沙人工封育区具有指示作用。     

三江自然保护区自然和干扰湿地节肢动物群落组成和生态指示

节肢动物是湿地生物多样性的重要组分,在维持湿地生态功能,指示湿地环境变化中发挥重要作用。在2020年7月对黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地的23个采样点进行节肢动物样品采集,运用统计方法分析人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物数量、群落组成、多样性的影响以及节肢动物对人类活动干扰的指示作用。共采集到节肢动物10目47科1825只,主要以双翅目和半翅目昆虫为主。自然湿地节肢动物的多度是干扰湿地的4.27倍;生物多样性指数在不同湿地类型之间存在一定差异,节肢动物的物种丰富度在自然湿地显著高于干扰湿地(P<0.05),而Pielou均匀度指数在干扰湿地显著高于自然湿地(P<0.05)。人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物群落组成影响显著,聚类和非度量多纬尺度排序(NMDS)显示,两种湿地类型节肢动物群落结构相似性较低。指示值法分析显示,自然湿地的指示类群为叶甲科、蚁形甲科、叶蝉科、蚜科、盲蝽科、摇蚊科以及姬蜂总科,干扰湿地未发现指示类群。综上所述,湿地节肢动物对人类活动干扰响应十分敏感,可以作为指示湿地健康状况的关键生物类群。     

利用昆虫评价森林生态系统健康研究中一些问题的探讨

利用昆虫进行森林生态系统健康评价的研究中存在指示物选取、调查时间选择、取样和结果分析四个关键环节,本文对国内外此类研究中存在的相关问题进行总结和讨论。根据文献资料总结了选取昆虫指示物的标准;不同昆虫类群在选择调查时间的季节上要适当,调查时间长度要能够完整反映所研究昆虫类群的种群数量变动周期;取样时要重视林冠层;在结果分析中,要注意区分人为干扰和自然因素的作用。     

环境质量评价中的生物指示与生物监测

通过比较生物指示与生物监测技术和仪器分析技术的分析过程及原理,结合北京市土壤中土壤脲酶与土壤重金属含量之间的相关关系的案例,及生物指示与生物监测技术在水生生态系统及大气污染研究中的应用状况,系统阐述了生物指示与生物监测技术研究的发展历程、研究前沿及发展方向.指出定量校正及不同学科与地区的科学团队的合作是生物指示与生物监测技术研究中需要克服的关键问题,并提出生物指示与生物监测技术研究的目标是整合不同学科的研究方向,为人类健康与环境安全的保护与预测提供技术支持.     

植物群落对景观温度特征指示作用的研究

以德国Kraichgau地区为研究样区,根据转化糖方法获得的野外实测温度数据,就植物群落温度平均指示值在景观尺度上对生境温度的指示效果进行了深入探讨。结果表明：1)群落温度平均指示值与测定的效应温度之间具明显线性正相关;2)群落温度平均指示值能够反映不同坡向条件造成的生境温度差异,但效果随计算方法不同而异。3种不同方法的比较结果说明,直接根据样方资料获得的计算结果,对坡向条件造成的生境温度差异反映明显;3)以样带数据为基础的研究结果对温度随坡向和坡位变化的反映均不够明显。样带没有达到足够的宽度以及样带中局部地段上的种类组成受人为影响严重可能是未达到预期对比效果的主要原因。     

土壤线虫对环境污染的指示作用

线虫作为土壤中型动物区系的一部分,在土壤生态系统中发挥着重要的作用,因其所特有的生物特性,使其广泛地应用于土壤健康状况的指示研究中．根据国内外的研究现状,分别对典型线虫在土壤污染指示与诊断中的应用和线虫群落的各种指数指标法(如成熟指数、多样性指数、相似度指数、关键种法、N／C比值和生理指标法)及其特点进行概述,论述了土壤动物线虫及其对污染环境的生物指示作用。提出土壤线虫作为一种有效的生态毒理诊断指标具有良好的发展前景．     

