我国南北气候过渡地区稻米品质的地域分布

本文依据农业气候指标,运用模糊综合评判和定性聚类的方法,综合评价了所研究地区影响稻米品质的生态气候因子,并把该地区分为4个区域和9个亚区域,每个亚区的生态气候条件和稻米品质各有特色,且所有区域稻米品质变化具有共同的规律性.     

中国小麦白粉病发生地域分布的气候分区

根据全国１２０个气象站点小麦拔节一成熟期间的多年平均（１９７１—１９９８）旬≥０．１ｍｍ雨日出现机率、旬降雨量、旬平均相对湿度、旬平均温度、旬日照时效和白杨病病害资料,采用系统聚类分析法将中国小麦白杨病发生地域分布划分为发生气候带（１）和不发生气候带（ｌ）。Ｉ又分为常发气候亚带（１Ａ）、易发气候亚带（１Ｂ）、次易发气候亚带（１Ｃ）、偶发气候亚带（１Ｄ）。ＩＡ分为冬小麦白杨病西南常发气候区（１Ａ１）、冬小麦白杨病长江流域常发气候区（１Ａ２）、冬小麦白杨病淮河流域常发气候区（１Ａ３）共３个区５ＩＢ为冬小麦白杨病黄河流域易发气候区（１Ｂ区）１个区５ＩＣ分为南方冬小麦白杨病次易发气候区（１Ｃ１）、北方春小麦白杨病次易发气候区（１Ｃ２）、北疆春小麦白杨病次易发气候区（１Ｃ３）、西藏南部冬春小麦白杨病次易发气候区（１Ｃ４）共４个区５ＩＤ分为南方冬小麦白杨病偶发气候区（１Ｄ１）、北方春小麦白杨病偶发气候区（１Ｄ２）共２个区。评述了不同气候区小麦白杨病发生流行的气候生态特征。该分区结果客观揭示了小麦白杨病的发生地域分布规律,是针对不同气候条件下进行小麦白杨病分区预测预报和综合防治的基础性工作。     

安宁河流域稻米生化品质与气候条件的关系

通过“合系39”在四川安宁河流域无控制的地理分期播种大田试验及稻米生化品质室内分析,定量研究了从穗前40d到成熟期各阶段气象条件对稻米生化品质的影响及关键时期,建立了稻米生化品质各组分与关键期平均温度、温度日较差和日照时数的综合关系模型．结果表明,气候生态条件对稻米生化品质各组分有重要影响,且不同组分的影响形式和关键时期不同．其组分与气候生态因子最显著相关的时段或在齐穗前,或在齐穗后,或从齐穗前持续到齐穗后．该模型于2002～2003年应用在安宁河流域优质稻生产决策中．累计推广优质稻7．3×10^4hm^2,较2001年增加3．0×10^4hm^2,农民增收2亿元,促进了优质稻的迅速发展．     

青藏高原青稞品质评价体系构建及生态区划分析

为探究青藏高原地区青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.var.nudum Hook.f.)品种品质间的差异,建立青稞品质评价指标体系,对青稞品质生态适应性进行区划。该研究以15个青藏高原主栽青稞品种为试验材料,连续两年种植于青藏高原具有代表性的8个生态区,测定了籽粒总淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、β-葡聚糖等13个品质指标,并利用单因素方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法对被测指标进行分析排序。结果表明:(1)13个品质指标中有11个指标在15个参试品种间存在显著差异,有12个指标在8个种植区间存在显著差异;品质指标总黄酮含量与总多酚含量具有显著正相关关系,与β-葡聚糖含量存在极显著正相关关系;结合不同品种在不同生态区的表现,确定支链淀粉、直链淀粉、总黄酮、β-葡聚糖和总多酚含量为对青稞综合品质影响最大的指标。(2)聚类分析将15个参试品种分成4类,将8个种植地区聚类成3个生态区,各生态区品质表现较好的品种为‘昆仑18号’、‘昆仑19号’、‘昆仑15号’、‘甘青8号’和‘甘青4号’。(3)对所测品质指标在品种水平和地区水平上进行主成分分析发现,将13个品质指标均划分为5个主成分,累计方差贡献率分别为85.16%和94.40%;籽粒品质综合评价得分最高的品种为‘昆仑18号’,品质最优生态地区为青海省贵南县。     

