应用软X线推断国人耻骨年龄

对男性１１８副、女性１０８副、１０－６０岁国人耻骨样本应用软Ｘ线进行拍照。根据其内部结构随年龄增长而发生的形态变化规律,采用多变量统计分析法,研制出数量化赋分值标准,用该标准取得的观测数据,使用数量化理论Ｉ和逐步回归数学模型,借助电子计算机技术进行统计分析,建立了推断耻骨年龄男女各自两个方程。经１３例实际案件中应用,其结果达到了设计要求,方程有一定应用价值。     

应用多元分析法判断中国人(男性)耻骨联合面年龄的研究

本文对205例年龄在17—40岁的国人男性耻骨标本进行了形态观察,在此基础上选取八处形态观测项目制订了等级评分标准并对205例标本进行了观察评分。采用多元回归分析和数量化理论模式I的方法对数据进行处理,建立了判断中国人(男性)耻骨年龄的回归方程并与Hanihara方法做了比较。统计分析及50例盲测结果表明较国外同类研究结果为佳并具有一定实用价值。     

Determination of age at death in human skeletal remains: A comparison of two techniques

Reliable palaeodemographic reconstruction is dependent upon accurate determination of age at death in human skeletal remains. Two methods, Todd (Todd, 1920, 1921) and Suchey-Brooks (Katz & Suchey, 1986), which use morphological changes of theos pubis as an indicator of age at death, were applied to a sample of Central California Indians. Life tables were constructed and the two data sets were compared. Differences between the two data sets were evident when life expectancies, mean ages, and survivorship curves were compared. Because both methods were developed using male samples, only the male data were considered valid. In a comparison between the two male data sets it became apparent that the differences lie in the upper decades depending upon which method was used. In an attempt to rectify the difference in age ranges between the two methods, a conversion of Todd phases into equivalent Suchey-Brooks phases (Katz & Suchey, 1986) was employed. Applications and limitations of both methods are discussed and it is suggested that the Suchey-Brooks method is to be perferred.     

Test of Phenice's technique for determining sex from the os pubis

Pubic bone morphology was examined to test the accuracy of Phenice's visual method for determining sex from the os pubis. Twelve participants scored 50 pubic bones from individuals of known sex aged 52-92 years. The sample is of modern males and females, all presumed whites. An accuracy of approximately 83% in determining sex was recorded, compared to 95% reported by Phenice. This accuracy difference may reflect different age distributions of the two samples. Through replication of test results on two series of 25 specimens, the technique was found to be reliable. Previous experiences in human osteological analysis was shown to have no effect on accuracy in this test, confirming Phenice's assertion that the technique does not require extensive experience to yield accurate results. Results suggest that there is a moderate negative correlation between accuracy in determining the sex of an individual and that individual's age.     

Evaluation of the obstetric significance of some pelvic characters in an 18th century British sample of known parity status.

The excavations at Christ Church, Spitalfields (1984-86) produced a sample of 968 human skeletons which were interred between 1729 and 1859. Of these, 387 were recovered in association with coffin plates stating name, age at death, and date of death. There are 138 adult females in the named sample and the obstetric histories of 94 have been reconstructed from historical documentation. Such variables as birth spacing, number of children, and age at first and last births are known for the majority of this sample. Any individual about whose history there is any doubt has been excluded from the analysis. A middle-class group, they were largely of high nutritional status and, by the standards of the day, lived in sanitary and comfortable conditions. Both males and females have a mean age at death of 56 years. The presence or absence, the typology, the severity, the width and the length of the preauricular sulcus, the presence or absence and the number of pits on the dorsal aspect of the pubic body, sulci along the anterior sacrum adjacent to the auricular facet, and the extension of the pubic tubercle were evaluated in relation to the obstetric histories of these females. Statistical analysis has demonstrated a relationship between the presence of pubic tubercle extension and parity status and between the degree of extension and the number of children borne (P < .02). Statistically there is no significant relationship (P > .05) between either the preauricular sulcus or pubic pitting and parity status. Sacral scarring is significantly associated (P < .05) with parity status, but as it was evident in only eight females it has little practical application. Sample sizes are small, and it must be considered that statistical evaluation of larger samples might detect associations between variables not demonstrated here. There is no significant relationship between any of the cortical variants under consideration and age at death.     