荒漠景观拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用

本研究在宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区北部荒漠景观下的磁窑堡地区,选取典型荒漠草原区(DS)、人工柠条林种植区(CCL1,CCL2)及流沙人工封育区(SDE1,SDE2,SDE3)3类生境共6块样地,于2010年4月至8月以巴氏罐诱法采集该地区拟步甲科昆虫,研究该地区拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用。结果共获得标本3406头,计12属22种,其中东鳖甲属Anatolica和小鳖甲属Microdera为优势属,波氏东鳖甲Anatolica potanini Reitter、阿小鳖甲Microdera kraatz alashanica Skopin、小丽东鳖甲Anatolica amoenula Reitter和尖尾东鳖甲Anatolic amucronata Reitter为优势种。在流沙人工封育区的SDE1样地物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数最高,SDE3样地个体数量和优势度指数最高;人工柠条林种植区的CCL1样地个体数量最低。聚类分析结果表明流沙人工封育区与荒漠草原区、人工柠条种植区在物种组成及生境相似性方面差异较大。利用指示值法确定不同生境的特征指示种类,结果显示波氏东鳖甲、谢氏宽漠王Mantichorula semenowiReitter、尖尾东鳖甲可作为流沙封育区特征指示种;突角漠甲Trigonocnera pseudopimelia(Reitter)、中华砚甲Cyphogenia chinensis(Faldermann)和纳氏东鳖甲AnatolicanuretiSchusteretReymond可作为荒漠草原特征指示种;蒙古漠王Platyope mongolica Faldermann、多毛宽漠甲Sternoplax setosa setosa(Bates)、克小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi(Reitter)是生境恢复的监测种;小丽东鳖甲Anatolica amoenula Reitter等种类可作为生境退化的监测种。     

内蒙古淡水昆虫物种多样性初步调查（英文）

【目的】探讨内蒙古水生昆虫的物种多样性,积累基本数据,为将其应用于水质监测奠定理论基础,并为加强保护淡水昆虫资源提供依据。【方法】采用综合定性采样法进行采集,水质评价采用科级生物指数(FBI)、EPT物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数。【结果】在52个采集点获取水生昆虫共计7目59科187种。研究发现1新种,1中国新纪录属,2中国新纪录种,2内蒙古新纪录科,3新纪录属,25新纪录种,另有待鉴种56个。7目昆虫的多样性分析结果显示,毛翅目和蜉蝣目的物种多样性较高,而襀翅目物种多样性明显较低;毛翅目和蜉蝣目的科数和个体数占总类群的42.37%和84.29%,这2个目均属优势类群。物种多样性较高的地区主要集中在内蒙古东部,包括呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟、通辽市、赤峰市。通过科级生物指数、EPT丰富度和ShannonWiener生物多样性指数的水质评价比较结果显示,前两者的评估结果相近,且明显不同于ShannonWiener生物多样性指数。【结论】内蒙古地区毛翅目和蜉蝣目昆虫耐污值较低的种类比较丰富,因此,这两类昆虫更适合指示该地区的水质状况。     

以昆虫作为指示生物评估森林健康的生物学与生态学基础

昆虫是森林生物多样性的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统主体群落中,昆虫与植物密切关联.森林害虫胁迫及昆虫多样性变动,对于评估森林生态系统健康状况具有重要价值.昆虫多样性可用于对森林生态系统健康的快速评估,如基于昆虫指示生物评价森林生态系统的毒害水平、物种丰富度、多样性水平、靶标昆虫的地位和特有种水平等.针对影响森林环境健康的重要干扰因子,本文阐述了应用昆虫作为指示性生物监测与评估森林健康状况的生物与生态学依据,讨论了昆虫种群,特别是珍稀物种种群在生境破碎干扰下的种群波动,以及大气污染、干旱和二氧化碳浓度升高等对昆虫种群密度与分布的影响等.同时,分析了昆虫作为指示性生物监测与评估森林环境健康所存在的问题.     

