基于芽苗砧嫁接油茶砧穗创伤后内源激素动态变化分析

为研究油茶(Camellia oleifera A)嫁接时穗条和砧木创伤后内源激素动态变化规律,解析影响砧穗嫁接面愈合的生理机制,为油茶砧穗愈合生长机理提供理论支持。以树龄6年的长林18号和53号的穗条和实生砧木为材料,按照芽苗砧嫁接方法切割穗条S0(0 min)、S10(10 min)、S40(40 min)和砧木茎段Z0(0 min)、Z10(10 min)后,利用液质联用法(HPLC-MS)测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、反式玉米素(TZR)、玉米素(Zeatin)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量,分析不同时间段内源激素变化及品种间差异的关系。结果显示:创伤后18号的TZR、Zeatin和SA含量总体高于53号;18号IAA、SA和JA逐渐下降;TZR和Zeatin分别在S10和S0达最高值后下降;ABA在S10达最高值。53号IAA和JA爱S10达最高值后下降;TZR、Zeatin和SA在S10达低值后逐渐上升;ABA在S0达高值后逐渐下降。砧木茎段创伤前后激素含量除JA外18号高于53号;两品种Z0时激素含量下降,Z10后上升,仅53号ABA和SA含量在Z0达高值后下降。砧木茎段和根部激素含量在品种间除JA外18号高于53号,茎段的IAA、ABA高于根部,其他激素为根部高于茎段。激素比值在品种间和部位间差异明显;IAA/ABA、IAA/TZR、IAA/Zeatin和IAA/JA、ABA/TZR、ABA/Zeatin和ABA/JA比值为53号高于18号;穗条内SA/IAA为18号高于53号,SA/JA和SA/ABA为53号高于18号;砧木茎段均为18号高于53号;TZR/SA、TZR/JA比值在穗条和砧木茎段为18号高于53号。两品种创伤后IAA与JA极显著正相关,而IAA与SA,SA与JA在18号极显著正相关,53号极显著或显著负相关;53号TZR、Zeatin、SA间极显著或显著正相关,JA与TZR、Zeatin和SA极显著负相关。砧木茎段创伤后18号激素间为极显著或显著正相关;53号TZR和Zeatin与IAA、JA极显著正相关,与SA存在显著负相关,SA与JA有显著负相关。砧木茎段和根部间品种间仅在SA与各激素间相关性存在差异,其他激素间存在极显著正相关或负相关。综上所述,砧穗创伤后激素水平上18号在创伤面易于愈伤组织发育,而53号抗逆激素水平较高且与细胞分裂增殖类激素负相关,可能影响53号嫁接后愈合生长;嫁接应在创伤后10 min内较为适宜;砧穗间激素含量及比值的差异可能会影响后期嫁接部位形态重建以及穗条生长。     

Identification of cells in rat brain and peripheral tissues expressing mRNA for members of the nerve growth factor family

Cells expressing mRNA for hippocampus-derived neurotrophic factor (HDNF/NT-3) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were identified by in situ hybridization. In the rat brain, HDNF mRNA was predominantly found in pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA2 of the hippocampus. Lower levels of HDNF mRNA were found in granular neurons of the dentate gyrus and in neurons of the taenia tecta and induseum griseum. BDNF mRNA-expressing cells were more widely distributed in the rat brain, with high levels in neurons of CA2, CA3, and the hilar region of the dentate gyrus, in the external and internal pyramidal layers of the cerebral cortex, in the claustrum, and in one brainstem structure. Lower levels were seen in CA1 and in the granular layer of the hippocampus, in the taenia tecta, and in the mammillary complex. In peripheral tissues, HDNF mRNA was found in glomerular cells in the kidney, secretory cells in the male rat submandibular gland, and epithelial cells in secondary and tertiary follicles in the ovary. Cells expressing BDNF mRNA were found in the dorsal root ganglia, where neurons of various sizes were labeled.     

