Recombinant expression of bioactive peptide lunasin in Escherichia coli

Lunasin, a cancer-preventive peptide, was isolated from soybean, barley, and wheat. Previous studies showed that this 43-amino acid peptide has the ability to suppress chemical carcinogen-induced transformation in mammalian cells and skin carcinogenesis in mice. In this study, we attempted to use the Escherichia coli T7 expression system for expression of lunasin. The lunasin gene was synthesized by overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) with the use of vector pET29a. The recombinant lunasin containing his-tag at the C-terminus was expressed in soluble form which could be purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. After 4 h, the expression level is above 4.73 mg of recombinant his-tagged lunasin/L of Luria–Bertani broth. It does not affect the bacterial growth and expression levels. This is the first study that successfully uses E. coli as a host to produce valuable bioactive lunasin. The result of in vitro bioassay showed that the purified recombinant lunasin can inhibit histone acetylation. Recombinant lunasin also inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and nitric oxide production). Compared with other research methods on extraction or chemical synthesis to produce lunasin, our method is very efficient in saving time and cost. In the future, it could be applied in medicine and structure–function determination.     

Recombinant expression of mouse osteocalcin protein in Escherichia coli

Osteocalcin is the most abundant non-collagenous protein of bone. Recombinant mouse osteocalcin protein (mOC) that includes the highly conserved central domain for binding to hydroxyapatite (HA), a mineral component of bone, was expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified mOC protein exhibited a significant increase in HA adhesion and differentiation in osteoblast cells as well as binding to HA with high affinity.     

Recombinant expression of selectively sulfated proteins in Escherichia coli

Although tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification widespread across multicellular eukaryotes, its biological functions remain largely unknown. This is in part due to the difficulties of synthesizing selectively sulfated proteins. Here we report the selective incorporation of sulfotyrosine into proteins in bacteria by genetically encoding the modified amino acid in response to the amber nonsense codon TAG. Moreover, we show that this strategy enables direct expression in Escherichia coli of sulfo-hirudin, previously inaccessible through recombinant methods. The affinity of sulfo-hirudin toward human thrombin is enhanced more than tenfold over that of desulfo-hirudin, suggesting that sulfo-hirudin may offer clinical advantages for use as an anticoagulant. This general approach to the biosynthesis of sulfated proteins should facilitate further study and application of tyrosine sulfation.     

Recombinant expression of hydroxylated human collagen in Escherichia coli

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and thereby a structural protein of considerable biotechnological interest. The complex maturation process of collagen, including essential post-translational modifications such as prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation, has precluded large-scale production of recombinant collagen featuring the biophysical properties of endogenous collagen. The characterization of new prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase genes encoded by the giant virus mimivirus reveals a method for production of hydroxylated collagen. The coexpression of a human collagen type III construct together with mimivirus prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases in Escherichia coli yielded up to 90 mg of hydroxylated collagen per liter culture. The respective levels of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation reaching 25 % and 26 % were similar to the hydroxylation levels of native human collagen type III. The distribution of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine along recombinant collagen was also similar to that of native collagen as determined by mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic peptides. The triple helix signature of recombinant hydroxylated collagen was confirmed by circular dichroism, which also showed that hydroxylation increased the thermal stability of the recombinant collagen construct. Recombinant hydroxylated collagen produced in E. coli supported the growth of human umbilical endothelial cells, underlining the biocompatibility of the recombinant protein as extracellular matrix. The high yield of recombinant protein expression and the extensive level of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation achieved indicate that recombinant hydroxylated collagen can be produced at large scale for biomaterials engineering in the context of biomedical applications.     

