特异性杀虫基因Bt cry3A在桑粒肩天牛幼虫两种肠道常驻内生菌中的转化和表达

[目的]将特异性杀虫毒蛋白基因Bt cry3A转入桑粒肩天牛(Apriona germari Hope,Ag)幼虫肠道常驻内生菌中,构建能在天牛幼虫肠道中定殖并表达特异性杀虫基因Bt cry3A的工程菌.[方法]以传统方法和16S rDNA分子生物学分析等方法分离、鉴定Ag幼虫肠道优势的常驻内生菌,从中筛选出适合转化的候选菌株.利用电转化技术将含有对鞘翅目昆虫具专一性毒力Bt cry3A基因的Escherichia coli-Bacillus thuringiensis穿梭表达质粒pHT305a和pHT7911分别转入Ag幼虫肠道常驻内生菌短短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis Ag12,Ag12)和苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis Ag13,Ag13)中.[结果]从Ag幼虫肠道共分离获得18个不同种的可培养细菌菌株,并从中选取菌株Ag12和Ag13作为出发菌株转入Bt cry3A基因.经质粒稳定性试验、转化子生长特性测试、伴胞晶体电镜检测、毒蛋白SDS-PAGE分析、工程菌定殖性分析以及生物毒力测试,结果显示cry3A基因已经成功转入Ag幼虫的常驻内生菌短短芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌中,并且工程菌Ag12-305a、Ag13-305a、Ag 12-7911和Ag13-7911都能在天牛幼虫肠道内稳定生长、繁殖并表达分子量约65kDa的伴孢晶体杀虫蛋白Cry3A.[结论]Bt cry3A基因已成功转入桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道优势常驻内生菌中,获得了四株能在桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道内定殖,并能表达目的杀虫基因Btcry3A的转基因工程菌.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因cry3A在鳞翅目特异菌株中的表达及杀虫特性

将对鞘翅目昆虫有特异毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry3A基因电转化到只对鳞翅目昆虫有毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌野生型菌株YBT8031中,获得转化了BMBY001。SDSPAGE分析及镜检结果表明,cry3A基因可在该菌株中高效表达,但出发菌株中原有的cry1Ab、cry1Ac及cry2的表达则受到不同程度的影响。生物测定结果显示,转化子BMBY001对柳蓝叶甲(鞘翅目)具有较高毒力,LC50为0413μL/mL(浸叶法),对小菜蛾(鳞翅目)的毒力比野生受体菌YBT8031有所降低,LC50值为3319μL/mL。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基cry3A在鳞翅目特异菌株中的表达及杀虫特性

将对鞘翅目昆虫有特异毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry3A基因电转化到只对鳞翅目昆虫有毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌野生型菌株YBT803-1中,获得转化了BMBY-001。SDS-PAGE分析及镜检结果表明,cry3A基因可在该菌株中高效表达,但出发菌株中原有的cry1Ab、cry1Ac及cry2的表达则受到不同程度的影响。生物测定结果显示,转化子BMBY-001对柳蓝叶甲(鞘翅目)具有较高毒力,LC50为0.413μL／mL(浸叶法),对小菜蛾(鳞翅目)的毒力比野生受体菌YBT803-1有所降低,LC50值为3.319μL／mL。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌科默尔亚种15A3株的cry基因分析及杀虫特性

筛选的苏云金芽孢杆菌野生菌株15A3经鉴定属血清H21型科默尔亚种。用PCR及RFLP方法对其cry1类基因分析证明其含有cry1Aa,\%cry1\%Ac,\%cry1\%Ca,\%cry1\%D,\%cry1\%I及cry2六种cry基因,其cry1A基因N末端145kb片段与已发表的序列有差异。表达晶体蛋白质的分子量分别为130,79,70,65,51和45kD。对家蝇致畸实验证明其不含β外毒素。发酵液对棉铃虫,甜菜夜蛾,小菜蛾及美国白蛾均具较高的毒力。证明野生的苏云金芽孢杆菌资源中也有具国外工程菌所特有的高效杀虫晶体蛋白基因组合的优良菌株。     

B.t.c.cry 1C全长基因的克隆及其在增产菌中的表达

设计的一对引物,对苏云金芽孢杆菌科默尔亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp．colmeri)15A3菌株中的cry1C基因进行PER扩增,得到包括结构基因,调节基因在内的全长为4．0kb的PCR产物。经两步克隆,将此基因连接至穿梭表达载体pHT315上,得到重组质粒pHT-1C。通过电转化将其导入一株增产菌蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)9509菌株,SDS-PAGE检测到1条60kD左右的蛋白带,镜检观察到菱形晶体,生测结果表明,cry1C基因的导人使Bc9509菌株获得了对甜菜夜蛾的杀虫活性。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry2Ad基因的克隆及其表达产物的活性分析