稻鸭共作对稻田营养生态及稻米品质的影响

通过稻、鸭之间的共生互作,共生期不施用任何农药和化肥,进行优质无公害水稻生产。结果表明,稻鸭共作的除草效果达到99．4％以上,病虫害基数明显降低;水体营养物质和溶解氧增大;土壤速效养分有一定提高,但成熟后土壤速效P、速效K较基础肥力有一定降低;植株N、P、K吸收量增加;产量明显提高,构成因素中成穗率、实粒数和结实率增加;稻米的加工品质、外观品质、营养品质及蒸煮品质得到改善,尤以降低垩白率效果最为明显;稻田生态系统综合效益明显提高。     

稻米淀粉品质形成的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展

稻米淀粉的形成是影响水稻产量和品质的决定性因素之一。因此, 开展稻米淀粉形成过程中所涉及关键酶的研究是非常必要的。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展, 有关稻米淀粉品质的研究也越来越深入, 并取得了较大进展。该文对水稻淀粉品质形成过程中的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展进行了较为详尽的综述, 主要包括ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶和淀粉去分支酶等, 并对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

稻米淀粉品质形成的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展

稻米淀粉的形成是影响水稻产量和品质的决定性因素之一。因此,开展稻米淀粉形成过程中所涉及关键酶的研究是非常必要的。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,有关稻米淀粉品质的研究也越来越深入,并取得了较大进展。该文对水稻淀粉品质形成过程中的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展进行了较为详尽的综述,主要包括ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶和淀粉去分支酶等,并对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

中国棉花纤维品质和气候因子的空间分布特征

利用地理信息系统(GIS)对全国主产棉区82个县(市)2005-2011年棉花纤维品质及1981-2010年的逐日平均气象数据进行空间插值处理,建立了基于GIS的全国主产棉区主要棉花纤维品质指标的空间信息系统,并分析了全国棉花纤维品质的区域分布及其与各生态区气候因子空间分布的相关性.结果表明:日照充足、降水量小、平均相对湿度较低的西北内陆棉区(如新疆)是我国优质棉生产区域,其棉纤维长度、马克隆值、品级等品质指标均居国内各棉区首位;长江和黄河流域两大棉区的棉花纤维比强度值较高,其中,长江流域棉区的棉花纤维长度值和比强度值均大于黄河棉区;黄河棉区的马克隆值和感官品级高于长江棉区.棉花品种指标与各生态区气候因子(温度、光照、降水、湿度)有较好的相关性.     

中国榛属植物种质资源分布格局及其适生区气候评价

应用地理信息系统和统计学原理,研究中国榛属植物分布规律,评价适生区气候,分析气候因子对其分布的影响,并根据适生气候的相似性,探讨榛属植物种间关系。结果表明:国内榛属植物纬度分布范围在24°31'N~51°42'N,经度分布范围在85°55'E~132°12'E,主要分布区从东北—华北山区、秦岭和甘肃南部及河南—华中—西南呈斜带状分布,分布种数在华中地区达到最多;垂直分布自东至西随经度降低海拔逐渐升高,纬度对各种质分布海拔影响存在显著差异;年均气温和冷温是影响榛属植物分布的关键气候因子;榛属植物分布种数与各气候因子间的回归方程为:Y=11.883-0.051X1+0.131X2-0.003X4-0.004X5-0.001X6+0.051X8,根据分布区气候相似性进行聚类分析,将我国榛属植物分为3类:平榛和毛榛为一类,川榛、华榛、刺榛、绒苞榛和滇榛为一类,维西榛为一类。     

粳稻品质性状间及其与植株性状和产量性状间的遗传相关

利用朱军等提出的种子性状遗传模型,采用 3×3 NCⅡ正反交设计的亲本和部分组合F2代种子,分析了品质性状糙米率、垩白粒率、垩白面积和AC间及上述品质性状与株高、穗部性状等的遗传相关,以期为粳稻育种后代选择提供指导。结果表明,精米重与糙米率存在极显著的母体加性相关;虽然控制品质性状的主要遗传效应分量与植株性状相应遗传效应分量遗传协方差不显著,但在其他相应遗传效应分量方面存在着复杂的关系。     

