昆虫抗药性和昆虫毒理动力学(英文)

不断地使用一种杀虫药剂防治昆虫,会导致昆虫产生抗药性。对昆虫抗药性资料进行广泛综述时,发现了仅单独的解毒作用不能被解释为家蝇对有机氯杀虫药剂产生高抗性原因。作为一个基因。家蝇可以对有机氯产生比对有机磷杀虫剂更高的抗药性,尽管有机磷杀虫剂一般在虫体内是不太稳定的。考虑到昆虫毒理的动力学,杀虫药剂的穿透作用更显示出其实际的重要性。根据穿透和解毒的速率,慢的穿透作用是解毒作用的一个限制因子。防治敏感和抗性昆虫的观察结果,可以划出物理和生物因子之间关系的几种相关曲线图解。这些相关性不仅能说明家蝇对有机磷和有机氯杀虫剂的抗性程度,而且也助于选择出新的杀虫毒剂。     

昆虫抗药性产生机制

杀虫剂是害虫防治的有效途径之一,但随着杀虫剂长期和广泛的使用,昆虫种群对各种杀虫剂的敏感性降低,产生了抗药性,如何克服昆虫的抗药性是害虫综合治理的重要问题。近年来,借助基因组测序和遗传操作技术的发展,对昆虫抗药性的研究已经深入到细胞水平和分子水平,取得诸多重要的突破,为害虫抗性的控制奠定了理论基础。本文从常见杀虫剂的历史沿革及作用机理切入,从靶标抗性、代谢抗性和穿透抗性3个方面阐述了杀虫剂抗性产生的机制:杀虫剂作用位点的突变降低了靶标与杀虫剂的亲和力,细胞色素P450酶系和谷胱甘肽转移酶系的激活增加了杀虫剂的降解,表皮结构成分的变化和ABC转运蛋白的增加有效阻挡了杀虫剂的渗入。利用基因操作手段或抑制剂,对上述3种抗性机制的关键步骤进行调控可能成为未来杀虫剂抗性控制的新策略。     

害早抗药性的生化机理

害虫的抗药性是与杀虫剂穿透昆虫表皮速率降低,解毒作用增强和靶标部位敏感性降低有关。昆虫体内多功能氧化酶、磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽－Ｓ－转移酶和脱氯化氢酶活力的增加是害虫抗性的主要生化机理。抗性昆虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性降低,中枢神经组织敏感性降低和“抗击倒基因”的存在是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的主要抗性机制。     

害虫抗药性的生化机理

害虫的抗药性是与杀虫剂穿透昆虫表皮速率降低,解毒作用增强和靶标部位敏感性降低有关。昆虫体内多功能氧化酶、磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽－Ｓ－转酶和脱氯化氢酶活力的增加是害虫抗性的主要生化机理。抗性昆虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性降低,中枢神经组织敏感性降低和“抗击倒基因”（Ｋｄｒ）的存在是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的主要抗性机制。     

寄生蜂抗药性研究进展

植物-植食性昆虫-寄生蜂三级营养结构之间由于长期相互适应和协同进化,产生了一系列独特的相互关系。选择压力将对害虫和寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响,但由于寄生蜂具有与植食性昆虫不同的生物学及生态学特性,选择压力对害虫和寄生蜂抗药性演化的影响作用也是不同的。研究结果表明,除体外杀虫剂对寄生蜂的直接汰选因素外,进入寄主昆虫体内的杀虫剂成分、寄主昆虫取食不同植物的特有成分以及气候因子等均会对寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响。     

信息与动态

国际昆虫中肠生物学研讨会第一轮通知在过去的几年里,全世界的科学家们在昆虫中肠生物学,包括生理学、生物化学、分子生物学、基因组学和蛋白组学等研究方面取得了很大的进展,这些进展为杀虫剂的作用机理,昆虫抗药性,昆虫与植物间的相互作用以及和疾病转播等方面的研究做出了显     

昆虫抗药性机制及抗性治理研究进展

化学杀虫剂的广泛使用,使昆虫产生抗药性的现象日渐突出。抗药性是一种潜在的、强大的、普遍的自然现象。研究昆虫的抗药性对于农林害虫防控、新型杀虫剂研发、生态环境的多样性等具有重要的意义。近年来随着昆虫基因组学的发展,昆虫抗药性研究取得突破性进展,本文介绍了基因组学在昆虫抗药性研究中的应用,着重概述了昆虫抗药性形成的分子机制以及其治理策略,并对今后如何延缓抗性的发展进行了探讨和展望。     