Histologic estimation of age at death using the anterior cortex of the femur

This report describes a new histologic method for determination of age at death, the latest in a series of studies that began with Kerley's pioneer presentation in 1965. The study population was collected from 328 documented individuals from an anatomy dissecting room in the United States, from two modern cemeteries in the Dominican Republic, and from autopsies performed in a Chilean hospital. Undecalcified thin sections 1.0 cm wide were made from specimens taken from the femoral midshaft directly opposite the linea aspera. Five 0.886 mm2 fields were located at the periosteal edge and photographed, mainly for purposes of defining the fields and providing a permanent record. Secondary osteons, type II osteons, osteon fragments, resorption spaces, and non-Haversian canals were recorded as number/mm2, and a 100-space grid was used to measure average percent of unremodeled, osteonal, and fragmental bone. Stepwise regression analysis of the measurements produced a series of regression equations for age estimation for females, males, and sexes combined. Most equations have a standard error of estimate of about 10 years, but the coefficients of determination (r2) range from 0.48 to 0.72. In practice, sex-specific equations gave better results than opposite-sex or nonspecific equations, mainly because males and females differed in the pattern of relations between osteons and osteon fragments with advancing age.     

Effects of field size when using Kerley's histological method for determination of age at death

The field size at which a bone is read affects the results obtained when using Kerley's histological method for age estimation, even after applying the recommended correction factor. Whereas there is no tendency for any one of three field sizes tested to consistently underestimate or overestimate age, a field size closest to that used by Kerley in his original study had significantly lower variances for its age estimates, and thus provides greater reliability. This particular field size yields more precise estimates because it is sampling a pattern and number of structures more similar to that of Kerley. Correction factors cannot equalize the counts of osteons and osteon fragments because of spatial variations in the distributions of these histological structures. A field size similar to that used by Kerley in gathering the data from which he developed his regression equations must be used to assure that the same pattern and number of structures is being sampled. For this reason, we suggest a field size as close to 2.06 mm² as possible be used when employing Kerley's method.     

Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of proteoglycans in mouse pubic symphysis

Proteoglycans were accurately localized in mouse pubic symphyseal tissues using the cuprolinic blue method. Specific glycosaminoglycans degradative enzymes, together with chondroitin sulfate and decorin antibodies, allowed the identification of glycosaminoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were the main proteoglycans observed in hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and dense connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, they were seen as electron-dense granules and filaments. The granules, rich in chondroitin sulfate chains, were exclusively found in hyaline cartilage, whereas filaments were present in cartilage, fibrocartilage, and dense connective tissue. The latter were classified by size and susceptibility to enzyme digestion into F1, F2 and F3 filaments: F1 filaments were small, thin, and collagen fibril-associated; F2 filaments were thick, heavily stained, and localized around individual collagen fibrils and between bundles of collagen fibrils; and F3 filaments were scattered throughout elastic fiber surfaces. Considering their localization, susceptibility to chondroitinase AC and immunohistochemical detection, the symphysial F1 filaments were found to be preferentially decorin substituted with chondroitin sulfate side chains. The F2 filaments were also susceptible to chondroitinase AC treatment, whereas F3 filaments could be digested by heparitinase.The data thus obtained on the localization and identification of pubic symphyseal proteoglycans in virgin mice may be useful in the study of structural modifications that occur throughout pregnancy.     

Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods

After reviewing various systems of age determination based on analysis of the pubic bone, the discussion concentrates on the collection and preparation of an extensive autopsy sample (n=1225) of pubic bones from modern individuals with legal documentation of age at death (death and/or birth certificates). TheSuchey-Brooks method derived from this sample is described. TheAcsádi-Nemeskéri system is evaluated in terms of the documented collection and it is seen that their five stage method focuses only on the early and late morphological changes. The intermediate stages, in which the ventral rampart is in process of completion, are not described. Their suggested age ranges do not correspond with the documented modern sample. Based on these limitations of theAcsádi-Nemeskéri method, applications of theSuchey-Brooks system are discussed.     

Pubic symphysis age distributions

A further discussion of age assessment and palaeodemography requires detailed reviews of methods, especially pubic symphysis techniques. Before reanalysis of changes in symphyseal form, the initial steps in distributing ages must be examined. Use of the mean values for age scores gives age distributions that are not real, but subject to systematic distortions, and cumulative percentages of skeletal samples can be shown to reflect the mean ages. Distributing skeletal ages using 95% probability distributions provides a more accurate estimation of true ages for palaeodemography and a better basis for discussions of pubic symphysis aging techniques.     

广东黑石顶森林群落黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocaryaconcinna)幼苗的年龄结构和高度结构

黄果厚壳桂幼苗未有准确对应于年龄的外部特征,通过对相应样地中幼苗的解析,得出了以幼苗高度和基径对年龄的二元线性回归相对准确地划分幼苗年龄的方法,它优于单纯采用高度级或基径级划分年龄结构的方法,这种方法为非毁坏性的研究现存幼苗的年龄结构提供了依据。1993年起开始对黑石顶森林群落中黄果厚壳桂种群幼苗的年龄结构和高度结构进行了定位观测研究。黑石顶黄果厚壳桂幼苗的年龄结构以2龄和3龄幼苗占优势,幼苗的年龄结构表现出一定的年度波动性,其中由3龄到4龄幼苗多度大幅度地下降。将幼苗以每10cm为一级划分高度级发现黑石顶黄果厚壳桂幼苗中有一个以高度为10—30cm幼苗占明显优势的幼苗库,这个幼苗库主要由2—4龄幼苗组成。     

Allometric scaling of isokinetic peak torque: the Nebraska Wrestling Study

Allometric scaling has been used increasingly in the exercise sciences to control statistically for body size differences in physical performance variables. The purpose of this study was to use multivariate allometric scaling to examine the influence of fat-free mass (FFM) on age-related differences in strength in young club (8-13 years) and high-school (14-18 years) wrestlers. The dependent variables were log-transformed values of isokinetic peak torque for leg extension and flexion at 0.52, 3.14, and 5.24 rad x s(-1)(30, 180, and 300 x s(-1)). The independent variables used in the multiple regression analyses were log-transformed values for FFM, age, and the FFM versus age interaction. The resulting regression equations were of the form: log Y = log a + b1 log X1 + b2 log X2 + bn log Xn. The initial multiple regression analyses showed significant interaction effects (P < 0.05) for all dependent variables, therefore separate regression analyses were performed for the younger and older groups of wrestlers. The results indicate that for the younger wrestlers there were increases in isokinetic peak torque at all velocities across age after controlling for FFM. The FFM scaling exponents ranged from 0.94 to 1.31. All exponents included 1.0 in the 95% confidence interval, except for extension at 3.14 rad x s(-1). For the high-school wrestlers, both FFM and age were significant for the extension data, but only FFM was significant for the flexion data. All FFM exponents included 1.0 in the 95% confidence interval. These results indicate that the relationship between FFM and peak torque differed across age. In addition, with the exception of the flexion data for the high-school wrestlers, within each group increases in isokinetic peak torque occurred across age, independent of increases in FFM. The causes of the age effect for strength are speculative, but it may be due to developmental changes in neuromuscular function, alterations in the distribution of muscle mass as a percentage of FFM and/or the distribution of FFM across body segments.     