1962—2010年甘肃省黄土高原区干旱时空动态格局

借助ArcGIS 9.3和SPSS软件平台,根据甘肃省黄土高原区33个气象站1962—2010年气象资料,利用综合气象干旱指数(CI)从干旱率、干旱强度和干旱频率三方面对甘肃省黄土高原区近50年的干旱时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:春、秋季干旱率呈现显著增加趋势,夏、冬季干旱率呈略微增加趋势;夏季干旱频率最大,春季、秋季次之,冬季最少;春、秋季干旱以2000年来最为严重,夏季干旱以2000年以来、20世纪70年代和90年代均较严重,冬季干旱以20世纪80年代最为严重;甘肃省黄土高原区逐年干旱持续日数和干旱强度存在明显的年际波动,线性变化趋势明显;从空间分布来看,春、夏和秋季干旱多发区主要集中在甘肃省黄土高原区西北部,而106°E以西"临洮-通渭-天水"一线和庆阳东南部是干旱多发区变幅最大的地方,冬季干旱多发区主要集中在甘肃省黄土高原区南部。     

Comparative analysis of allele polymorphism of three short tandem repeats in the Russian, Uzbek and Georgian populations

The allele polymorphism of the AGC short tandem repeat (STR) of exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene located in Xq11-12, ATCT STR of intron 40 of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene located in chromosome 12p12, and AGAT STR of an anonymous DNA sequence (STRX1) from the short arm of the X chromosome was analyzed in the Georgian, Uzbek, and Russian populations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA of unrelated persons revealed 14 AR, 7 vWF, and 7 STRX1 alleles in Georgians; 14, 8, and 6 alleles, respectively, in Uzbeks; and 16, 8, and 9 alleles, respectively, in Russians. The heterozygosity at these STR was 0.61, 0.78, and 0.46 in Georgians; 0.60, 0.83, and 0.44 in Uzbeks; and 0.80, 0.70, and 0.58 in Russians. The correspondence of genotype frequencies to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed with AR STR in Russians and Uzbeks, STRX1 STR in Georgians, and vWF in all three populations. A significant deviation from the equilibrium was found for STRX1 in Russians and Uzbeks and AR in Georgians. The potential of individualization was 0.05 for AR, 0.13 for vWF, and 0.18 for STRX1 in Georgians; 0.04, 0.09, and 0.13, respectively in Uzbeks; and 0.05, 0.14, and 0.07, respectively, in Russians. The allele and genotype frequency distributions of each STR were analyzed in all three populations. Allele frequencies in the populations were compared by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Russian population significantly differed in allele frequencies of the three STR from Uzbeks and in those of STRX1 and AR from Georgians. Georgians and Uzbeks significantly differed in vWF and STRX1 frequencies. The possibility of using the three STR in molecular diagnosis of the corresponding monogenic diseases, population genetic studies, and personal identification is discussed.     

黄土丘陵区不同植被根际土壤微量元素含量特征

为了解黄土高原不同植被土壤微量元素的根际效应,分析了该地区柠条、沙棘、沙打旺、柳枝稷、阿尔泰狗娃花和茵陈蒿6种植被根际与非根际土壤中有机碳、全氮、Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn含量.结果表明： 6种植被中,柠条、阿尔泰狗娃花和茵陈蒿根际土壤的有机碳、全氮含量高于非根际土壤;除柠条和沙棘外,其余4种植被非根际土壤pH值均显著高于根际土壤.6种植被根际土壤有效Mn含量均低于非根际;柠条、沙打旺和柳枝稷根际有效Cu含量显著高于非根际,表现出强烈根际富集现象.除沙打旺外,其他5种植被根际有效Fe含量均略高于非根际.沙打旺、柳枝稷、茵陈蒿和阿尔泰狗娃花表现出强烈的有效Zn根际富集现象.根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮与有效Mn、有效Zn,以及有效Mn与有效Zn呈极显著正相关.根际土壤pH值与有效Mn和有效Zn呈显著负相关.由于不同植物根系的生长特征、根际pH值及微生物种类等的差异,不同植被根际的微量元素含量不同,茵陈蒿根际4种微量元素含量高于其他植被.     