Recombinant expression of biologically active rat leptin in Escherichia coli

Leptin is a 16-kDa nonglycosylated hormone that is produced in mature adipocytes and which acts primarily in the hypothalamus to reduce food intake and body weight. While the rat is a representative laboratory animal model in obesity research, so far recombinant rat leptin was not available. In the present study, rat leptin was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in a bioactive form to provide a further tool for the analysis of leptin functions in rats. Leptin cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR from total RNA of SD rat adipocytes, and overexpression was achieved by subcloning the leptin cDNA into the pET-29a vector, which enabled the recombinant expression of rat leptin as an S-peptide-tagged fusion protein. Since the fusion proteins were expressed in inclusion bodies, after purification of the insoluble fraction, leptin proteins were refolded by sequential dialysis into physiological buffers. The biological activity of this recombinant protein was confirmed in proliferation assays using leptin-sensitive rat insulinoma cells as well as a newly developed leptin-sensitive luciferase assay system. The specific binding of the S-tagged leptin to leptin-receptor-expressing cells was further shown by flow cytometry using fluorescence-conjugated S-proteins.     

Recombinant expression analysis of natural and synthetic bovine alpha-casein in Escherichia coli

As a prelude to developing a yeast-based fermentation process for the production of phenylalanine-free alpha-casein as a foodstuff for patients suffering from phenylketonuria, we cloned the gene encoding bovine alpha-casein. We synthesised a modified gene sequence encoding the same, but devoid of phenylalanine codons and with a codon bias similar to that of naturally occurring highly expressed genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results show that both gene sequences are readily expressed in Escherichia coli when cloned in an E. coli bacteriophage T7 promoter-driven plasmid vector. In this host, the natural and synthetic casein proteins were produced at levels equating to 18.0% and 7.6% of the cell's soluble protein, respectively. Received: 18 January 2000 / Received revision: 22 May 2000 / Accepted: 26 May 2000     

Recombinant expression of the Candida rugosa lip4 lipase in Escherichia coli

It is difficult to express recombinant Candida rugosa lipases (CRLs) in heterologous systems, since C. rugosa utilizes a nonuniversal serine codon CUG for leucine. In this study, recombinant LIP4 in which all 19 CUG codons had been converted to a universal serine codon was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant LIP4 was found mainly in the inclusion bodies and showed a low catalytic activity. To increase the amount of soluble form and activity of recombinant LIP4, the DNA was fused to the gene for thioredoxin (TrxFus-LIP4) and then expressed in E. coli strain AD494(DE3). This strategy promotes the formation of disulfide bonds in the cytosol and yields enzymatically active forms of LIP4. The purified recombinant TrxFus-LIP4 and LIP4 expressed in AD494(DE3) had the same catalytic profiles. In addition, recombinant LIP4 had higher esterase activities toward long-chain ester and lower lipase activities toward tributyrin, triolein, and olive oil. This system for the expression of fungal lipase in E. coli strain AD494(DE3) is reliable and may produce enzymatically active forms of recombinant lipase without an in vitro refolding procedure.     

Recombinant protein secretion in Escherichia coli

The secretory production of recombinant proteins by the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli has several advantages over intracellular production as inclusion bodies. In most cases, targeting protein to the periplasmic space or to the culture medium facilitates downstream processing, folding, and in vivo stability, enabling the production of soluble and biologically active proteins at a reduced process cost. This review presents several strategies that can be used for recombinant protein secretion in E. coli and discusses their advantages and limitations depending on the characteristics of the target protein to be produced.     

Recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli

Growing needs for efficient recombinant production pose new challenges; starting from cell growth optimization under overexpression conditions, improving vectors, gene and protein sequence to suit them to protein biosynthesis machinery of the host, through extending the knowledge of protein folding, fusion protein construction, and coexpression systems, to improvements in protein purification and renaturation technologies. Hitherto Escherichia coli is the most defined and the cheapest protein biosynthesis system. With its wealth of available mutants tested is the best suited to economically test new gene constructs and to scale up the recombinant protein production.     