CSP介导的害虫抗药性新机制研究进展

CSPs(Chemosensory proteins)即化学感受蛋白,其在昆虫体内各个阶段均有表达,参与昆虫的多种生理过程,具有十分复杂的化学功能。CSPs基因介导昆虫抗药性是最新发现的害虫抗药性新机制,且近几年在几种昆虫中被报道。CSPs可以通过螯合作用大量结合农药,进而导致昆虫产生抗药性,但CSPs与杀虫剂的结合机理及其表达调控机制尚未被阐明。基于目前现状,本文系统综述了CSPs在昆虫抗药性中的功能以及抗药性相关酶的表达调控机制等方面的研究进展,分析其表达调控的可能机制,旨在为害虫抗药性机制研究提供新思路。     

天敌昆虫抗药性研究进展

天敌昆虫抗药性研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,其研究的最终目的在于更好地推进抗性天敌在害虫综合治理(IPM)中的应用。抗药性天敌昆虫具有潜在的巨大价值。鉴于此,本文系统地综述了天敌昆虫抗药性最新研究进展,包括杀虫剂对天敌昆虫的影响、天敌昆虫抗药性现状、抗药性机理和限制天敌昆虫抗药性发展因素等。文章最后还对抗药性天敌昆虫的应用前景进行了展望。     

昆虫的抗药性

随着杀虫剂的使用,越来越多的昆虫对杀虫剂产生了抗性。昆虫的抗药性已经对人类产生了严重的影响。从定义、发展简况、遗传起源、机理、检测方法及治理几个方面加以介绍,对昆虫的抗药性进行了简单的探讨。     

昆虫抗药性分子机制研究的新进展

昆虫抗性机制的研究对于抗性监测、治理及新农药的研制具有重要意义。在过去几十年中,人们对与昆虫杀虫剂抗性有关的昆虫行为、生理代谢活动以及作用靶标等进行了广泛的研究。已经证实,昆虫的抗药性与行为改变、生理功能改变、解毒功能增强以及靶标不敏感性有关。近年来,随着分子生物学以及昆虫基因组学的发展,昆虫抗药性的分子机理有了突破性进展,已发现并克隆了一些靶标基因,与抗药性相关的基因突变也得到广泛验证。本文综述了昆虫的抗药性机理在分子生物学上的研究最新进展,重点阐述了与昆虫抗性相关基因的扩增、表达及基因结构的改变等相关内容。     

Sexual selection expedites the evolution of pesticide resistance

The evolution of insecticide resistance by crop pests and disease vectors causes serious problems for agriculture and health. Sexual selection can accelerate or hinder adaptation to abiotic challenges in a variety of ways, but the effect of sexual selection on resistance evolution is little studied. Here, we examine this question using experimental evolution in the pest insect Tribolium castaneum. The experimental removal of sexual selection slowed the evolution of resistance in populations treated with pyrethroid pesticide, and also reduced the rate at which resistance was lost from pesticide‐free populations. These results suggest that selection arising from variance in mating and fertilization success can augment natural selection on pesticide resistance, meaning that sexual selection should be considered when designing strategies to limit the evolution of pesticide resistance.     

Prospects for the management of arthropod resistance to pesticides

Extensive use has been made of mathematical modelling to examine many of the factors which are involved in the development of pesticide resistance in arthropods. These models have demonstrated that the emergence of resistance can be delayed if more attention is given to planned use of pesticides at the time of their introduction. However the practical application of such delaying strategies at the national or even regional level may be difficult. It is unfortunate that the suggestions made have not been subjected to more extensive testing in the field situation.It is suggested that the contribution of molecular biology to the management of pests and pesticide resistance in arthropod livestock pests will be significant and will be seen in a variety of ways. Very definitely, a greater understanding of the basic molecular processes involved in the development of resistance will be seen. Such work, always in conjunction with the other biological disciplines, will provide new techniques for the control, prediction, detection and prevention of pesticide resistance. A few entirely conjectural examples of the practical application of molecular biology to pesticide resistance and its management have been presented.     