The effect of oestradiolum benzoicum and progesterone on AChE activity in the nerves of the female reproductive system of immature pigs

The present paper describes the effect of exogenous oestradiol and progesterone on the AChE activity in nerves of the ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina, and on morphological features of the AChE-positive nerves of these organs in sexually immature pigs. Studies were carried out on 30 sexually immature pigs, 37 to 43 kg in weight, at the age of 115 to 125 d, of the BWP (Big White Polish) race. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Group I (n = 6) constituted the control. Animals in group II (n = 8) received oestradiolum benzoicum. Those in group III (n = 8) were given progesterone, and in group IV (n = 8) oestradiol and progesterone. Oestradiol injections resulted in a 1.2-fold increase of AChE activity in the ovary, 1.3-fold in the oviduct, 1.7-fold in the uterine horn, and a 1.2-fold decrease of this activity in the cervix, while no differences were noted in the vagina. Progesterone injections did not affect AChE activity in the ovary, while a 1.1-fold increase was observed in the oviduct, 1.2-fold in the uterine horn and 1.1-fold in the cervix compared to the control. A 1.1-fold decrease of this activity was observed in the vagina. Joint injections of oestradiol and progesterone resulted in about a 1.4-fold increase of AChE activity in the ovary, 1.3-fold in the oviduct, 1.4-fold in the uterine horn, 1.6-fold in the vagina, while no changes were observed in the cervix. The results suggest the effect of the administered hormones upon AChE activity in the organs under study, mainly in the oviduct, uterine horn, and vagina. They also point to the possibility of a synergic effect of oestradiol and progesterone as regards to an increase of the activity.     

Histochemical, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural differences in fetal cartilage among three genetically distinct chondrodystrophic mice

The severe lethal chondrodystrophies in man result in a common clinical syndrome including shortening of the face, mandible, and limbs. Studies of three lethal chondrodystrophic mutants in mice, viz., chondrodysplasia (cho), cartilage matrix deficiency (cmd), and disproportionate micromelia (Dmm), which share this syndrome, were performed with the aim of identifying histochemical, immunofluorescence, or ultrastructural differences which might exist among these hereditary cartilage disorders. We examined limb cartilage epiphyses from day 18 normal and mutant fetuses and observed repeatable, mostly qualitative differences. All observations were made relative to the normal control. Histochemical staining of matrix proteoglycan was moderately decreased in cho and Dmm cartilage and markedly decreased in cmd when compared to the normal control. Staining of matrix collagen was irregular in distribution in cho, increased in cmd, and decreased in Dmm. Immunofluorescence of proteoglycan was increased in the matrix of cho and Dmm and decreased in cmd. Immunofluorescence of type II collagen was heterogeneous and moderately decreased in the matrix of cho, increased in cmd, and markedly decreased in Dmm. Immunofluorescence of link protein in cho was localized in the cellular-pericellular region as in the normal and appeared increased in the matrix of cmd and Dmm. Immunofluorescence of chondronectin was localized in the cellular-pericellular region and appeared normal in all three mutants. Major differences in cellular and matrix ultrastructure were observed among the mutants, including a decreased frequency of small-diameter collagen fibrils in cho and Dmm, increased density of collagen fibrils in cmd, and dilated RER in Dmm. These observations demonstrate that distinct structural and possibly molecular differences exist among the chondrodystrophies. In the case of cmd, the differences correlated with a previously reported molecular defect, viz., absence of core protein of cartilage specific proteoglycan in the cartilage of this mutant. It is anticipated that the methods used in the present study can be applied to humans in case classification and in identifying potential mouse-human correlates.     

