黄芪注射液对网腔钙结合蛋白基因沉默阿霉素损伤心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,GRP94 mRNA的作用

目的：研究黄芪注射液对网腔钙结合蛋白（calumenin）基因沉默阿霉素损伤心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,GRP94 mRNA的作用。方法：实验将体外培养的1~3 d乳鼠心肌细胞分为5组：对照组、模型组（正常细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素）、calumenin基因沉默模型组（慢病毒感染细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素）、黄芪组1（正常细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素+200 g/L黄芪）、黄芪组2（慢病毒感染细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素+200 g/L黄芪）。构建慢病毒-calumenin质粒,转染乳鼠培养心肌细胞,采用实时荧光定量分析（real-time PCR）检测各组心肌细胞calumenin及内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达。结果：①与对照组比较,模型组心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达减少（P<0.05）,而calumenin基因沉默模型组及黄芪组2心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,黄芪组1心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达增加（P<0.05）;与calumenin基因沉默模型组比较,黄芪组2心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达明显增加（P<0.01）。②与对照组相比较,模型组及calumenin基因沉默模型组心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显增多（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,黄芪组1心肌细胞GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）;与calumenin基因沉默模型组比较,黄芪组2心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）。结论：①阿霉素损伤可引起心肌细胞calumenin表达减少。②Calumenin可缓解阿霉素损伤所诱导心肌细胞内质网应激。黄芪注射液可抑制阿霉素损伤所诱导心肌细胞内质网应激,这种作用可能系通过calumenin介导实现的。     

HMGB1/SREBP-1参与IFN-γ介导的小鼠肾小球系膜细胞内的脂质沉积

目的:探讨γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)诱导小鼠系膜细胞内脂质沉积的可能机制。方法:常规培养的小鼠系膜细胞(MMC)分为正常对照组、刺激组、刺激+空质粒组(sh-HMGB1)和刺激+质粒组(sh-SREBP-1);油红O染色观察细胞内脂质沉积;RT-PCR检测HMGB1、SREBP-1和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)mRNA表达;Wesern blot检测蛋白表达。结果:油红O检测显示IFN-γ刺激组MMC细胞中出现明显脂滴;IFN-γ刺激能够上调HMGB、SREBP-1和FASmRNA及蛋白表达;沉默HMGB1能够降低IFN-γ诱导的SREBP-1和FAS上调,并减少细胞内脂质沉积;沉默SREBP-1能够减少HMGB诱导的MMC细胞内脂质沉积。结论:IFN-γ可能通过上调HMGB/SREBP-1/FAS的表达促进小鼠系膜细胞内脂滴沉积。     

阿霉素损伤心肌细胞miRNA378与网腔钙结合蛋白、内质网应激的关系

目的：研究阿霉素损伤心肌细胞miRNA378与网腔钙结合蛋白（calumenin）、内质网应激相关性。方法：原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞分为6组：对照组、阿霉素组、miRNA378过表达对照组、miRNA378过表达组、miRNA378沉默对照组、miRNA378沉默组,采用免疫组化法检测细胞α-SMA蛋白;慢病毒质粒转染心室肌细胞,实时荧光定量PCR技术检测各组心肌细胞miRNA378、calumenin及葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78） mRNA表达。结果：与阿霉素组相比较,miRNA378过表达组心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达增加（P<0.01）,而GRP78 mRNA表达减少（P<0.01）;与阿霉素组相比较,miRNA378沉默组calumenin及GRP78 mRNA表达无统计学差异。结论：阿霉素损伤乳鼠心肌细胞是通过减少calumenin蛋白表达进而引起内质网应激,该作用通过上调miRNA378得到缓解。     

