花烛离体培养叶色变异株系的相关性状

以花烛（Anthurium andraeanum）间接器官发生途径中再生出的一株花叶变异植株为原始材料,进行增殖并对得到的3个叶色变异株系的叶色相关性状进行了初步研究。结果表明：通过愈伤组织器官发生途径和腋芽增殖途径对这一花叶苗进行增殖,均分离到3种变异株系,即花叶苗、黄化苗和天鹅绒绿色叶片苗;天鹅绒绿色苗叶片中的叶绿素含量比正常离体苗的含量低;叶片解剖结构表明,叶绿体在叶肉细胞中的分布与其叶片表现型相同,天鹅绒绿色叶片与正常叶片在解剖结构上无明显差异。花烛原套只具有1层细胞,无明显的L2层分生结构,因此叶肉的薄壁细胞完全由向各个方向分裂的原体细胞发育而来,这种组织结构导致花叶叶片中含有叶绿体的细胞和不含有叶绿体的薄壁细胞呈不规则分布。这种花叶株系可以作为育种材料或直接作为盆栽花烛进行推广。     

花烛离体培养中的壮苗

针对花烛离体培养中普遍存在的长期培养导致再生苗生长势退化的现象,研究了如何恢复再生苗生长势,获得健壮的无菌苗.结果表明,花烛离体培养中,随着继代次数的增加,外源生长调节剂浓度应逐步降低直至0;活性炭对无菌苗生长势的恢复有较显著效果.无菌苗茎尖是离体培养体系重建中诱导愈伤组织最适宜的外植体;诱导愈伤组织的适宜培养基为改良的MS 1.0 mg·L-16-BA 0.1 mg·L-1 2,4-D;TDZ诱导芽的效果明显优于6-BA,MS 0.01 mg·L-1 TDZ较适合于芽诱导.     

红掌茎段侧芽离体快繁技术研究

以红掌嫩茎为外植体,诱导侧芽萌发,并进行增殖和生根培养,研究不同生长调节剂浓度配比对茎段侧芽萌发、增殖、无菌苗生根的影响以及增殖培养过程中愈伤组织的抑制等因素。结果表明,侧芽诱导的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L,萌发率达87.5%;最适增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 0.8 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+VB2 8.0 mg/L,增殖系数3.8;最适生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L,生根率98%;在增殖培养基中添加适量VB2能较好地抑制愈伤组织的生成,防止愈伤组分织分化形成芽,从而达到以芽繁芽的目的。     

Plant regeneration from root segments of Anthurium andraeanum and assessment of genetic fidelity of in vitro regenerates

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant - A highly efficient regeneration system of Anthurium andraeanum Linden was established using root segments as explants of four genotypes,...     

In vitro propagation of three commercial cut flower cultivars of Anthurium andraeanum Hort

In vitro propagation of Anthurium andraeanum Hort. cut flower cultivars viz. Lima White, Tropical White and Tropical Red through organogenesis using mature plant derived leaf explants was established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with different growth regulators. Cultivar, stage and different regions of the source leaf, and type of growth regulators significantly influenced callus induction. Explants from folded brown leaves were superior in induction of callus. Half strength MS medium fortified with 0.88 microM of benzyiadenine (BA), 0.9 microM of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.46 microM of kinetin (Kn) at pH 5.5 was most effective for callus induction. Transfer of callus to medium with 0.54 microM of NAA in place of 2,4-D induced higher number of shoots. Subsequent cultures displayed enhanced rate of shoot initiation and multiplication. Transfer of shoots onto half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.54 microM of NAA favoured rooting of shoots. Cultivar Tropical White was superior in callus, shoot and root induction compared to Lima White and Tropical Red. Plantlets after acclimation in greenhouse were transferred to net-house, that exhibited ninety seven per cent survival. Plants flowered normally between 12 and 15 months and were morphologically similar to that of the mother plants.     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Anthurium andraeanum hybrids

Summary A method for the production of somatic embryos and subsequent plant regeneration for Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex André (Monocotyledonae) hybrids is described. Whole leaf blade explants, derived from plantlets grown in vitro, formed translucent embryogénic calli at their basal ends within one month of culture in the dark. Secondary somatic embryos formed frequently and without an intervening callus on surfaces of primary embryos. Embryogenesis was induced with three genotypes using a modified half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 to 4.0 mg l^–1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.33 to 1.0 mg l^–1 kinetin. A combination of 2% sucrose with 1% glucose in the medium favored embryogenesis over 3% sucrose alone. Whole leaf blades on medium solidified with 0.18% Gelrite produced more somatic embryos than leaves on medium with 0.7% Bacto-agar. Within two to three months after culture initiation, embryos were transferred to modified MS medium containing 0.2 mg l^–1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2% sucrose and placed in the light for conversion into plantlets. Rooted plantlets were recovered and transferred into pots with tree fern fiber medium and grown in the greenhouse.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) - 2,4-D 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - BA 6-benzyladenine     