Insulin research in China and the U.K

Insulin has been extensively studied since it was discovered by Banting and Best in 1921. Early in 1934, Dorothy Crowfoot and John Desmond Bernal obtained the first X-ray diffraction photograph of an enzyme protein: pepsin. In 1935, they took another photograph of a protein hormone: insulin. The chemical structure of protein was unknown until the amino acid sequence of bovine insulin was solved by Fred Sanger and colleagues in 1955. In 1958, the chemical synthesis of bovine insulin started in China through a nationwide collaboration of three institutions: the Institute of Biochemistry in Shanghai, the Institute of Organic Chemistry in Shanghai and Beijing University. The total synthesis of bovine insulin in crystalline form was accomplished in 1965. The success of the synthesis of the first protein in vitro greatly encouraged young researchers in China. Not long afterwards, the project of structural analysis of insulin crystal was carried out in China through the collaboration of the Institute of Biophysics, the Institute of Physics and Beijing University, and succeeded in 1971. In Dorothy Hodgkin's laboratory in Oxford, X-ray diffraction studies of insulin crystals were resumed after about 30 years, and the structure of rhombohedral insulin crystal was solved in 1969. Through insulin research, the Institute of Biophysics in Beijing and the Institute of Biochemistry in Shanghai established scientific collaboration and personal friendship with Dorothy Hodgkin's laboratory in Oxford, and later Guy Dodson's laboratory in York and Tom Blundell's laboratory in London. In 1975, Dorothy Hodgkin wrote a short note, 'Chinese work on insulin' in Nature, anticipating closer scientific exchange between the East and the West. In 1982, a bilateral meeting between the Biochemical Societies in the U.K. and China was held in Oxford. Now, the second bilateral meeting held in Shanghai will further promote the collaboration between our two countries.     

Distribution of immunoreactive mesotocin and vasotocin in the brain and pituitary of chickens

The distribution of vasotocin and mesotocin in the pituitary and central nervous system in male chickens was determined using radioimmunoassays. Neither peptide was detected in the pineal. Mesotocin, but not vasotocin, was detected in the cerebellum. Both peptides were found in the septal area, archistriatum, paleostriatum, optic lobe, anterior, medial and posterior hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and the anterior and posterior pituitary. Equal amounts of the 2 peptides were present in the septal area, archistriatum and anterior hypothalamus whereas vasotocin was more abundant (2- to 10-fold) in the paleostriatum, optic lobe, midbrain, and pituitary. The amount of mesotocin was about twice that of vasotocin in the medulla oblongata and the medial and posterior hypothalamus. The wide distribution of vasotocin and mesotocin in extrahypothalamic sites in the central nervous system suggests that the peptides may, as in mammals, have a role in a variety of autonomic and endocrine regulatory processes in chickens.     

中国细石核类型和工艺初探——兼谈与东北亚、西北美的文化联系

通过中国十个重要细石器遗址中细石核的观察,对中国细石核的类型和工艺技术作一初步的区分和综合的比较,以探讨中国细石器传统在时间和空间上的分布特点。同时与发现于东北亚、西北美的细石核进行对比,从它们之间的异同来看这一地区在文化上的传承关系。     

Distributions of sensory spots in the hand and two-point discrimination thresholds in the hand, face and mouth in dental students.

Densities of pressure, pain and temperature spots in the back of the hand in 551 students and two-point discrimination thresholds in the hand, the face and the mouth in 684 students were measured. The mean numbers of pressure, pain, warm and cold spots in the back of the hand were 24.7/cm2, 130.5/cm2, 3.4/cm2 and 9.1/cm2, respectively. The mean thresholds of two-point discrimination were 1.7 mm in the tip of the tongue, 2.4 mm in the upper lip, 5.5 mm in the lower jaw, 7.5 mm in the palm, 8.8 mm in the forehead, and 11.8 mm in the back of the hand. There were mostly no differences between males and females in the values of sensory spots and two-point discrimination thresholds.     

Dichloroacetate- and trichloroacetate-induced phagocytic activation and production of oxidative stress in the hepatic tissues of mice after acute exposure

Dichoroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are by-products formed during chlorination of the drinking water and were found to be hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents. In this study, the abilities of the compounds to induce oxidative stress and phagocytic activation have been studied in B6C3F1 mice. Groups of mice were administered 300 mg/kg of either DCA or TCA, p.o, and were sacrificed after 6 or 12 h. Peritoneal lavage cells (PLCs) were isolated and assayed for superoxide anion (SA) production, and hepatic tissues were assayed for the production of SA, lipid peroxidation (LP), and DNA-single strand breaks (SSBs). TCA resulted in significant production of SA in the PLCs, and in the production of SA, LP, and DNA-SSBs in the hepatic tissues, 12 h after dosing, as compared with the control. DCA administration, on the other hand, resulted in significant increases in the productions of LP and DNA-SSBs in the hepatic tissues at both time points, and in SA production in PLCs and hepatic tissues, 6 h after dosing. However, DCA-induced increases in SA production in PLC and hepatic tissues declined at the 12-h time point, reaching control level in the hepatic tissues. These results may implicate the contribution of phagocytic activation to the induction of oxidative stress in the hepatic tissues and also the role of SA production in the induction of LP and/or DNA damage in those tissues, in response to the compounds. The results also suggest studying the involvement of these mechanisms in the long-term hepatotoxicity/hepatocarcinogencity of the compounds.     

