甘薯生物技术研究进展

新兴的生物技术为甘薯这一古老的农作物带来了新的发展契机。细胞大规模培养、体细胞融合、基因转导等技术的研究和应用 ,可望从根本上改变甘薯传统的生产和育种模式。本文综合近年来国内外甘薯体细胞胚胎发生、原生质体培养和基因工程等方面的研究进展 ,对影响甘薯体胚发生体系及原生质体再生体系建立的诸多因素进行了详细论述 ,讨论了甘薯基因工程研究的应用潜力和目前存在的一些问题。     

体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术中的应用

本文概述体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔原生质体培养、花药培养、苗木脱毒、胚乳培养、快速繁殖、抗盐突变体筛选和基因工程等研究领域的应用,并对胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术上的应用提出一些看法。     

体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术中的应用

本文概述体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔原生质体培养,花药培养,苗木脱毒、胚乳培养,快速繁殖,抗盐突变体筛选和基因工程等研究领域的应用,并对胚发生在柑桔生物技术上的应用一些看法。     

火炬松原生质体的体细胞胚胎发生

研究了基本培养基、原生质体密度和ABA浓度对火炬松（PinustaedaL．）悬浮细胞原生质体体细胞胚胎发生的影响。结果表明,DCR基本培养基最有利于原生质体的体细胞胚胎发生。体细胞胚胎发生所需的最适原生质体密度和ABA浓度分别是7×104个／mL和4mg／L。显微观察表明,来自原生质体的胚性胚柄细胞团（ESM：embryogenicsusPensormass）,经早期原胚（ESP：earlystageProembryos）阶段形成了后期原胚（LSP：latestageProembryos）。这一结果为火炬松的原生质体培养再生植株奠定了基础。     

甘薯细胞工程及应用

甘薯细胞工程主要有体细胞胚发生、原生质培养、细胞悬浮培养、茎尖分生组织培养等.甘薯细胞工程与组织培养在人工种子生产、种质资源创新、新品种选育和脱毒苗工厂化生产等方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

植物体细胞胚发生与作物育种

评述了植物体细胞胚发生在作物育种中的研究与应用,内容包含有：胚性细胞系的建立与原生质体培养;体细胞胚的形成与人工种子制作;胚性细胞与遗传转化;胚性细胞系与优良种质保存和体细胞无性系变异与突变体筛选等,并讨论了有关机理。     

柑桔种间原生质体融合植株再生及染色体数目变异的研究

为了获得具有抗病、优质丰产等优良性状的柑桔体细胞杂种,本研究应用当前推广良种朋娜脐橙胚性细胞原生质体和抗裂皮病、耐盐碱的红桔叶肉细胞原生质体作为亲本进行体细胞杂交研究。通过对原生质体分离,融合和培养过程中培养基调控等环节的研究,建立起原生质体融合及其后的胚状体再生系统,并从融合处理后的原生质体培养中获得了大最的胚状体,进而获得个别体细胞杂种植株。同时对融合后再生的胚状体染色体数目和同工酶分析,还揭示了在柑桔原生质体融合再生中,胚状体水平上存在淹广泛的遗传变异。其中有14.1%的胚状体为四倍体,近20%为超倍体的非整倍体,并讨论了变异发生及由胚状体再生植株困难的原因。     

亚麻生物技术研究进展

简要综述了近几年有关亚麻应用和基础研究的进展,重点介绍了亚麻组织细胞的再生、体细胞发生、原生质体分离培养、细胞悬浮培养、花药培养,以及亚麻转基因技术的研究成果,讨论了目前在亚麻研究中出现的问题。     

被子植物配子-体细胞杂交研究的进展与展望

Pental和Power于1985年提出用植物的单倍体原生质体,与二倍体体细胞原生质体融合产生三倍体植株,以用于限量基因转移研究的设想"'。次年粘毛烟草（Nicotianaglutinosa川、抱子四分体原生质体与烟草（N．tatacum）的体细胞原生质体融合,就成功地得到了三倍体杂种植株,并被称     

柑橘生物技术研究进展

综述了近年来国内外柑橘生物技术的研究进展,主要涉及到以下4个方面:(1)组织培养(包括胚培养、胚珠培养、胚乳培养、花药培养和营养器官培养)与快繁、脱毒和种质资源保存;(2)原生质体培养、再生和融合及体细胞杂种在柑橘砧木及接穗品种改良中的应用;(3)分子标记技术在柑橘遗传多样性检测、基因定位、亲缘关系分析及体细胞杂种鉴定等方面的应用;(4)转基因技术。目前,现代生物技术是柑橘传统育种的有效补充,已成为柑橘遗传改良、种质资源创新和科学研究的重要技术。     