苔藓植物对全球变化的响应及其生物指示意义

苔藓植物由于其结构相对简单,对大气成分浓度和全球气候等各方面的环境变化非常敏感,因此苔藓植物可以作为全球变化、环境污染、养分状况、森林整体性有生态系统健康等方面的生物指示材料,国内应深入开展苔藓植物对全球变化的响应与适应及其生物指示作用等研究。     

Detecting indicator species: Some extensions of the IndVal measure

The indicator value (IndVal) of a species has long been the most popular measure to express species importance in community classifications. Nevertheless, a few problems concerning the original definition of IndVal still require clarification and some modifications are also in order so as to exploit the capabilities of the method more fully. In particular, we propose novel component terms (specificity, concentration and fidelity) that may be incorporated in the calculation of IndVal and also suggest some minor, although important terminological amendments. We argue that the choice among these terms should largely depend on whether the target classification is based on abundance or presence–absence data. The expanded capabilities of the approach and the sensitivity of IndVal variants to the sharpness of classifications are illustrated by actual examples coming from a benthic macroinvertebrate survey along the Danube River and a study of dolomite grassland communities in the Buda Hills, Hungary. We found that analyses by the original IndVal plus the new variants may give a more complete picture on any classification than a particular selection among component terms of IndVal. The use of several indices simultaneously is particularly recommended when selection of indicator species is the primary objective of the study.     

Can indicator species predict restoration outcomes early in the monitoring process? a case study with peatlands

Success in ecological restoration is rarely assessed rigorously due to insufficient planning for post-restoration monitoring programs, limited funding and, especially, lack of scientifically validated evaluation criteria and protocols. In this article, we propose the use of the Indicator Value Index technique (IndVal), which statistically determines the association of species to one or several particular site types, to obtain indicators of success at the early stages of the recovery process in restoration projects. Peat bogs extracted by the vacuum method, subsequently restored by a moss-transfer technique and regularly monitored for ~10 years were used as a model system to test this approach. We first identified 34 restored sectors of ~10 ha from 4 to 11 years old in twelve eastern-Canadian bogs. These sectors were then classified according to their degree of success in recovering a typical sphagnum moss carpet (restoration goal). Then, we retrospectively reviewed vegetation communities recorded at the third year after restoration to identify indicator species of different categories of restoration success, using the IndVal methodology. By identifying early indicator species, our method provides a tool that guides intervention soon after restoration if a site is not on a desired successional trajectory. Typical bog species, namely the bryophytes S. rubellum and Mylia anomala and the tree Picea mariana, were indicative of successful restoration; while bare peat, lichens and one species of ericaceous shrubs (Empetrum nigrum), which cope better under drier conditions, indicated sites where restoration failed. A surprising finding was that the moss Polytrichum strictum, which is known to facilitate the colonization of sphagnum in disturbed peatlands, is an early indicator of unsuccessful restoration. This finding made us question the nursing role of P. strictum at a cover threshold above ca. 30%, when P. strictum could be outcompeting sphagnum and become dominant. We conclude that the IndVal method is an effective tool to identify early indicators of restoration success when combined with a thoughtful examination of species frequency and cover within each site type.     

Indicator species of broad-leaved oak forests in the eastern Iberian Peninsula

The degraded state, scattered distribution and substrate type of Quercus pyrenaica forests in eastern Spain make them a subject of particular interest, as well as a priority for conservation efforts. An extension of Dufrêne and Legendre's indicator value (IndVal) analysis was applied to one hundred relevés. This extension of the IndVal method allowed us, by considering the preference of species for combinations of relevé groups, to obtain those species that represent local, but also regional, characteristics (as a new practical use). Our objective was to identify the species that best indicate the main ecological features of these broad-leaved oak forests. The usefulness of our analysis was evidenced at two levels: local indicator species, showing the characteristic species of individual sites and including the presence of endemics in the area; and indicator species of combinations of two or more sites, reflecting the affinities or relationships between these scattered forests.Most singular forests showed a higher number of local indicator species. The indicator species of each site combination represent the main ecological traits shared by these groups – such as proximity to the coast, land uses or postglacial migration pathways – thereby defining their relationships. Indicator value analysis with site group combinations (Multipatt function) proved to be a useful tool for the identification of different species that could serve both to determine the local forest conservation status and aid in its preservation, as well as contributing to an understanding of the life history of larger territories.     

Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites

Indicator species are species that are used as ecological indicators of community or habitat types, environmental conditions, or environmental changes. In order to determine indicator species, the characteristic to be predicted is represented in the form of a classification of the sites, which is compared to the patterns of distribution of the species found at the sites. Indicator species analysis should take into account the fact that species have different niche breadths: if a species is related to the conditions prevailing in two or more groups of sites, an indicator species analysis undertaken on individual groups of sites may fail to reveal this association. In this paper, we suggest improving indicator species analysis by considering all possible combinations of groups of sites and selecting the combination for which the species can be best used as indicator. When using a correlation index, such as the point‐biserial correlation, the method yields the combination where the difference between the observed and expected abundance/frequency of the species is the largest. When an indicator value index (IndVal) is used, the method provides the set of site‐groups that best matches the observed distribution pattern of the species. We illustrate the advantages of the method in three different examples. Consideration of combinations of groups of sites provides an extra flexibility to qualitatively model the habitat preferences of the species of interest. The method also allows users to cross multiple classifications of the same sites, increasing the amount of information resulting from the analysis. When applied to community types, it allows one to distinguish those species that characterize individual types from those that characterize the relationships between them. This distinction is useful to determine the number of types that maximizes the number of indicator species.     

Selection of indicative taxa for river habitats: a case study on benthic macroinvertebrates using indicator species analysis and the random forest methods

The aim of the study was to evaluate the exclusivity and/or preference of macroinvertebrate taxa for river habitats. Indicator species analysis and random forests methods were applied to the data set of macroinvertebrate samples taken from 58 sampling points. Samples were classified according to habitat types defined by the position in a river channel and local hydraulic characteristics. 86 macroinvertebrate taxa were included in the analyses. High indicative values for habitats (importance value ≥50 and/or indicator value ≥40) were identified for 26 taxa. The results of both methods can be considered similar. Merged habitats of channel margin (margin of main channel and side arms) were mainly defined by “negative” indicator taxa (correct classification of given samples was caused by non-occurrence and low abundances of certain taxa in this habitat). In general, there was only a small group of taxa preferring these habitats. Taxa were not fully habitat specific because they mostly occurred in two or three habitat types. This could be the result of autecological plasticity of individual taxa and the connectivity among habitats. According to the experience from this case study, it can be concluded that both random forests and IndVal methods are suitable for the detection of indicative species, and random forests method has some additional advantages.     

Influence of season and host age on wild boar parasites in Corsica using indicator species analysis

The indicator value (Ind Val) method which combines measures of fidelity and specificity has been used in a study on wild boar parasites in Corsica during 2001-2003. Because of its resilience to changes in abundance, IndVal is a particularly effective tool for ecological bioindication. The Ind Val method showed how season can influence the occurrence of parasite species in the wild boar, and also identified parasites as bioindicators relative to host age. The randomization test identified five parasite species having a significant indicator value for the season (the ticks, Hyalomma aegyptium and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the louse, Haematopinus suis and the nematodes Globocephalus urosubulatus and Ascaris suum and two indicator species of an age class (the nematodes G. urosubulatus and Metastrongylus sp.). Data on species composition and infection levels would help improve the monitoring and management of parasitism in Suidae populations.     

Floristic patterns of epiphytes in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest,a biodiversity hotspot

To assess the main factors driving epiphytic angiosperm distribution throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, we compiled 57 floristic surveys and analysed species composition under the influence of environmental variables, space and vegetation type using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), similarity (Sorensen) and Mantel's tests. The indicator value index (IndVal) was used to find indicator species of each Brazilian Atlantic Forest vegetation type. Group sharpness analysis was performed in order to determine the appropriate group partition level. CCA showed a separation of the epiphytic flora reflecting temperature and rainfall gradients. Mantel's test showed that environment and space were highly correlated with floristic similarity. Cluster analysis, indicating floristic similarity, resolved five groups, mainly grouped by region. Clear differentiation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest epiphytic flora on a north–south axis with a strong correlation with temperature and rainfall gradients was found. The role of space and environment on species composition varied according to distinct epiphytic species groups. In particular, for Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae, the main factor associated with floristic similarity was space. Indicator species were found for all vegetation types apart from the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest that seemed to represent a subset of a more humid forest type. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179 , 587–601.     