广东大中型水库底泥重金属含量特征及潜在生态风险评价

广东省45宗大中型水库底泥重金属含量分析评价结果表明:除Cr外,广东省大中型水库底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量均高于广东省土壤重金属含量背景值.广东省四大地理区域中,粤北地区大中型水库底泥Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd平均含量均为最高,分别为89.71、321.21、154.95mg/kg和1.46mg/kg;其次是粤东和粤中地区;粤西大中型水库底泥Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd平均含量均为最低,但Cr平均含量居四大区域之首,为130.81mg/kg.粤东和粤北大中型水库底泥重金属富集系数以Cd最高;粤中和粤西大中型水库底泥重金属富集系数则以Cu最大.总体而言,粤北大中型水库底泥重金属具有很强的潜在生态风险,粤东和粤中大中型水库底泥重金属潜在生态风险程度为中等;粤西大中型水库底泥重金属属于轻微生态风险程度.结果说明,广东省大部分地区大中型水库底泥的重金属潜在生态风险主要是由于底泥中Cd的潜在生态风险系数过高所造成.人为生产活动,特别是矿产开采造成的污染是广东省大中型水库底泥重金属潜在生态风险等级提高的主要原因.     

Expressions of amyloid precursor protein, synaptophysin and presenilin-1 in the different areas of the developing cerebellum of rat

This study reveals the expressions of Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1, and a presynaptic marker protein, synaptophysin, in the archi-, paleo- and neocerebellum during the postnatal development of the rat. The Western blot results demonstrate a gradual increase in the soluble amyloid precursor protein level in the archicerebellum during the first 3 weeks, while in the neo- and paleocerebellum the levels reach a plateau as early as the 1st week. Immunohistochemically, the protein is present in the deep part of the external granule cell layer and the internal granule cell layer in the newborn animal, while in 3-week-old animals the staining appears mainly in the perikarya and dendrites of the Purkinje cells. The level of synaptophysin increases progressively from postnatal day 7 up to 3 weeks in the archi- and paleocerebellum, and up to 6 weeks in the neocerebellum. Immunohistochemically, the amyloid precursor protein staining appears first in the inner part of the molecular layer and in the internal granule cell layer. In a 3-week-old animal, synaptophysin staining is present in all areas of the cerebellar molecular layer and in the internal granule cell layer. The presenilin-1 immunohistochemical reaction appeared equally in the archi-, paleo- and neocerebellum. Much of the staining is present in the glial cells and Purkinje cells. Less immunoreactivity is observed in the Golgi cells and granule cells. It is concluded that the postnatal expressions of soluble and membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein, synaptophysin and presenilin-1 are regulated differently during the ontogenetical development of the archi-, paleo- and neocerebellum of rat. Further, the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 may be present in cells which do not degenerate in Alzheimer's disease.     

Morphological features of lipid droplet transition during porcine oocyte fertilisation and early embryonic development to blastocyst in vivo and in vitro