Maturation of Anthurium andraeanum cv. Eidibel somatic embryos from nodal segments

Maturation of somatic embryos of Anthurium andraeanum cv. Eidibel from embryogenic callus was evaluated. Following induction of embryogenic calli from nodal segments, tissues were transferred to 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25 mL liquid medium, with 0, 4.52, or 9.05 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0, 0.47, or 2.32 μM kinetin. Callus cultures were maintained in a dark growth room at 25?±?2°C. At 45 d, the mass of embryogenic calli, number of primary and secondary somatic embryos, and percentage browning were evaluated. Nonparametric tests were used to evaluate color, texture, and somatic embryo development. The highest yield of somatic embryos was in the medium with 0.47 μM kinetin. Calli were friable, with a lower yield of secondary somatic embryos, and have minimal browning. Histology revealed polar globular somatic embryos and mature somatic embryos with defined apical and root meristematic zones, axillary buds, and primary leaves. These are important features for converting somatic embryos into plantlets.     

红掌气生根根段再生快繁体系的建立

以红掌气生根根段为材料,诱导再生团块产生,进而分化出苗,形成快速繁殖系统.培养基1/2MS 6-BA1.0mg·L-1 2,4-D 0.6 mg·L-1适于气生根的保持和繁殖,1/2MS 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1 2,4-D 0.2 mg·L-1适于诱导气生根再生团块的产生,MS 6-BA 1.0mg·L-1 2,4-D0.2mg·L-1可使再生团块分化成苗.不论是愈伤组织,还是再生团块,出现绿色组织是分化所必需的.添加2,4-D、6-BA和2,4-D的适当比例、MS培养基的无机盐浓度在再生团块的诱导与分化成苗中起重要作用.     

红掌组织培养污染率控制研究(简报)

为解决红掌组织培养过程中污染率较高的问题,就降低组织培养污染率的措施进行了研究。结果表明,在继代培养的固体培养基中加入5～20 mg/L硫酸阿米卡星,污染的培养基表现为无菌状态,试管苗生长正常。     

Direct shoot regeneration from lamina explants of two commercial cut flower cultivars of Anthurium andraeanum Hort.

Summary Direct plant regeneration from flowering plant-derived lamina explants of Anthurium andraeanum Hort. cultivars Tinora Red and Senator was established on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Cultivar difference, stage of source lamina and the position of explant in lamina, medium pH, and type of growth regulators significantly influenced direct plant regeneration. Explants from young brown lamina were superior to young green lamina. The half-strength MS medium containing 1.11 μM N⁶-benzyladenine (BA), 1.14 μM indole-3-acetic acid, and 0.46 μM kinetin at pH 5.5 was most effective for induction of shoot formation. Explants from the proximal end of the source lamina gave rise to a higher number of shoots compared to the mid and distal regions. Cultivar Tinora Red was more regenerative than Senator in terms of number of shoots per explant. The use of a lower BA concentration (0.44 μM) was essential for callus-free shoot multiplication during subculture. Regenerated shoots could be induced to form roots on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.54 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.93 μM kinetin. More than 300 plantlets of each eultivar were harvested from a single source lamina within 200 d of culture. Most plantlets (95%) survived after acclimation in soil.     

红掌再生团块和不同愈伤组织衰老指标的比较研究

以愈伤组织再生体系的4种愈伤组织和气生根再生体系的再生团块为材料,测定它们的超氧化物含量、保护酶活性和丙二醛含量等相关衰老生理指标.结果显示:超氧化物含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均为黄绿愈伤组织最高,金黄愈伤组织和深绿愈伤组织居中、再生团块和褐色愈伤组织较低;总谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性以褐色愈伤组织最高,深绿、金黄和黄绿愈伤组织次之,再生团块最低;丙二醛(MDA)含量以金黄愈伤组织最高,褐色、黄绿和深绿愈伤组织次之,再生团块最低.研究表明,再生团块的保护酶活性、超氧化物含量和MDA含量均比4种愈伤组织低,其细胞膜脂过氧化程度最低,而抗氧损伤的能力更强;再生团块的抗衰老能力最强,其次为分化能力较强的黄绿愈伤组织,而分化能力较差的深绿愈伤组织、金黄愈伤组织和褐色愈伤组织的抗衰老能力较弱;利用气生根再生团块建立的快繁体系比用愈伤组织建立的快繁体系分化能力强、不易衰老,更具优越性.     