Macroinvertebrate communities of non-glacial high altitude intermittent streams

1. Macroinvertebrate assemblages of five non‐glacial intermittent high altitude headwater streams (above 1400 m – Serra da Estrela, Portugal), with dry periods of different lengths (0–3 months), were investigated in nearly undisturbed conditions to (i) examine spatial differences and identify environmental variables responsible for the observed invertebrate patterns, (ii) assess the association of dry period length with invertebrate community structure and (iii) determine the influence of using different taxonomic identification levels (order, family and genus) to assess invertebrate community patterns. 2. More than 100 macroinvertebrate genera were identified. Insects clearly dominated these communities with more than 95% of total captures and around 95% of the total richness. Diptera were the most rich and abundant group with chironomid occurrences comprising over 70% of macroinvertebrate captures. 3. The highest taxon richness, diversity, EPT (Ephemeroptera + Plecoptera + Trichoptera) and OCH (Odonata + Coleoptera + Heteroptera) genus richness, the greatest number of exclusive and characteristic taxa identified by the Indicator Value (IndVal), and a distinct community structure shown by Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA), were found in the only stream that was never totally dry, with pools lasting over summer. Environmental gradients that spatially structured the macroinvertebrate communities were always related to flow variations. 4. Over time, the highest abundances found in these systems were also related to flow variations and maximum genus richness occurred in the connected pools or in isolated pools. Streams with longer dry periods presented a distinct recolonization phase, with higher abundance of the stonefly larvae Nemoura sp. and the presence of the chironomid larvae Krenosmittia sp., possibly arriving from the hyporheos. 5. Taxonomic level of invertebrate identification was vital for recognizing the characteristic taxa (IndVal) of streams yet was not critical for identifying streams with the highest macroinvertebrate richness/diversity or structuring environmental gradients. 6. Overall, this study emphasizes the variability of high altitude intermittent streams macroinvertebrate communities, despite spatial proximity. This variability was probably related to flow intermittency and hydrologic permanence, different vegetation covers and riverbed substrata. Consequently, the establishment of reference conditions should involve long‐term data collections and more detailed physical characterization. Also, these findings have significant implications for accurately predicting the ecological consequences of future climate change in high altitude scenarios.     

Effects of emergence phenology, taxa tolerances and taxonomic resolution on the use of the Chironomid Pupal Exuvial Technique in river biomonitoring

1. We studied chironomid communities of four rivers in south‐eastern Finland, differing in their water quality, during summer 2004 using the Chironomid Pupal Exuvial Technique, CPET. The aims of the study were to (i) test the adequacy of the generic‐level identification in the CPET method, (ii) define the emergence patterns of chironomid taxa classified as intolerant to organic pollution, (iii) assess the tolerance levels of intolerant chironomids and (iv) identify taxa most indicative of good water quality. 2. Procrustean rotation analysis indicated very strong concordance between the ordinations using either species or genus‐level data, suggesting that generic‐level identification of chironomids is adequate for biomonitoring based on CPET. However, when only a few taxa occur in great numbers, it may be advisable to identify these to the species level, especially if these taxa are important indicators of the impact in question. 3. The detection of a particular species may require accurate timing of sampling, whereas a species‐rich genus might be detected throughout a season. Given that the emergence of chironomid species may vary from year‐to‐year and between sampling sites, community differences detected at the species level may be related to between‐site variation in species’ emergence patterns rather than true differences in species composition. 4. Indicator species analysis (IndVal) showed that the distribution and abundance of intolerant chironomid taxa differed strongly among the studied rivers. Some of the intolerant taxa were restricted to unimpacted conditions, whereas others occurred mainly in impacted rivers. Thus, the indicator status of some genera (e.g. Eukiefferiella, Parametriocnemus, Stempellinella and Tvetenia) needs reassessment.     

Usefulness of the SOM algorithm for estimation of species distribution and significance in comparing habitats

The self‐organising map (SOM, ANN algorithm) and the component plane (entitled the SOMs visualization technique) have an hexagonal structure (i.e. division into neurons and clusters created with the same data set), which emphasises how the number or biomass of each species fluctuates and changes; this is represented as changes in a grey scale intensity from dark (maximum number or biomass) through medium (medium number or biomass) to light (absent). The importance of each species is easily visible on a component plane, especially by enriching the graphic representation with a vertical‐bar numerically quantifying greyness intensity and adding a numerical measure as the indicator value (IndVal) and its significance, or ranges of abundance or biomass recorded in samples.