III型类人胶原蛋白在大肠杆菌重组表达及发酵制备

【背景】胶原蛋白广泛应用于日用化工及生物医药中,相比传统方法,基因工程方法制备胶原蛋白具有避免病毒隐患、产量高等优点,逐步受到广泛关注。【目的】获得III型类人胶原蛋白基因,实现大肠杆菌中的异源表达。【方法】以人III型胶原蛋白α1链为模板,(Gly-X-Y)为最小研究单位,优选亲水性氨基酸,设计目标基因kit,构建重组大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) pET-28a(+)-kit/BL21(DE3),并对其结构进行表征。【结果】类人胶原蛋白基因kit成功在大肠杆菌体系中表达,表达量约为0.53 g/L,7 L发酵罐上补料发酵后其最大表达量提高至3.02 g/L,亲和层析纯化类人胶原蛋白纯度约为91%,对其进行N端测序、氨基酸分析、质谱分析及圆二色谱分析,确定类人胶原蛋白成功表达。【结论】类人胶原蛋白的成功表达为未来规模化制备及其在日用化工及生物医药行业的应用奠定了基础。     

Recombinant holophytochrome in Escherichia coli.

We have successfully co-expressed two genes from the bilin biosynthetic pathway of Synechocystis together with cyanobacterial phytochrome 1 (Cph1) from the same organism to produce holophytochrome in Escherichia coli. Heme oxygenase was used to convert host heme to biliverdin IXalpha which was then reduced to phycocyanobilin via phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, presumably with the aid of host ferredoxin. In this host environment Cph1 apophytochrome was able to autoassemble with the phycocyanobilin in vivo to form fully photoreversible holophytochrome. The system can be used as a tool for further genetic studies of phytochrome function and signal transduction as well as providing an excellent source of holophytochrome for physicochemical studies.     

Recombinant expression of maize nucleotide excision repair protein Rad23 in Escherichia coli

Nucleotide excision is a highly conserved DNA repair pathway for correcting DNA lesions that cause distortion of the double helical structure. The protein heterodimer XPC-Rad23 is involved in recognition of and binding to such lesions. We have isolated full-length cDNAs encoding two different members of the maize Rad23 family. The deduced amino acid sequences of both maize orthologues show a high degree of homology to plant and animal Rad23 proteins. The cDNA encoding maize Rad23A was cloned as an in-frame C-terminal fusion of glutathione S-transferase. This chimera was expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble protein and purified to homogeneity using glutathione-agarose followed by MonoQ column chromatography. Purified recombinant maize Rad23 protein was used to generate polyclonal antibodies that cross-react with a approximately 48-kDa protein in extracts from plant as well as mammalian cells. The purified recombinant protein and antibodies would be useful reagents to study the biochemistry of nucleotide excision repair in plants.     

中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium sp.1128自体诱导物合成酶基因的克隆及对生理功能的影响

[目的]从中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium sp.1128中克隆自体诱导物合成酶基因,从而研究该基因在Sinorhizobium sp.1128群体感应系统中的作用.[方法]利用基因序列同源性比对以及分子克隆的方法,从中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium sp.1128中克隆自体诱导物合成酶基因;利用大肠杆菌异源表达、C18反相薄层层析(TLC)的方法研究该基因的特性;通过中间片段融合的方法缺失该基因,并通过结瘤实验研究该基因对Sinorhizobium sp.1128生理功能的影响.[结果]以草木樨中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium medicae WSM419自体诱导物合成酶基因Smed_1560序列设计引物,通过PCR扩增在Sinorhizobium sp.1128中寻找到一新的自体诱导物合成基因,命名为traI2.该基因在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DH5α中表达后能产生两种自体诱导物分子.在Sinorhizobium sp.1128中将该基因缺失,自体诱导物活性下降;回复突变后,自体诱导物活性得到恢复,结瘤实验结果表明该基因能影响根瘤菌的结瘤效率.[结论]中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium sp.1128群体感应系统是一个复杂的交互系统,它对结瘤的生理功能具有一定的影响.     