GRP75经由Raf/Mek/Erk1/2信号转导通路抑制缺糖诱导的细胞凋亡

本文旨在探讨促存活信号通路Raf/Mek/Erk1/2是否参与了葡萄糖调节蛋白75(glucose-regulated protein75,GRP75)对缺糖诱导的细胞凋亡的抑制作用。GRP75过表达的PC12细胞给予Raf/Mek/Erk1/2通路抑制剂U0126预处理之后,无糖培养6、12和24h,同时以DMSO预处理的GRP75过表达PC12细胞组为对照。Western blot检测Erk1/2的磷酸化和表达水平,MTT实验检测细胞存活率,Hoechst 33258染色观察凋亡细胞核的形态学改变,流式细胞仪检测细胞亚二倍体峰,免疫荧光检测细胞色素c(cytochrome c,Cytc)向胞浆的弥散情况。结果显示:U0126在没有影响Erk1/2表达水平的前提下,阻断了GRP75对Erk1/2磷酸化水平的维持;U0126处理组的凋亡率明显高于对照组;U0126处理组Cytc从线粒体向胞浆释放的时间明显早于对照组,同时Cytc向胞浆的弥散程度大于对照组。以上结果提示,U0126通过抑制Erk1/2磷酸化,阻断了缺糖状态下GRP75对Cytc释放和细胞凋亡的抑制作用,这表明GRP75是通过Raf/Mek/Er...     

高糖诱导滋养层细胞内质网应激及凋亡

目的探讨高糖对滋养层细胞系HTR-8内质网应激及凋亡的影响。方法用不同浓度的含糖培养基培养人滋养层细胞系HTR-8细胞24小时,实时定量PCR检测细胞中内质网应激相关分子CHOP、GRP78、ATF6、XBP-1 mRNA的表达水平;Western blot检测CHOP、GRP78蛋白表达水平;流式细胞术检测细胞早期凋亡率。结果实时定量PCR结果显示,与正常血糖及渗透压对照组相比,高糖组CHOP及XBP-1 mRNA表达水平显著升高,GRP78 mRNA表达降低,ATF6表达无差异;Western blot检测显示,CHOP蛋白表达水平升高,GRP78蛋白表达水平降低;流式细胞术检测显示,高糖组细胞早期凋亡率增加。正常血糖组与渗透压对照组相比,CHOP、GRP78、ATF6、XBP-1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平及细胞早期凋亡率均无差异。结论高糖能激活滋养层细胞HTR-8内质网应激,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

低氧促进肺腺癌A549细胞迁移的机制*

目的: 探讨低氧促进肺腺癌A549细胞迁移的机制。方法: 培养肺腺癌A549细胞,转染慢病毒获得稳定敲低ACC1的A549细胞株,转染si-RNA获得敲低SREBP-1的A549细胞。分别以低氧(5％ O₂)联合低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)抑制剂PX-478(25 μmol)处理A549细胞,低氧联合亚油酸(LA)(20 μmol)处理敲低ACC1的A549细胞,低氧处理敲低胆固醇调节原件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)的A549细胞。Transwell实验检测细胞迁移,蛋白质印迹法检测HIF-1α、ACC1及上皮-间质转化(EMT)相关波形蛋白(Vimentin)及E-钙黏蛋白(E-Cadherin)的表达与SREBP-1的表达,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测低氧联合HIF-1α抑制剂PX-478(25 μmol)处理A549细胞后ACC1及SREBP-1 mRNA水平变化。每项实验重复三次。结果: 与常氧组相比,低氧组A549细胞迁移数增加,ACC1与HIF-1α表达上调(P均＜0.01),SREBP-1表达上调(P＜0.05);与低氧对照组相比,PX-478(25 μmol)抑制A549细胞迁移,SREBP-1表达下调(P＜0.05);低氧处理A549细胞后ACC1 mRNA上升(P＜0.05),SREBP-1 mRNA水平上升(P＜0.01);低氧并使用PX-478(25 μmol)处理A549细胞24 h,ACC1 mRNA水平下降(P＜0.05),SREBP-1 mRNA 水平下降(P＜0.01);转染si-RNA获得敲低SREBP-1的A549细胞,Transwell 实验显示si-SREBP-1组细胞迁移数较常氧对照组减少(P＜0.01);低氧处理si-SREBP-1组与si-NC组,与对照组相比si-SREBP-1组细胞迁移数减少(P＜0.01)但与常氧组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);Western blot检测到si-SREBP-1组ACC1表达较对照组下降(P＜0.01);低氧处理si-SREBP-1组,ACC1表达较对照组下降(P＜0.01);敲低ACC1抑制A549细胞迁移(P＜0.05),敲低ACC1后A549细胞在常氧和5％ O₂条件下细胞迁移数目差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05);低氧处理敲低ACC1的A549细胞并给予LA(25 μmol)促进A549细胞迁移(P＜0.05)。结论: 低氧通过HIF-1α/SREBP-1/ACC1途径调节脂肪酸代谢进而促进肺腺癌A549细胞迁移。     