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)SBT2是我国新分离出的一株野生菌株.扫描电镜显示该菌株产生双锥体形晶体.琼脂糖凝胶电泳发现其质粒图谱含有5个条带.聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示此菌株产生130 kD晶体蛋白.利用PCR-RFLP法进行杀虫基因类型鉴定,发现其含有cry1Aa、cry1Da、cry1Hb、cry1Jb、cry1Ka 、cry1Ib、基因.Cry2Ad蛋白的活性至今未见研究报道,本研究克隆和测序了该基因.并对其进行了表达.生物活性测定结果表明其表达产物对舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar)、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)、亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)有低活性;对大猿叶甲(Colaphellus bowringi)无活性.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的特异性结合蛋白研究

用3 2 P分别标记 3 0 8bpcry1A上游和 65 0bpcry1C上游片段 ,并将标记后的DNA与不同苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的细胞粗蛋白进行凝胶阻滞反应。结果表明 ,cry1A和cry1C上游均能被苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克亚种 (Bacillusthuringinensis subsp .kurstaki)的细胞粗蛋白特异性结合 ,而同一cry1基因上游序列可被不同多肽特异或非特异性竞争结合 ,不同的cry1基因上游序列也能同时被一种蛋白结合。说明苏云金芽孢杆菌某些特异细胞蛋白参与了cry1基因上游序列的转录调控作用 ,而不同的调节因子可能会竞争同一结合位点。库斯塔克亚种和鲇泽亚种 (B .thuringinensis subsp .aizawai)所含特异细胞蛋白在种类和作用上都有差异。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌沉默基因cry2Ab3在大肠杆菌中表达及杀虫活性研究

对苏云金芽孢杆菌C002菌株cry2Ab基因阳性克隆pHT3152Ab进行亚克隆和序列测定,在CenBank注册后经国际Bt杀虫蛋白基因委员会正式命名为cry2Ab3。序列分析表明该基因含有芽孢杆菌特异的RBS序列,但没有功能性启动子,为沉默基因。根据大肠杆菌T7表达载体pET21b克隆位点和cry2Ab3开放阅读框架(ORF)两端序列,设计合成一对特异引物L2ab5和L2ab3,高保真PCR扩增获得cry2Ab3完整ORF,经酶切、连接构建了重组表达质粒pET2Ab3。表达质粒导入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导后,SDSPAGE电泳证实了cry2Ab3的表达。生物测定显示诱导培养物对棉铃虫初孵幼虫和小菜蛾二龄幼虫具有杀虫活性,能明显抑制二化螟二龄幼虫生长,但对甜菜夜蛾和玉米螟没有明显活性。进一步提取Cry2Ab3蛋白,生测结果表明其对棉铃虫LC50为32.55μg/g。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因原核表达载体的构建及其在昆虫肠道短短芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌中的表达

【目的】构建带有苏云金芽孢杆菌cry3a基因非芽孢依赖启动子和绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp(Green Fluorescent Protein)的原核表达载体,并转化从桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道分离的两株常驻细菌短短芽孢杆菌CQUBb和苏云金芽孢杆菌CQUBt,以检测cry3a启动子在昆虫肠道常驻菌中的启动子活性,获得GFP标记菌株,为常驻菌在昆虫幼虫肠道中的定殖情况和杀虫工程菌的构建奠定基础。【方法】采用重叠延伸PCR将cry3a基因启动子和gfp基因进行融合,并与pHT304载体连接构建重组质粒pHT3AG,获得的重组质粒以电脉冲转化肠道常驻菌短短芽孢杆菌CQUBb和苏云金芽孢杆菌CQUBt,于可见光和荧光显微镜下观察荧光并通过SDS-PAGE分析重组菌株的蛋白表达情况,然后对重组菌株进行生长动力学分析和稳定性测试。【结果】重组菌在营养期大量组成型表达GFP,经电泳分离在凝胶上出现约29kDa的特异蛋白条带;重组菌生长曲线与出发菌没有显著差异,说明外源质粒未对宿主菌的生长带来明显不利影响;抗性条件下传代30次后两菌株外源质粒稳定性仍可达95%、67%;两个菌株比较,CQUBb比CQUBt质粒转化率高、重组菌GFP表达时间长、表达量大,并且重组菌株稳定性好。【结论】成功地将cry3a基因核心启动子和gfp基因转入桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道常驻菌,实现了该启动子在Bt之外的菌株中发挥作用,构建了两个GFP标记菌株;重组基因工程菌株表达量大,稳定性好,可以用作昆虫肠道内微生态研究和芽孢杆菌表达系统以及杀虫菌株的构建。     