Lipid content in mammalian oocytes or embryos differs among species, with bovine and porcine oocytes and embryos showing large cytoplasmic droplets. These droplets are considered to play important roles in energy metabolism during oocyte maturation, fertilisation and early embryonic development, and also in the freezing ability of oocytes or embryos; however, their detailed distribution or function is not well understood. In the present study, changes in the distribution and morphology of porcine lipid droplets during in vivo and in vitro fertilisation, in contrast to parthenogenetic oocyte activation, as well as during their development to blastocyst stage, were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis of semi-thin and ultra-thin sections by TEM showed conspicuous, large, electron-dense lipid droplets, sometimes associated with mitochondrial aggregates in the oocytes, irrespective of whether the oocytes had been matured in vivo or in vitro. Immediately after sperm penetration, the electron density of the lipid droplets was lost in both the in vivo and in vitro oocytes, the reduction being most evident in the oocytes developed in vitro. Density was restored in the pronculear oocytes, fully in the in vivo specimens but only partially in the in vitro ones. The number and size of the droplets seemed, however, to have decreased. At 2- to 4-cell and blastocyst stages, the features of the lipid droplets were almost the same as those of pronuclear oocytes, showing a homogeneous or saturated density in the in vivo embryos but a marbled or partially saturated appearance in the in vitro embryos. In vitro matured oocytes undergoing parthenogenesis had lipid droplets that resembled those of fertilised oocytes until the pronuclear stage. Overall, results indicate variations in both the morphology and amount of cytoplasmic lipid droplets during porcine oocyte maturation, fertilisation and early embryo development as well as differences between in vivo and in vitro development, suggesting both different energy status during preimplantation development in pigs and substantial differences between in vitro and in vivo development.     

Tentative localization of glutamergic and aspartergic nerve endings in brain

1. The locations of the high affinity uptakes of glutamate, aspartate and GABA were studied autoradiographically and microchemically in slices of hippocampus and septum in vitro. 2. In hippocampus the distributions of the uptake sites for glutamate and aspartate were very similar, with much higher uptake in zones containing pyramidal cell terminals than in other zones. A reciprocal distribution was found for GABA uptake, which was in agreement with that of GAD. 3. Cutting pyramidal cell axons to CAl reduced the uptake of aspartate and glutamate in the target area in CAl by 80%. 4. Autoradiographically the uptake of aspartate was very high in the dorsal part of the lateral septum, moderately high in nucleus accumbens septi and neostriatum, and very low in the medial septum. GABA uptake was lower in the medial than in the lateral septum, but very high in a narrow transitional zone and in the insula Cajella magna. 5. Transecting the axons from hippocampus and subiculum to septum, gave a 70% reduction in the uptakes of aspartate and glutamate in the lateral septum, but no reduction in the medial septum. 6. Literature data on uptake, content and release of glutamate and aspartate in nerve endings in brain are briefly reviewed.     

Metabolism of purine nucleosides and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in thymocytes and splenocytes of various mammalian species

1. Activities of ADA, PNP and AK were measured in splenocytes and thymocytes of newborn children, young horses, pigs, sheep, rats and mice and compared with the activities previously found in peripheral lymphocytes. 2. With all species, except horse, the activity of ADA (per 10(6) cells) was higher in thymocytes than in lymphocytes. Activity of ADA was highest in splenocytes of pig and sheep. Activity of ADA was lowest in all lymphoid cells of the horse and only about 10% of the activity in human splenocytes and lymphocytes. 3. With all species, except horse, the activity of PNP was lower in thymocytes than in lymphocytes. Activity of PNP was highest in human lymphocytes and lowest in ovine thymocytes. 4. Activity of AK is comparable in thymocytes of all species and always lower than the ADA activity. In splenocytes of man, horse and pig the activity of AK is comparable to that in thymocytes. 5. Activity of deoxyguanosine kinase was lowest in rat thymocytes and highest in those of man. 6. When enzyme activities are expressed per milligram of protein, the differences between thymocytes and lymphocytes are less pronounced. 7. Activity of PRPP synthetase per 10(6) cells was comparable in thymocytes, splenocytes and lymphocytes of the same species and between the various species. 8. The concentration of PRPP was lowest in ovine thymocytes and higher in splenocytes than in thymocytes of the same species, except man.     