重组蛋白在大肠杆菌周间腔的分泌表达

大肠杆菌是用于生产重组蛋白的重要工程宿主菌。但是,要获得足够的正确折叠的蛋白还存在一定的缺陷,其中一种解决此问题的方法就是使重组蛋白分泌到大肠杆菌的周间腔里。在这篇综述中,主要讨论了使重组蛋白分泌表达至大肠杆菌周间腔的近期的研究进展。     

Recombinant expression and characterization of a novel endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli

The goal of this work was to produce high levels of endoglucanase in Escherichia coli for its potential usage in different industrial applications. Endoglucanase gene was amplified from genomic DNA of Bacillus subtilis JS2004 by PCR. The isolated putative endoglucanase gene consisted of an open reading frame of 1,701 nucleotides and encoded a protein of 567 amino acids with a molecular mass of 63-kDa. The gene was cloned into pET-28a(+) and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Optimum temperature and pH of the recombinant endoglucanase were 50 °C and 9, respectively which makes it very attractive for using in bio-bleaching and pulp industry. It had a K _M of 1.76 μmol and V _max 0.20 μmol/min with carboxymethylcellulose as substrate. The activity of recombinant endoglucanse was enhanced by Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, isopropanol and Tween 20 and inhibited by Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and SDS. The activity of this recombinant endoglucanase was significantly higher than wild type. Therefore, this recombinant enzyme has potential for many industrial applications involving biomass conversions, due to characteristic of broad pH and higher temperature stability.     

一种新的DyP-type过氧化物酶在大肠杆菌中的重组表达、纯化及鉴定

染料脱色过氧化物酶(DyP-type过氧化物酶)是含有亚铁血红素,能降解各种有毒染料的一类蛋白.为了研究运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 (ATCC 31821)中一种新的DyP-type过氧化物酶的特点和功能,以Z.mobilis基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增目的基因,克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-21b(+)中.通过ZmDyP与其他DyP-type过氧化物酶的比对,发现它们存在着共同保守氨基酸D149、R239、T254、F256和GXXDG结构基序,说明ZmDyP是Dyp-type过氧化物酶家族的一个新成员.经IPTG诱导大肠杆菌中pET21 b(+)-ZmDyP表达,并将表达的酶进行金属螯合层析纯化.SDS-PAGE分析表明,纯酶分子量为36 kDa,而活性染色显示分子量为108 kDa,表明该酶在活性状态下可能是一个三聚体.光谱扫描显示ZmDyP有一个典型的亚铁血红素吸收峰,说明它是含有亚铁血红素的蛋白.对ZmDyP性质进行了研究,发现以2,2-二氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)ABTS为底物,ZmDyP表现出更高的转化效率.这些研究结果丰富了DyP-type 过氧化物酶家族信息,并且为ZmDyP的结构功能和反应机制研究奠定了基础.     

Recombinant protein folding and misfolding in Escherichia coli

The past 20 years have seen enormous progress in the understanding of the mechanisms used by the enteric bacterium Escherichia coli to promote protein folding, support protein translocation and handle protein misfolding. Insights from these studies have been exploited to tackle the problems of inclusion body formation, proteolytic degradation and disulfide bond generation that have long impeded the production of complex heterologous proteins in a properly folded and biologically active form. The application of this information to industrial processes, together with emerging strategies for creating designer folding modulators and performing glycosylation all but guarantee that E. coli will remain an important host for the production of both commodity and high value added proteins.     

用重组大肠杆菌发酵生产人生长激素研究

通过不同培养基、不同糖浓度对重组菌Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＤＨ１０Ｂ／ｐＩＮⅢＡ３ＨＧＨ的菌体生长与外源蛋白表达量的影响的比较，确定较为合适的培养条件，并对发酵过程中调节ｐＨ的氨水用量与外源蛋白的表达量之间的相关性作探索，得到相关性曲线，从而根据氨水用量了解细菌的生长状况。     

Expression and Purification of Recombinant lysostaphin in Escherichia coli

Summary A 1.5 kb plasmid-encoded lysostaphin gene fragment of Staphylococcus staphylolyticus was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned in Escherichia coli by using plasmid pET29b(+) as an expression vector. By optimizing culture conditions, the activities of lysostaphin were expressed as 66 %, 30 %, and 4 % in extracellular, intracellular, and periplasmic fractions of recombinant E. coli, respectively. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by using a simple one-step fractionation on bacterial cells of lysostaphin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutant. The recombinant enzyme had an Mr of approximate 27 kDa, and its bacteriolytic activity was indistinguishable to the authentic lysostaphin purified from Staphylococcus staphylolyticus.