Abscisic acid and osmotic induction of synchronous somatic embryo development of sweet potato

Summary Somatic embryos of sweet potato have potential as synthetic seeds. The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) (0,0,0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 50.0 μM) were examined to improve synchrony and proliferation of somatic embryos. Transferring embryos compared to those cultures transferred at day 0. The development of embryos in suspension culture supplemented with ABA was poor. However, when calli proliferation cultures were in gelled medium and pulsed with 0.1 μM ABA for 14 d, the number of somatic embryos increased. Proembryonic masses cultured in mannitol-containing medium (Y=−1.5 MPa) increased embryo development and synchrony of embryo development. Thus, in this work ABA and mannitol have been shown to improve both the total number and the synchrony of sweet potato somatic embryos.     

Screening of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> HAAS01 and Its Biocontrol Effect on <i>Fusarium</i> wilt in Sweet Potato

Fusarium wilt, a disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp batatas (Fob) is an important disease in sweet potato production. Using endophytic bacteria for biological control of sweet potato diseases is one of the important ways. A Bacillus subtilis with antagonistic effect on Fusarium wilt of sweet potato was isolated from soil by confrontation culture. According to the biological characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and physiological and biochemical analysis, the Bacillus subtilis HAAS01 was named. A pot experiment was conducted for the biological control experiment of strain HAAS01, and the endogenous hormone content, antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble protein content, and related gene expressions of sweet potato plants were detected. The results showed that the HAAS01 strain could promote the production of endogenous hormones and resist the infection of plant diseases together with defensive enzymes and upregulation of related gene expressions. In summary, Bacillus subtilis HAAS01 was effective in controlling Fusarium wilt of sweet potato and has potential for application and development.     

Applications of biotechnology and genomics in potato improvement

Potato is the third most important global food crop and the most widely grown noncereal crop. As a species highly amenable to cell culture, it has a long history of biotechnology applications for crop improvement. This review begins with a historical perspective on potato improvement using biotechnology encompassing pathogen elimination, wide hybridization, ploidy manipulation and applications of cell culture. We describe the past developments and new approaches for gene transfer to potato. Transformation is highly effective for adding single genes to existing elite potato clones with no, or minimal, disturbances to their genetic background and represents the only effective way to produce isogenic lines of specific genotypes/cultivars. This is virtually impossible via traditional breeding as, due to the high heterozygosity in the tetraploid potato genome, the genetic integrity of potato clones is lost upon sexual reproduction as a result of allele segregation. These genetic attributes have also provided challenges for the development of genetic maps and applications of molecular markers and genomics in potato breeding. Various molecular approaches used to characterize loci, (candidate) genes and alleles in potato, and associating phenotype with genotype are also described. The recent determination of the potato genome sequence has presented new opportunities for genomewide assays to provide tools for gene discovery and enabling the development of robustly unique marker haplotypes spanning QTL regions. The latter will be useful in introgression breeding and whole‐genome approaches such as genomic selection to improve the efficiency of selecting elite clones and enhancing genetic gain over time.     

Improved tolerance to various abiotic stresses in transgenic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) expressing spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

Abiotic stresses are critical delimiters for the increased productivity and cultivation expansion of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), a root crop with worldwide importance. The increased production of glycine betaine (GB) improves plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses without strong phenotypic changes, providing a feasible approach to improve stable yield production under unfavorable conditions. The gene encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is involved in the biosynthesis of GB in plants, and the accumulation of GB by the heterologous overexpression of BADH improves abiotic stress tolerance in plants. This study is to improve sweet potato, a GB accumulator, resistant to multiple abiotic stresses by promoted GB biosynthesis. A chloroplastic BADH gene from Spinacia oleracea (SoBADH) was introduced into the sweet potato cultivar Sushu-2 via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The overexpression of SoBADH in the transgenic sweet potato improved tolerance to various abiotic stresses, including salt, oxidative stress, and low temperature. The increased BADH activity and GB accumulation in the transgenic plant lines under normal and multiple environmental stresses resulted in increased protection against cell damage through the maintenance of cell membrane integrity, stronger photosynthetic activity, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and induction or activation of ROS scavenging by the increased activity of free radical-scavenging enzymes. The increased proline accumulation and systemic upregulation of many ROS-scavenging genes in stress-treated transgenic plants also indicated that GB accumulation might stimulate the ROS-scavenging system and proline biosynthesis via an integrative mechanism. This study demonstrates that the enhancement of GB biosynthesis in sweet potato is an effective and feasible approach to improve its tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses without causing phenotypic defects. This strategy for trait improvement in sweet potato not only stabilizes yield production in normal soils in unpredictable climates but also provides a novel germplasm for sweet potato production on marginal lands.     