大豆球蛋白研究以及在改良稻米营养品质中的应用

11S大豆球蛋白是大豆贮藏蛋白的重要成分,目前已发现6种有功能的大豆球蛋白,G1、G2、G3、G4、G5和G7,编码这些大豆球蛋白的基因家族分别是Gy1、Gy2、Gy3、Gy4、Gy5和Gy7。本文在简要介绍大豆球蛋白组分、结构及基因家族后,采用生物信息学方法分析比较了不同种类大豆球蛋白基因之间的序列同源性,并对不同大豆球蛋白基因的遗传距离作了分析;重点比较分析不同大豆球蛋白的氨基酸序列和组成,以及不同酸性肽和碱性肽中重要氨基酸的含量,提出了利用大豆球蛋白基因进行水稻营养品质改良研究的新思路和新策略。     

Quality Evaluation of Rice Crackers Based on Physicochemical Measurements

The processing suitability as a material for rice crackers was characterized in the present study, based on physicochemical measurements and sensory testing of high-quality premium rice, low-amylose rice, Japonica-Indica hybrid rice, and red rice as the rice cultivar samples. Puffed rice crackers were prepared and the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the rice grains and the quality of the resulting products was investigated. It was possible to estimate the physical properties of a rice cracker by using multiple-regression analysis based on the chemical components, pasting properties and physical properties of the constituent rice. A formula for estimating the amylose content of the constituent rice was developed from the results of physicochemical measurements of the rice crackers. We assayed the quality of commercial rice crackers and examined the deterioration during the storage by measuring the physicochemical properties. The hardness and fat acidity of crackers increased markedly during storage for 20 d at 35 °C. The novel method of a one-bite test with a Tensipresser was useful to assay the quality of a rice cracker and made it possible to evaluate the quality deterioration of the rice cracker during storage.     

水稻品质遗传育种研究进展与发展趋势探讨

针对国内外水稻优质育种的现状 ;对香味、蒸煮、食味、营养、外观和碾磨品质 ,稻米理化特性、稻米质地特性和水稻淀粉粘滞谱特性等各项品质指标的遗传、基因效应、相互关系等进行了较为详细的比较分析 ;讨论了有关的分子生物学和基因的研究进展 ;介绍了近年来新的稻米品质研究技术及其理论发展。未来水稻育种将向着优质和具有营养保健功能的方向发展。需要重视新功能基因的克隆和利用、新基因资源的发掘和利用以及稻米评价技术体系的创新等研究工作。     

云南高原粳稻品质特性分析

采用表型主成分及聚类分析法,对76个云南高原粳稻的11个品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,（1）直链淀粉含量的平均值达食用稻品种品质1级标准,糙米率、透明度、碱消值和胶稠度达2级标准,精米率达3级标准,其余品质性状的平均值均在3级以下。品种间变异最小的品质性状是糙米率和碱消值,变异最大的是垩白度,其次是垩白粒率。（2）稻米品质性状间存在复杂的相关关系。（3）在选出的6个影响云南稻米品质的主因子中,精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度因子对稻米品质的累积贡献率为49.6%。（4）76个云南粳稻聚为4类,其中第一类包括52个品种,表明遗传距离近,遗传基础狭窄。在今后的云南粳稻品质育种中,应降低垩白粒率和垩白度,提高精米率和整精米率,同时拓宽遗传基础。     

The Distribution of Japonica Rice Cultivars in the Lower Region of the Yangtze River Valley is Determined by Its Photoperiod-sensitivity and Heading Date Genotypes

There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for heading date (HD) among 29 japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley and belonging to the four classes was characterized, and their sensitivity to variations in photoperiod and temperature was analyzed. All of the cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and temperature. A regression analysis showed that HD is closely correlated with photoperiod sensitivity (PS). The PS of the four classes increased gradually from the medium maturing middle (MMM) types, through the late maturing middle (LMM) and early maturing late (EML) types to the medium maturing late (MML) types. Crosses with tester lines established that almost all of the cultivars carry the dominant early-heading allele at Ef-1 , the photoperiod insensitive allele e₂ and the PS alleles E₁ or E₁^t . Most of the MMM, LMM and MML types carry the insensitive allele e₃ , while EML types have either E₃ or E₃^t . At Se-1 , MMM and LMM types have Se-1^e , some EML types have Se-1^e and others Se-1ⁿ , while the MML types are mostly Se-1ⁿ . The PS of some MMM, LMM and EML types is reduced by the presence of hd2 . These results show that the distribution of the four rice cultivar classes from high latitude to low latitude regions depended on a gradual increase in PS, which is mainly determined by its HD genotypes.     