中国苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布与cry基因的多样性

采集全中国27个省、自治区及4个直辖市昆虫孳生地粉尘、土壤等样品1080份,在其中的406份中分离到苏云金芽孢杆菌965株.镜检可观察到大菱形、小菱形、方形、长方形、圆形、椭圆形、镶嵌形和不规则形等8种主要形态的伴孢晶体;采用cryⅠ、cryⅡ、cryⅢ、cryⅣ和cryⅤ基因的通用引物对221株Bt分离株进行的PCR检测结果表明各类基因的含量依次为cryⅠ＞cryⅡ＞cryⅤ＞cryⅢ基因,分别占被检菌株的75.6%、67.9%、58.4%和14.5%,没有检测到cryⅣ基因,共得到10种基因组合类型.对其中含有cryⅠ基因的菌株分别以cryIAc、cryIC和cryIE基因的特异性引物进行PCR检测,得到20株同时含有cryIAc、cryIC、cryⅡ和cryⅤ优良基因组合的Bt分离株,其中菌株Bt-15A3对棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾及小菜蛾均表现出高毒力,具有生产开发潜力.     

Molecular and insecticidal characterization of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain isolated during a natural epizootic

A new Bacillus thuringiensis strain belonging to the serovar aizawai was isolated from a dead larva of the lepidopteran Mythimna loreyi collected in a corn crop in Spain during a natural epizootic. This strain, which was named Leapi01, was compared with the kurstaki and aizawai strains isolated from Dipel(R) and Xentari(R), by electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE, plasmid pattern, PCR and insecticidal activity. This strain showed similar morphological and biochemical characteristics to the standard strains. The content in cry genes of Leapi01 was analysed with a set of general and specific primers recognizing most of the cry genes reported to date. DNA amplification was obtained with primers corresponding to six genes and, to clearly determine the identity of the genes, the amplified fragments were sequenced and corresponded to cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ca, cry1Da, cry2Ab and cry1Ia. However, the proteins encoded by two of these genes, Cry2 and Cry1I, were not detected in the SDS-PAGE of the purified parasporal bodies. The insecticidal activity of Leapi01 was determined by bioassays against two Lepidoptera species, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera littoralis, that were found to be very susceptible to Leapi01 purified crystals. Since two of the cry genes identified in Leapi01 appear to be silent, other factors may be involved in the toxicity of the strain. As a result of this study, the potential of Leapi01 as biological control agent is discussed, with special emphasis on the high toxicity and relatively broad spectrum activity compared with two B. thuringiensis strains that are the active ingredients of commercial preparations commonly used as bioinsecticides.     

Characterization of a highly pathogenic<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> strain isolated from common cockchafer,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Melolontha melolontha</Emphasis>

A bacterial isolate (Mm2) of Melolontha melolontha was identified and characterized. Based on various morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics, it was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis. This isolate was compared to the reference strains by electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE analysis, plasmid pattern, cry gene content and insecticidal activity. Cells of the isolate harbored flat square inclusions containing a protein component of approximately equal to65 kDa. After trypsin digestion of solubilized crystals, SDS-PAGE resolved a unique proteinase-resistant peptide of approximately equal to 50 kDa. Plasmid pattern showed similar bands to those of the reference strain, PCR analysis showed that the isolate has cry3 gene. Toxicity tests (against 5 coleopteran species) showed 80 % insecticidal activity against the larvae of M. melolontha. The isolate Mm2 may be valuable as biological control agent for M. melolontha and other coleopteran insects.     