氧化损伤与内质网应激在四氯化碳致大鼠肝脂肪变性中的作用机制

肝脂肪变性是长期饮酒、肥胖、药物中毒等致脂肪肝形成过程中重要的中间阶段,严 重的脂肪堆积会导致肝细胞坏死或肝硬化,但是有关肝脂肪变性的分子机理目前仍不十分清 楚.本实验利用四氯化碳建立大鼠肝脂肪变性模型,四氯化碳处理组较对照组肝脏丙二醛含 量增加68%,内质网应激标志蛋白GRP78 mRNA水平和蛋白质水平表达均明显增加;人肝癌细胞株HepG2体外培养中,加入四氯化碳处理后内质网发生应激,并导致SREBP-1表达增加且活化.结果表明,四氯化碳导致的肝脂肪变性与肝细胞的氧化损伤和内质网应激有关,其分子机理可能为内质网应激发生后促进SREBP-1转录因子的表达与活化,SREBP-1在细胞核内参与生脂相关酶如HMG CoA 还原酶等基因的诱导表达,生脂相关酶含量的增加进一步使肝细胞甘油三酯、胆固醇合成增加,脂质的异常堆积导致了肝脂肪变性的发生.     

高脂喂养大鼠肾小管上皮细胞SREBP-1、TGF-β1、α-SMA的表达和细胞外基质沉积

目的:探讨高脂喂养对大鼠肾脏小管上皮细胞SREBP-1、TGF-β1、α-SMA表达和细胞外基质(ECM)的影响。方法:高脂饲料喂养大鼠12周后,油红O检测肾脏脂质沉积,Masson染色检测肾小管间质细胞外基质沉积,免疫组化、Western blot和原位杂交检测SREBP-1、TGF-β1、α-SMA和FN的表达。结果:高脂喂养后大鼠体重明显增加,血糖、甘油三酯和胰岛素均升高,油红O检测显示大鼠肾小管上皮细胞内出现明显脂滴。SREBP-1蛋白和mRNA在肾小管上皮细胞内表达,高脂组高于正常对照组,分别是正常组的1.88倍和1.85倍;TGF-β1和α-SMA也定位于肾小管上皮细胞胞浆并出现上调。Masson染色显示高脂喂养大鼠肾间质ECM沉积增多,纤维粘连蛋白FN检测也显示模型组表达强于对照组。结论:高脂饮食喂养可能通过上调肾脏小管上皮细胞SREBP-1表达使细胞内脂滴沉积,并进一步诱导TGF-β1、α-SMA合成而导致细胞外基质堆积。     

高糖对人肾小球系膜细胞SREBP-1、FAS表达的影响

目的探讨高糖环境中人肾小球系膜细胞（human mesangial cells,HMC）SREBP-1、FAS表达。方法体外培养HMC细胞,随机分为正常糖组、高糖组,免疫细胞化学、Western Blot和RT-PCR方法检测固醇调节元件结合蛋白1（sterol regulatory element binding protein-1,SREBP-1）和脂肪酸合酶（fatty acid synthase,FAS）表达。采用脂质体转染技术将特异性SREBP-1质粒引入细胞内并进行表达,进一步采用RT-PCR方法检测脂肪酸合酶FAS的表达。结果与正常糖组比较,高糖培养的人肾小球系膜细胞固醇调节元件结合蛋白1前体和成熟体以及FAS mRNA表达均升高,差异有统计学意义。质粒转染后HMC细胞经免疫组化和Western blot检测证实特异性质粒能够在细胞内高表达SREBP-1蛋白,进一步对FAS的检测证实了FAS mRNA表达升高。结论高糖可诱导人肾小球系膜细胞固醇调节元件结合蛋白1和FAS表达增强且SREBP-1和FAS之间存在有直接关系。     