The Distribution of Japonica Rice Cultivars in the Lower Region of the Yangtze River Valley is Determined by Its Photoperiod-sensitivity and Heading Date Genotypes

There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for heading date （HD） among 29 japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley and belonging to the four classes was characterized, and their sensitivity to variations in photoperiod and temperature was analyzed. All of the cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and temperature. A regression analysis showed that HD is closely correlated with photoperiod sensitivity （PS）. The PS of the four classes increased gradually from the medium maturing middle （MMM） types, through the late maturing middle （LMM） and early maturing late （EML） types to the medium maturing late （MML） types. Crosses with tester lines established that almost all of the cultivars carry the dominant early-heading allele at Ef-1, the photoperiod insensitive allele e2 and the PS alleles E1 or E1^t. Most of the MMM, LMM and MML types carry the insensitive allele e3, while EML types have either E3 or E3^t. At Se-1, MMM and LMM types have Se-1^e, some EML types have Se-1^e and others Se-1^n, while the MML types are mostly Se-fn. The PS of some MMM, LMM and EML types is reduced by the presence of hd2. These results show that the distribution of the four rice cultivar classes from high latitude to low latitude regions depended on a gradual increase in PS, which is mainly determined by its HD genotypes.     

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Rice Quality in a Population of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines

The demand for high quality rice represents a major issue in rice production. The primary components of rice grain quality include appearance, eating, cooking, physico-chemical, milling and nutritional qualities. Most of these traits are complex and controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs), so the genetic characterization of these traits is more difficult than that of traits controlled by a single gene. The detection and genetic identification of QTLs can provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying quality traits. Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) are effective tools used in mapping QTLs. In this study, we constructed 154 CSSLs from backcross progeny (BC3F2) derived from a cross between 'Koshihikari' (an Oryza sativa L. Ssp. Japonica variety) as the recurrent parent and 'Nona Bokra' (an O. Sativa L. Ssp. Indica variety) as the donor parent. In this process, we carried out marker-assisted selection by using 102 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence and simple sequence repeat markers covering most of the rice genome. Finally, this set of CSSLs was used to identify QTLs for rice quality traits. Ten QTLs for rice appearance quality traits were detected and eight QTLs concerned physico-chemical traits. These results supply the foundation for further genetic studies and breeding for the improvement of grain quality.     

覆盖野生稻基因组的染色体片段替换系的构建及其米质相关数量性状基因座位的鉴定

染色体片段替换系（CSSL）是基因组水平快速初步定位数量性状基因座位（QTL）的良好材料,而水稻的品质性状是多基因控制的数量性状,因此可用替换系鉴定控制水稻品质性状的QTL。本文用分子标记辅助选择技术（MAS）构建了由133个株系组成的以‘特青’（籼稻品种）为轮回亲本,以海南的一种普通野生稻为供体亲本,覆盖绝大部分野生稻基因组的染色体片段替换系。利用这套替换系,初步定位了控制稻米外观和理化品质性状的15个QTL,为今后水稻品质性状QTL的克隆以及稻米品质相关性状的改良提供了依据。     

籼型杂种稻米品质性状的数量遗传分析

应用新近提出的ｐ＾＋ｑ＾＋ｐｑ交配设计的种子性状遗传表达鉴别方法,分析了籼型水稻３个不育系和１０个恢复系配组的３０个杂种Ｆ１植株上的Ｆ２种子及其亲本的９个稻米品质性状。结果表明：（１）粒长、粒宽、粒重、糙米率和完整精米率５个性状在Ｆ２米粒间没有发生遗传分离,它们的遗传受二倍体母体基因型（Ｆ１植株）控制。（２）垩白率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度４个性状则在Ｆ２米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,帮主要受三