Isolation and characterization of a new Bacillus thuringiensis strain Lip harboring a new cry1Aa gene highly toxic to Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae

The aim of this study was to characterize new Bacillus thuringiensis strains that have a potent insecticidal activity against Ephestia kuehniella larvae. Strains harboring cry1A genes were tested for their toxicity, and the Lip strain showed a higher insecticidal activity compared to that of the reference strain HD1 (LC₅₀ of Lip and HD1 were 33.27 and 128.61 μg toxin/g semolina, respectively). B. thuringiensis Lip harbors and expresses cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1Ad and cry2A. DNA sequencing revealed several polymorphisms in Lip Cry1Aa and Cry1Ac compared to the corresponding proteins of HD1. The activation process using Ephestia kuehniella midgut juice showed that Lip Cry1A proteins were more stable in the presence of larval proteases. Moreover, LipCry1A proteins exhibited higher insecticidal activity against these larvae. These results indicate that Lip is an interesting strain that could be used as an alternative to the worldwide used strain HD1.     

Screening of cry gene contents of Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from avocado orchards in Mexico, and their insecticidal activity towards Argyrotaenia sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae

Aims:  To screen for Bacillus thuringiensis strains from avocado orchards in two Mexican states with lepidopteran-specific cry gene content and evaluate their insecticidal activity against Argyrotaenia sp., an undescribed species present in avocado orchards.
Methods and Results:  Lepidopteran-active cry 1, cry 2 and cry 9 genes were detected by PCR analysis in 37 isolates. cry 1 genes were more frequent in Michoacán, but were undetected in Nayarit isolates. cry 9 and cry 2 genes were detected in isolates from both states, although cry 2 genes were less frequent. A variety of crystal shapes were observed among the isolates. According to gene profile, eight isolates were selected and tested against 2-day old Argyrotaenia sp. larvae. Standard strain HD-125 caused the highest mortality followed by strain MR-26 from Michoacán at a concentration of 500 μg ml⁻¹, respectively.
Conclusions:  Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from avocado orchards exhibit a low toxic activity towards Argyrotaenia sp. larvae, in spite of their specific cry gene content.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Toxic activity of B. thuringiensis is not necessarily related to insect pest habitat and neither to specific cry gene content associated to other lepidopterans.     

31株苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因型鉴定及表达产物研究

利用已建立的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCRRFLP鉴定体系,鉴定了31株Bt菌株的cry基因类型,并进行了SDSPAGE分析和杀虫生物活性测定。研究表明：25株含cry1基因,表达蛋白130～150kD;其中16株含有对鞘翅目和鳞翅目害虫皆有活性的cry1I基因,其表达蛋白为81kD;15株同时含有cry1和cry2基因(13株表达蛋白约为60kD);10株含有未知待定基因;6株不含所鉴定的cry基因(其中2株有表达产物)。室内生物测定表明：cry1、cry2基因表达的菌株对鳞翅目害虫具有高杀虫活性,7株对舞毒蛾和膜翅目——杨叶蜂幼虫具有较高杀虫活性;含有cry1Aa\,cry1Ac\,cry2或cry1Ab\,cry1Ac\,cry2基因组合的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫均显示杀虫活性,其中6、12、30号菌株毒力最强。不含上述cry基因的菌株均无杀虫活性。以上结果证明,通过cry基因类型鉴定和表达产物的SDSPAGE分析可以预测菌株的杀虫活性。     

双价杀虫蛋白基因在荧光假单胞菌中的表达及增效

利用广宿主质粒载体pJMS6αlac将苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)杀虫晶体蛋白基因cry1Ac和cry2Aa基因分别及一起进行克隆,将重组质粒导入能在多种作物上定殖、对植物病菌有良好抑菌和防治作用的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)P303菌株,分别得到工程菌株IPP101、IPP201和IPP202。PCRRFLP和Southern blot检测均证明目的基因已经导入了工程菌。SDSPAGE电泳显示工程菌中存在明显的Cry1Ac蛋白带;透射电镜观察发现含cry1Ac基因的两个菌株IPP101和IPP202中杀虫蛋白形成了典型的菱形晶体和蛋白包含体,而在野生P303菌株中均无这些结构。这些结果说明,工程菌中cry1Ac基因得到了很好表达。室内杀虫试验表明：工程菌对棉铃虫初孵幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50),只含cry1Ac的IPP101为000812mL/g饲料,只含cry2Aa的IPP201为002604mL/g饲料,含双基因的IPP202为000186mL/g饲料;HD73为000170mL/g饲料。cry1Ac和cry2Aa双基因表达产物具有显著增效作用,共毒系数达3328。     