二化螟种群动态及管理研究进展

本文综述了二化螟种群消长规律、性诱剂研究与应用、抗药性及综合治理的研究概况 ,并对如何提高科学治理二化螟水平作了展望     

The biology of insecticidal activity and resistance

Identifying insecticide resistance mechanisms is paramount for pest insect control, as the understandings that underpin insect control strategies must provide ways of detecting and managing resistance. Insecticide resistance studies rely heavily on detailed biochemical and genetic analyses. Although there have been many successes, there are also many examples of resistance that still challenge us. As a precursor to rational pest insect control, the biology of the insect, within the contexts of insecticide modes of action and insecticide metabolism, must be well understood. It makes sense to initiate this research in the best model insect system, Drosophila melanogaster, and translate these findings and methodologies to other insects. Here we explore the usefulness of the D. melanogaster model in studying metabolic-based insecticide resistances, target-site mediated resistances and identifying novel insecticide targets, whilst highlighting the importance of having a more complete understanding of insect biology for insecticide studies.     

Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the beetle, Luperomorpha suturalis Chen (Col., Chrysomelidae)

Abstract: The strains Steinernema feltiae Otio and A54, Steinernema ceratophorum D43 and Steinernema carpocapsae BJ were tested for their infectivity to the larvae and pupae of beetle ( Luperomorpha suturalis Chen) at 25 ± 0.5°C and 15 ± 0.5°C in laboratory conditions. The results, based on comparison of the insect mortalities and nematode penetration rates among four nematode strains, showed that S. feltiae Otio was a potential biocontrol agent of the larvae and pupae of L. suturalis . The mortalities of the larvae and pupae exposed to S. feltiae Otio strain were 95.8 and 97.1% at 25 ± 0.5°C and 78.0 and 83.0% at 15 ± 0.5°C, respectively. The nematode penetration rates of S. feltiae Otio of the larvae and pupae were 15.6 and 19.0% at 25 ± 0.5°C, 2.6 and 6.3% at 15 ± 0.5°C, respectively. Field efficacy of S. feltiae Otio strain was examined against beetle larvae in Hebei province, northern China. The population reduction of insect larvae was 77.8 and 13.9% at doses of 30 and 15 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm² of S. feltiae Otio after 38 days of treatment and 90.2 and 92.4% after 100 days of treatment. However, the population of the insect larvae was reduced only to 15.5 and 15.7% when treated with pesticide after 38 and 100 days, respectively. The efficiency between the two nematode doses was not significantly different but it was remarkably higher than that of the pesticide after 100 days of application. The results suggest that S. feltiae Otio strain could be an alternative to pesticide for beetle control.     

Conserving the efficacy of insecticides against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae)

Abstract:  The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of crucifers worldwide. It was the first crop insect reported to be resistant to DDT and now in many crucifer-producing regions it has shown significant resistance to almost every insecticide applied in field including biopesticides such as crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and spinosyns from Saccharopolyspora spinosa . In certain parts of the world, economical production of crucifers has become almost impossible because of its resistance to insecticides and resulting control failure. A coordinated resistance management program needs to be implemented with the involvement of pesticide industry, local pesticide regulatory authorities, scientists and farmers. The judicious use of chemicals in conjunction with other control measures (e.g. biological control agents, resistant varieties, proper fertilization rates) is the best way to manage DBM and other pests of cruciferous crops. Introduction of glucosinolate-sulphatase inhibitors as plant-incorporated-products or sprayable material may also lead to a novel pest management strategy.     

In silico designing of insecticidal small interfering RNA (siRNA) for Helicoverpa armigera control

Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagous lepidopteron insect pest causes severe yield loss in cotton, legumes, tomato, okra and other crops. Application of chemical pesticides although effective, has human health and environmental safety concerns. Moreover, development of resistance against most of the available pesticides is compelling to look for alternative strategies. Adoption of Bt transgenic crops have resulted in reduction in pesticide consumption and increasing crop productivity. However, sustainability of Bt transgenic crops is threatened by the emergence of insect resistance. In the present study potential insecticidal siRNA were identified in six H. armigera horrhonal pathway genes. Out of over 2000 computationally identified siRNA, 16 most promising siRNA were selected that address the biosafety concerns and have high potential of targeted gene silencing. These siRNA will be useful for chemical synthesis, in insect feeding assays and knockdown the target H. armigera hormone biosynthesis, consequently obstructing the completion of insect life cycle. The siRNA have a great potential of deployment to control H. annrmigera alone as well as with Bt for insect resistance management.     

Plant-insect interactions: molecular approaches to insect resistance

Recent advances in our understanding of induced responses in plants and their regulation, brought about by a revolution in molecular biology, have re-focused attention on the potential exploitation of endogenous resistance mechanisms for crop protection. The future goal of crop biotechnology is thus to engineer a durable, multimechanistic resistance to insect pests through an understanding of the diversity of plant responses to insect attack.