鲫耳石重量与年龄的关系及其在年龄鉴定中的作用

耳石重量在年龄组间重叠较少,大小相近的个体,年龄大的,即生长慢的耳石重量比年龄小的,即生长快的大,不同龄组之间耳石重量有显著差异（P＜0．05）,按年龄组在耳石重量与相应的体长作图,可初步判断观测年龄的可靠性,分析耳石重量频率分布能分离出体长相近,年龄不同的个体,其结构与耳石年轮观测的基本一致,耳石重量与年龄呈显著线性正相关（P＜0．05）,用耳石重量与年龄关系估算的年龄从耳石上直接读取的年龄无显著差异（P＞0．05）,文中对耳石重量直接用于确定鱼类年龄的可能性作了分析和探讨。     

Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: a method and blind tests of its accuracy

Traditional methods of estimating skeletal age at death have relied solely on the pubic symphyseal face or on this indicator combined with others in nonsystematic ways. A multifactorial method is presented that uses a principal components weighting of five indicators (public symphyseal face, auricular surface, radiographs of proximal femur, dental wear, and suture closure). This method has been tested by completely blind assessment of age in two samples from the Todd collection carefully screened for accuracy of stated age at death. Results show a marked superiority of the multifactorial method over any single indicator with respect to both bias and accuracy. This represents the first truly blind test of an age-at-death indicator or system, as the test populations were independent of the system(s) being tested, and the age, sex, and ethnogeographic origin of the individuals being assessed (as well as the compositions of the test samples with respect to these variables) were completely unknown until the tests were completed. Implications for paleodemography are discussed.     

New method for estimation of adult skeletal age at death from the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium

A new method for estimating skeletal age at death from the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium is presented. It uses a multiple regression analysis with dummy variables, and is based on the examination of 700 modern Japanese skeletal remains with age records. The observer using this method needs only to check for the presence or absence of nine (for a male) or seven (for a female) features on the auricular surface and to select the parameter estimates of each feature, calculated by multiple regression analysis with dummy variables. The observer can obtain an estimated age from the sum of parameter estimates. It is shown that a fine granular texture of the auricular surface is typical of younger individuals, whereas a heavily porous texture is characteristic of older individuals, and that both of these features are very useful for estimating age. Our method is shown here to be more accurate than other methods, especially in the older age ranges. Since the auricular surface allows more expedient observations than other parts of the skeleton, this new method can be expected to improve the overall accuracy of estimating skeletal age at death.     

Relationship between age and deposit of peritubular dentine

Peritubular dentine is a mineralised deposit formed centripetally in the dentine tubules with advancing age, so that the tubular diameter is smaller in teeth from older persons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between age in humans and the amount of peritubular dentine and the extent of the consequent obliteration of the tubules, and to find out whether this relationship was strong enough to be used as a parameter for age estimation. Fifty mandibular central and lateral human incisors were ground on the lingual aspect of the root and examined in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The number of open tubules was counted and the diameter of the tubules measured both before and after etching with 35% orthophosphoric acid. The difference in the number of tubules in unetched and etched specimens was taken to be the number of occluded tubules, and the difference in radii before and after etching to be the thickness of peritubular dentine. The results did not demonstrate a significant relationship between age and the reduction in the number of tubules. One explanation might be that a certain age has to be reached before obliterated dentine tubules can be observed. The correlation between age and the thickness of peritubular dentine was not significant in teeth extracted because of periodontal disease, so these teeth were excluded from the regression analysis with age as the dependent variable. Only the thickness of peritubular dentine was included in the regression (r=0.69); this factor was a better indicator of age than the tubular diameter, but not so closely related to age that it can be recommended for general use in forensic and archaeological age estimations.     