5种中国苏云金芽孢杆菌的伴孢 晶体蛋白基因分析

利用聚合酶联反应(PCR)和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术分析了5种中国苏云金杆菌制剂菌株的伴孢晶体蛋白及其基因组成。结果发现,5种菌株均含有cry1Aa和/或c和/或d和/或b基因,只有Bt+Virus菌株含有cry1Ab基因,cry1A基因编码的伴孢晶体蛋白分子量约为130 kD;仅有JS-Bt C菌株含有cry1B基因,其编码的伴孢晶体蛋白分子量约为138 kD;除HB Bt C菌株外,其余4个菌株均含有cry2Aa和/或b基因,这类基因编码分子量为70 kD的伴孢晶体蛋白;所有5个菌株都含有cry1I基因,其编码的伴孢晶体蛋白分子量应为81.2 kD,但实验中未曾检测到cry1I基因的表达;所有的菌株都不含有cry1C和cry1D基因。     

一株对苹果树鳞翅目害虫高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌YX-1

苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)YX-1是从土壤中分离的对多种鳞翅目害虫具有杀虫活性的新菌株。为了探索该菌株在果树上应用的可行性,本研究测定了Bt YX-1菌株对苹果树上6种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫毒力,同时对该菌株的晶体形态特征、蛋白型、生长特性、基因型等进行了分析。结果表明,Bt YX-1菌株产生菱形伴胞晶体,SDS-PAGE分析表明该菌株表达的主要蛋白条带分子量约为130ku和60ku;基因型鉴定表明,Bt YX-1菌株含有cry1Ac、cry2Ac、cry1I、vip3Aa和cry34-35基因;生物活性测定表明,Bt YX-1菌株的孢晶混合物对美国白蛾Hlyphantria cunea、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura、梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta、苹小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana以及苹掌舟蛾Phalera flavescens的LC50分别为14.48、2.72×103、6.24×104、1.01×102、3.52×104、4.73×103mg/L,均低于标准菌株Bt HD-1的LC50。发酵上清液的杀虫活性很低,2龄棉铃虫幼虫的死亡率仅为8.33%,但是该上清液能显著提高孢晶混合物的毒力,说明上清液中含有增效物质。研究结果表明该菌株具有进一步开发为商品制剂的潜力。     

一株高毒力致病杆菌CB6的鉴定

从北京郊区果园采集的小卷蛾斯氏线虫（Steinernema carpocapsae）肠道内分离到一株具有较强杀虫和抑菌活性的致病杆菌菌株CB6。形态特征及生理生化特征测定结果表明,CB6菌株与致病杆菌属（Xenorhabdus）中的嗜线虫致病杆菌（X. nematophila）种的特征基本一致。测定了该菌株的16S rRNA序列并根据16S rRNA序列构建了系统发育树;在系统发育树中,CB6菌株与嗜线虫致病杆菌其他4个菌株形成一个类群,序列同源性大于99%。但CB6菌株的酪氨酸酶、脂酶（蛋黄）的产生、核糖产酸等生化特征与嗜线虫致病杆菌种内的其他菌株存在一定的差异,且具有更强的杀虫和抑菌活性。因此认为CB6菌株是嗜线虫致病杆菌的一个变种,命名为嗜线虫致病杆菌北京变种（X. nematophila var. pekingensis）。     

Molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from Argentina

Bacillus thuringiensis INTA 7-3, INTA 51-3, INTA Mo9-5 and INTA Mo14-4 strains were obtained from Argentina and characterized by determination of serotype, toxicity, plasmid composition, insecticidal gene content ( cry and vip ) and the cloning of the single- vip3A gene of the INTA Mo9-5 strain. The serotype analysis identified the serovars tohokuensis and darmstadiensis for the INTA 51-3 and INTA Mo14-4 strains, respectively, whereas the INTA Mo9-5 strain was classified as "autoagglutinated". In contrast to the plasmid patterns of INTA 7-3, INTA 51-3 and INTA Mo9-5 (which were similar to B. thuringiensis HD-1 strain), strain INTA Mo14-4 showed a unique plasmid array. PCR analysis of the four strains revealed the presence of cry genes and vip3A genes. Interestingly, it was found that B. thuringiensis 4Q7 strain, which is a plasmid cured strain, contained vip3A genes indicating the presence of these insecticidal genes in the chromosome. Bioassays towards various lepidopteran species revealed that B. thuringiensis INTA Mo9-5 and INTA 7-3 strains were highly active. In particular, the mean LC(50) obtained against A. gemmatalis larvae with the INTA Mo9-5 and INTA 7-3 strains were 7 (5.7-8.6) and 6.7 (5.6-8.0) ppm, respectively. The INTA Mo14-4 strain was non-toxic and strain INTA 51-3 showed only a weak larvicidal activity.