miRNA378*表达对柯萨奇B3病毒感染乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡、网腔钙结合蛋白、内质网应激伴侣蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究沉默miRNA378^*表达对柯萨奇B3病毒（CVB3）感染心肌细胞凋亡、内质网应激、网腔钙结合蛋白（calumenin）影响。方法：原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞分为：对照组（正常细胞）、柯萨奇病毒感染组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒）、miRNA378^*沉默对照组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒+转染miRNA378^*空质粒）、miRNA378^*沉默组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒+转染miRNA378^*沉默质粒）,各组细胞分别转染和感染处理后置37℃、CO₂培养箱中培养3 d。检测细胞α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、细胞凋亡率、网腔钙结合蛋白、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）及内质网应激信号通路因子激活转录因子6（ATF6）、转录因子C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）的表达。结果：通过检测ɑ-SMA蛋白,证实分离乳鼠细胞为心室肌细胞。TUNEL法检测不同组心室细胞凋亡情况发现,柯萨奇病毒感染组心室肌细胞凋亡明显,与柯萨奇病毒感染组心肌细胞相比较,miRNA378^*沉默组心肌细胞凋亡细胞量明显减少。与柯萨奇病毒感染组比较,Calumenin表达减少（P<0.01）,而GRP78、ATF6、CHOP表达增加（P<0.01）。结论：CVB3病毒感染心肌细胞作用与miRNA378^*,引发内质网应激并激活信号通路因子,心肌细胞凋亡增加。     

Continuous high expression of XBP1 and GRP78 is important for the survival of bone marrow cells in CCl4-treated cirrhotic liver

We have previously shown that infusion of bone marrow cells (BMC) improves CCl₄-induced cirrhosis. However, it is unclear why the injected BMC are resistant to CCl₄ damage and subsequently improve the local microenvironment in damaged liver. To analyze the cellular phenomena involved in this process, we studied the damaged liver using electron microscopy. We found that CCl₄ caused rough endoplasmic reticula to swell in hepatocytes. To analyze the gene expression patterns associated with this process, we conducted PCR-selected suppressive subtractive hybridization. We found that expression levels of HSP84, HSP40, and XBP1 differed markedly between control liver and liver infused with BMC. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that expression levels of HSP84 and HSP40 were markedly higher in the early phase of differentiation immediately after BMC infusion, but decreased over time. XBP1 expression remained high during the late phase, and GRP78 expression increased with XBP1 activation. We also found that GFP-positive BMC expressed XBP1 and GRP78. XBP1 and GRP78 are associated with ER stress. Thus, continuous high XBP1 and GRP78 expression might be essential for the survival and proliferation of BMC in a CCl₄-induced persistent liver damage environment.     

T cell receptor-mediated signaling induces GRP78 expression in T cells: the implications in maintaining T cell viability

The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an important molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induced by various stresses. This study showed that stimulation with anti-CD3 mAb, PMA plus ionomycin, or an antigen increased the levels of GRP78 mRNA in primary T cells, which was inhibited by Ca²⁺ chelators EGTA and BAPTA-AM and by an inhibitor of calcineurin FK506. In addition, the specific knockdown of GRP78 protein expression induced apoptosis in mouse EL-4 T cell line associated with CHOP induction and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, overexpression of GRP78 inhibited PMA/ionomycin-induced cell death in EL-4 cells. Collectively, GRP78 expression is induced by TCR activation via a Ca²⁺-dependent pathway and may play a critical role in maintaining T cell viability in the steady and TCR-activated states. These results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism and an essential function of GRP78 in T cells.     

Expressions of GRP78 and Bax associate with differentiation,metastasis, and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer

The purpose of this study was to detect the expressions of GRP78 and Bax in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues, to analyze their correlations with carcinogenesis and the development of NSCLC, and to investigate the relationship of GRP78 expression to metastasis and apoptosis in the NSCLC cell line HCC827. The positive expression rates of GRP78 and Bax in NSCLC lung tissues were 59.7% and 34.7% by RT-PCR, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78 in NSCLC tissues were significantly higher than that in the relatively normal surrounding lung tissues (p < 0.05); the lesser the degree of tumor differentiation was, the higher the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78 were (p < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78 from patients in advanced pathological stages (III–IV) were significantly higher than the corresponding levels in patients in early pathological stages (I–II) (p < 0.05); the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78 in patients with positive lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than those in patients with negative lymph node metastasis (p < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax in the above cases showed the opposite trend of the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78. However, the mRNA and protein expression levels of both GRP78 and Bax were independent of the patient’s sex, the patient’s age, the tumor size and the histological type (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma) of NSCLC (p > 0.05). The mRNA expression level of GRP78 and the mRNA expression level of Bax in human NSCLC tissues were negatively correlated (r = −0.353, p = 0.002). After transfection of GRP78 siRNA in HCC827 cells, the GRP78 protein expression level was significantly decreased (p < 0.01), while the Bax protein expression level was significantly increased (p < 0.01); the number of cells that passed through the Transwell chamber was significantly less in the non-transfected control group compared to the transfected control group (p < 0.01). The number of apoptotic cells was significantly greater in the non-transfected control group compared to the transfected control group (p < 0.01). The expression levels of GRP78 and Bax were related to the carcinogenesis, development and metastasis of NSCLC. GRP78 expression with siRNA interference in the human NSCLC cell line HCC827 can reduce metastasis and promote apoptosis in HCC827 cells.     

降脂益生菌调节胆固醇代谢 改善小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝

目的研究一种由鼠李糖乳杆菌DM9054和植物乳杆菌86066构成的降脂益生菌组合对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)小鼠胆固醇代谢的影响及其可能机制。方法 24只雄性LDLR-/-小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和益生菌干预组。高脂饮食(HFD)15周建立小鼠NAFLD模型,造模同时干预组给予鼠李糖乳杆菌DM9054联合植物乳杆菌86066灌胃,对照组和模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。实验过程中监测各组小鼠体重变化。实验结束后,检测小鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)的水平差异。检测小鼠肝脏组织病理变化。使用Realtime PCR检测小鼠肠道内法尼脂受体(FXR)mRNA、顶端膜钠依赖的胆汁酸转运体(ASBT)mRNA、纤维生长因子15(FGF-15)mRNA和三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G5(ABCG-5)mRNA表达水平。Western blot检测小鼠肝脏胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7A1)、FXR、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G8(ABCG-8)、清道夫受体BI(SR-BI)、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)、胆盐输出泵(ABCB-11)、纤维生长因子受体4(FGFR-4)和胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白-2(SREBP-2)蛋白表达水平。结果与模型组相比,降脂益生菌干预组小鼠体重减轻(P0.05);小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL水平降低,HDL水平升高(P0.05);小鼠肝脏脂肪变性和炎性细胞浸润的现象显著减少;小鼠肠道ASBT mRNA和ABCG-5mRNA表达水平明显降低(Ps0.05),FGF-15mRNA表达水平明显升高(P0.05),FXR mRNA表达水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);小鼠肝脏FGFR-4蛋白表达水平升高(P0.05),SREBP-2和HMGCR蛋白表达水平降低(Ps0.05),FXR、CYP7A1、SR-BI、ABCG-8和ABCB-11蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义(Ps0.05)。结论降脂益生菌可能通过激活FXR-FGF15通路调节胆汁酸代谢;通过下调SREBP-2表达水平,抑制HMGCR表达,减少胆固醇的生成,从而起到改善非酒精性脂肪肝的作用。     

PPAR gamma ligand troglitazone lowers cholesterol synthesis in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells via a reduced concentration of nuclear SREBP-2

Cholesterol synthesis in animal cells is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2. The objective of this study was to investigate whether activation of peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor (PPAR)-gamma influences the SREBP-2 dependent cholesterol synthesis in liver and intestinal cells. Therefore, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells were incubated with and without 10 or 30 microM of troglitazone, a synthetic PPAR gamma agonist, for 4 hrs. Incubation with 10 or 30 microM of troglitazone caused a significant, dose-dependent reduction of cholesterol synthesis in both HepG2 and Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05). HepG2 and Caco-2 cells incubated with 10 or 30 microM of troglitazone had also lower mRNA concentrations and lower nuclear protein concentrations of SREBP-2 than untreated control cells (P < 0.05). mRNA concentrations of the SREBP-2 target genes HMG-CoA reductase and LDL receptor were also reduced in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells treated with 30 microM of troglitazone compared to control cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that PPAR gamma activation by troglitazone lowers the cholesterol synthesis in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells by reducing the concentration of nuclear SREBP-2 and successive downregulation of its target genes involved in cholesterol synthesis.