Expression of green-fluorescent protein gene in sweet potato tissues

Green-fluorescent protein (GFP) gene expression, transient and stable after electroporation and particle bombardment, was analyzed in tissues of sweet potato cv.Beauregard. Leaf and petiole tissues were used for protoplast isolation and electroporation. After 48 h, approximately 25–30% of electroporated mesophyll cell protoplasts regenerated cell walls, and of these, 3% expressed GFP. Stable expression of GFP after four weeks of culture was observed in 1.0% of the initial GFP positive cells. In a separate experiment, we observed 600–700 loci expressing GFP 48 h after bombarding leaf tissue or embryogenic calli, and stable GFP-expressing sectors were seen in leaf-derived embryogenic calli after four weeks of protoplast culture without selection. These results demonstrate GFP gene expression in sweet potato tissues. Screening for GFP gene expression may prove useful to improve transformation efficiency and to facilitate detection of transformed sweet potato plants.     

Embryo development from discrete cell aggregates inIpomoea Batatas (L.) Lam. in response to structural polarity

Summary High numbers of embryos are difficult to obtain in liquid cultures of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) because discrete cell aggregates, produced through calli fragmentation, do not support embryo growth. In an effort to demonstrate that embryo development is possible from discrete cell aggregates, we compared embryo formation from cell aggregates 250–355 μm in diameter cultured either in suspension in liquid medium, on agar solidified medium, or immobilized on alginate beads floated in liquid medium. Embryos were initiated but remained arrested in their globular stage on cell aggregates cultured in suspension. Embryos developed to the torpedo stage from cell aggregates cultured on solidified medium and from cell aggregates anchored on alginate beads. Thus, embryos continued to develop beyond the globular stage when a structural polarity, which led probably to the establishment of a physiological polarity, was created. The production of sweet potato embryos in liquid culture can be improved by using alginate beads or culture conditions and protocols leading to the release during calli fragmentation of polarized individual cell aggregates. This work was supported in part by a IFAS/Gas Research Institute cooperative grant. Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Journal Series 9297     

Biosynthesis of furano-terpenes by sweet potato cell culture

Callus was induced from sweet potato root tissue on an agarmedium containing Heller's minerals, vitamins, 2,4-D, yeastextract and sucrose. Furano-terpenes were scarcely detectedin the callus. However, when the callus was transferred to aliquid culture medium and incubated with reciprocal shaking,furano-terpenes were rapidly produced mainly in the culturemedium. Furano-terpene production by the cell culture was suppressedby addition of Ceratocystis fimbriata spores or HgCl₂ to theculture medium. Yeast extract and sucrose in the culture mediumwere important for furano-terpene production. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity increased in the cells,followed by the production of furano-terpenes. The TLC patternof furano-terpenes produced by the cell culture was essentiallythe same as that produced by sweet potato root tissue infectedby C. fimbriata or treated with HgCl₂, but the quantitativeproportion of the individual furano-terpenes in the former differedmarkedly from that in the latter. (Received January 11, 1979; )     

基于农业废弃物培育优质蛹虫草的研究

利用农业废弃物甘薯藤及蛹虫草培养基废弃物作为培养基的主要原料进行蛹虫草菌种驯化。蛹虫草子实体培养基中添加不同比例蛹虫草培养基废弃物及甘薯藤粒,通过适宜的培养条件,废弃物中淀粉、蛋白质、糖类、氨基酸等营养物质及蛹虫草胞外酶酶解产生的小分子物质被充分利用,以培育优质蛹虫草子实体。当一级种子中加入蛹虫草培养基废弃物20 g/L和甘薯藤粉10 g/L,二级种中加入蛹虫草培养基废弃物20 g/L、甘薯藤粉10 g/L,使蛹虫草子实体栽培料中蛹虫草培养基废弃物占32%～45%,甘薯藤粒占10%～15%,二者比例为(3～4)：1时,栽培效果最好。本研究蛹虫草培养基替代原料资源丰富易得,并可节约生产用粮,降低原料成本,从而实现农用废弃物再利用,减少环境污染,也符合绿色环保可持续发展的理念。