Arterial monoaminocytes of the base of the brain in vertebrates

By Falck's method monoaminocytes of the arteries in the encephalon base were studied in Teleostei (Anarhichas lupus, Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti Liza soiuy in amphibians (Rana temporaria, Rana semiplicata, Bufo bufo), in reptiles (Testudo horsfiedli, Trionyx chinensis) and in birds (blue rock pigeon, hen). Specific and individual peculiarities in chromaffinocyte, labrocyte and melanophore distribution were revealed in the vertebrate cranial arteries. In all the animals studied chromaffin cells are more frequent in the lateral olfactory artery. Their concentration decreases towards cranial, caudal branches of the internal carotid artery, the main and internal carotid arteries. The greatest amount of chromaffinocytes was found in the cranial arteries of Anarhichas lupus, then comes Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti and Liza soiny Concentration of melanophores in fishes increases with enlargement of the vascular diameter; these cells are more abundant in the arteries of Anarhichas lupus and in less amount in Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti and Liza. Pigmented cells are more abundant in the internal carotid artery and its cranial and caudal branches than in lateral, olfactory and main arteries of fishes. On the contrary, in amphibians, the main artery contains a maximal concentration of melanophores. In the tortoise cranial arteries, there are only single cells of this type, and birds have no such cells. Labrocytes occur in the greatest concentration in the tortoise cranial arteries and in other vertebrates they are scarce or absent. As a whole, the role of the local endocrine link in regulation of the brain arteries mobility decreases in the following way: fishes--amphibians--reptiles--birds.     

湖北后河国家级自然保护区生物多样性及其保护对策 Ⅰ.生物多样性现状及其研究

湖北后河国家级自然保护区位于湖北、湖南交界处的五峰县境内,属武陵山东段余脉山地,为我国地势的第二阶梯向第三阶梯的过渡地带,是我国三大物种特有中心之一的川东-鄂西特有中心和第三纪古植物的孑遗中心的重要组成成分之一。该区拥有丰富的生物多样性,尤以第三纪孑遗珍稀濒危植物集中分布群落为典型特征。该区地貌复杂,海拔落差大,微生境复杂多变,拥有从低山河谷常绿阔叶林到亚高山灌丛或草甸等多种生态系统和多种植被类型。目前已知该区有陆生脊椎动物25目74科306种,占湖北省总种数的63.5%和全国总种数的13.0%,其中有51种国家重点保护野生动物和70种湖北省级重点保护动物;已知该区维管植物有194科819属2088种,占湖北省总种数的34.4%和全国总数的7.5%,属国家特有、珍稀濒危或重点保护的植物约有70余种;已知藓类植物33科90属192种和叶附生苔类植物3科7属7种,分别占全国总种数的9.8%和4.2%。该区不仅拥有丰富的动植物区系成分多样性,而且具有高度的群落物种多样性和经济类型多样性。尽管该区的生物多样性研究得到长足发展,但主要集中在物种种类的调查与区系成分研究和少数群落格局物种多样性研究,而遗传多样性方面的研究十分欠缺。物种多样性研究也不平衡,昆虫类和苔藓植物的调查刚起步,真菌资源、淡水鱼类等尚未开展研究。     

Developmental Changes in the NGF Content in the Brain of Young,Growing, Low-Birth-Weight Rats

The NGF content in each region of the brain of four-week-old rats was ranked in the decreasing order of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain/diencephalon, and pons/medulla ob-longata, and the NGF concentration, in the decreasing order of hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain/diencephalon, and pons/medulla oblongata in both AFD and SFD groups. The NGF content and concentration in the cerebral cortex were about the same value at each age between those in the AFD and SFD groups. Those in the hippocampus were a little higher in the SFD group than in the AFD group at the ages of three and four weeks, unlike those in the other regions, where the values for the cerebellum, midbrain/diencephalon and pons/medulla oblongata tended to be somewhat higher in the AFD group than in the SFD group. The NGF concentrations in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex increased with growth: the concentration in the hippocampus at four weeks of age was about 4-fold of that at one week in the AFD group and about 5.7-fold of that at one week in the SFD group; and likewise the concentration in the cerebral cortex at four weeks of age was about 5.3-fold in the AFD group and about 7-fold in the SFD group. The NGF concentrations in the cerebellum decreased, and those in midbrain/diencephalon and pons/medulla oblongata hardly changed with growth in either AFD or SFD group. From these results NGF may have stronger implications for the neuronal growth in the hippocampus compared with those in the lower brain regions of the SFD rats.