过渡分析在先秦时期人骨年龄估计中的应用

成人骨骼年龄的估计向来是存在许多困难和争议的。通过对其发展历程的回顾可知,尽管早已研发出了相对较可靠的用耻骨联合、髂骨耳状关节面等特征部位的形态估计年龄的方法,但鉴于“年龄模拟效应”的存在,这些方法都不可避免地会使估计的结果出现偏差。建立在贝叶斯方法和最大似然估计的基础上,Jesper Boldsen等研发出的“过渡分析”能够有效地消除上述不良影响。借助ADBOU软件,通过对山西先秦时期人骨样本进行过渡分析的实践,发现传统的形态观察法和过渡分析法会造成估计得到的死亡年龄结构出现差异。由于年龄估计结果的差异会对古人口学研究造成显著影响,因此建议在借鉴过渡分析的基础上,加强对年龄估计方法的改进。     

Ontogenetic changes and sexual dimorphism in the mandible of adult woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius)

Morphometric studies are a fundamental tool in paleontology to answer taxonomic, functional and evolutionary questions. In particular, appropriate functional interpretation often requires consideration of ontogenetic changes in the structures studied. The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is one of the most representative large mammal species of the Eurasian Pleistocene. Available ontogenetic studies on woolly mammoth mandible have focused on the first ontogenetic stages of the mandible development up to 4-5 years and have suggested that the symphysial process is sexually dimorphic. In the present work, we studied ontogenetic changes and sexual dimorphism in 45 mandibles from subadult and adult stages (8-56 African Elephant Years). Our results show positive correlations among almost all the morphometric variables measured, as well as an increase of mandible size with age. This increase does not differ among the variables examined, although the highest values are related with the symphysis height and the opening of the horizontal branches, and the lower ones with the greatest length (dimension), which implies the increase in the relative mandible width and height throughout the individual life. Sexual dimorphism in the mandible is at best slight, and the symphysial process is not diagnostic for sexing purposes. In addition, differences in age were an important confounding factor to assess sexual dimorphism and should be considered in future uses of sexual dimorphism assessment techniques.     

Analysis of dorsal pitting in the os publis in an extensive sample of modern American females

Pubic bones from 486 modern American females between the ages of 13 and 99 were studied in an attempt to explore the relationship between the degree of dorsal pitting and the following variables: (1) number of full term pregnancies, (2) inteval since last pregnancy, (3) age of decedent.A statistical association was found between the number of full term pregnancies and the degree of dorsal pitting. However, the correlation is not strong; 17 females reported as being nulliparous have "medium to large" dorsal changes whereas 22 females having from one to five full term pregnancies have an absence of dorsal changes. Females who had their last child 15 or more years prior to death are more apt to have "medium to large" dorsal changes than are females who have more recently given birth. This effect appears to be independent of the number of full term pregnancies, but is probably related to age. When the data are analyzed by multiple regression analaysis, it is found that age and number of pregnancies are most important in predicting the degree of pitting and the effect of the interval on pitting is not significant. Age is found to be an important variable independent of the number of full term pregnancies. In nulliparas, an absence of dorsal pitting is far more frequently found in females younger than 30 than in those over 30.     

哈尔滨地区围绝经期女性健康现状及保健需求分析

目的:了解哈尔滨地区围绝经期女性健康现状及对相关保健知识认知现状。方法:采用分层整群抽样,于2011年从哈尔滨18个区、县随机抽取40～65岁围绝经期女性进行调查。结果:①2520例被调查女性平均年龄49.90岁,其中自然绝经者占37.4%,平均绝经年龄49.49岁。②13项症状的发病率从18.5%～59.1%不等,最常见的前五位症状依次为心悸(59.1%)、疲乏无力(53.4%)、骨关节肌肉痛(50.1%)、性交痛及阴道发干(49.0%)、易激动(48.8%)。Kupperman评分总分≥17分653例,占25.9%。围绝经期综合征随年龄增长逐渐加重,经Logistic回归分析其患病率与教育程度、绝经分期有相关性。③30.3%女性表示"听说过性激素替代治疗",且郊区明显低于城区;使用率仅为1.3%。结论:哈尔滨地区女性围绝经期症状患病率较高,其保健知识有待提高。应依托社区和媒体,加大宣传力度,提高围绝经期女性生活质量。