Specific Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae in Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum) Tissues by Nested PCR

Efficient control of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, the causal agent of anthurium bacterial blight, requires a sensitive and reliable diagnostic tool. A nested PCR test was developed from a sequence-characterized amplified region marker identified by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR for the detection of X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae. Serological and pathogenicity tests were performed concurrently with the nested PCR test with a large collection of X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae strains that were isolated worldwide and are pathogenic to anthurium and/or other aroids. The internal primer pair directed amplification of the expected product (785 bp) for all 70 X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae strains pathogenic to anthurium tested and for isolates originating from syngonium and not pathogenic to anthurium. This finding is consistent with previous studies which indicated that there is a high level of relatedness between strains from anthurium and strains from syngonium. Strains originating from the two host genera can be distinguished by restriction analysis of the amplification product. No amplification product was obtained with 98 strains of unrelated phytopathogenic bacteria or saprophytic bacteria from the anthurium phyllosphere, except for a weak signal obtained for one X. axonopodis pv. allii strain. Nevertheless, restriction enzyme analysis permitted the two pathovars to be distinguished. The detection threshold obtained with pure cultures or plant extracts (10³ CFU ml⁻¹) allowed detection of the pathogen from symptomless contaminated plants. This test could be a useful diagnostic tool for screening propagation stock plant material and for monitoring international movement of X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae.     

盾叶薯蓣花药培养及单倍体植株的获得

以处于单核期的盾叶薯蓣花药为材料,经愈伤组织途径成功获得单倍体盾叶薯蓣新材料。对盾叶薯蓣花药培养、植株再生过程的研究表明:来自不同居群的外植体对花药愈伤组织诱导有显著影响;W14是适合花药愈伤组织诱导的基本培养基;花药愈伤组织增殖和分化的适宜培养基为:MS基本培养基 BA2.0mg/L IAA0.2mg/L;生根培养基为添加了IBA2.0mg/L、NAA0.4mg/L和0.5g/L活性碳的MS培养基。以流式细胞仪和根尖染色体压片法检查花培植株的结果表明,有8%～12%的个体为单倍体。实验结果为进一步开展单倍体育种及相关理论研究提供了材料和技术基础。     

Regeneration of Plantlets from Callus Cultures of Chamaecytisus purpureus and Chamaecytisus austriacus (Leguminosae)*

Plant regeneration via organogenesis and embryogenesis was obtained from callus cultures of Chamaecytisus purpureus and Chamaecytisus austriacus. While 2,4-D (4 or 0.5 mg/l) proved highly efficient for callus induction, a combination of 0.1 mg/l IBA and 10 mg/1 BAP induced a high frequency of shoots from the calli. It is shown that, beside the growth factors, the composition of the basal medium represents a critical factor for regeneration. With increasing culture age, a strong reduction of the differentiation capacity was observed.     

Exudates from Rice Callus Tissues Resulting from the Lack of Cuticle and Wax Layers

Nondialyzable melanoidins prepared from a glucose-glycine system were investigated as to their decolorization and degradation products on ozone treatment. Melanoidins were decolorized to degrees of 84 and 97% after ozonolysis at — 1°C for lOmin and 90min, respectively, and the mean molecular weight of melanoidins decreased from 7000 to 3000 after ozonolysis for 40 min. The major components of electrofocused melanoidins before and after ozone treatment had pis of 3.00 and 2.86, respectively, the pI 3.00 band being significantly affected.

IR measurement showed that the absorption at 1290 cm^?1 disappeared and that at 1720 cm^?1 newly appeared on ozonolysis, respectively, and the absorption at 1620 cm^?1 disappeared on acid hydrolysis after ozonolysis.

Furthermore, the major degradation products in the ether-soluble fractions obtained from ozone-treated melanoidins were identified as butanedioic acid, glycolic acid, 2-hydroxybutanoic acid and so on.

In the aqueous fraction, one of the major products was glycine, which was produced to the level of 1.05% on ozonolysis which increased to 5.75% per melanoidin on acid hydrolysis after ozonolysis. From these findings and the IR results, it is postulated that glycine was considerably incorporated into melanoidin molecules as the amide form.     

长期CO2加富对苗期红掌(Anthurium andraeanum L.)植株生长和光合作用的影响

以开顶式塑料薄膜温室为设施,研究了红掌（Anthurium andlaealzum L．）幼苗植株生长、叶片净光合速率和光合酶活性对长期高CO2浓度的响应。结果表明：处理90d时,处理组T1（（700±too）μmol·mol^-1CO2）的株高、单叶面积、株鲜重分别比对照组（（360±30）μmol·mol^-1）增加了15．76％、14．30％、29．62％,而处理组他（（1000±100）μmol·mol^-1CO2）的株高、单叶面积、株鲜重分别比对照增加了15．00％、9．63％、36．22％;处理150d时T1的株高、单叶面积、株鲜重与对照相比分别增加了16．08％、17．30％、49．09％,而他增加了16．61％、10．10％、48．87％。在各自生长环境下处理组T1、T2的净光合速率在整个处理期间均高于对照,处理150d时,T1、T2的净光合速率分别比对照高8．25％、20．62％;但处理90d时,在对照CO2浓度下测定的净光合速率处理组开始低于对照组,可能此时处理组的红掌叶片开始出现光合适应现象;CO2浓度升高促进了叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉积累,处理90d时T1、T2处理组中淀粉含量分别比对照高52．60％、67．66％;处理150d时,T1组红掌叶片中淀粉与可溶性糖含量比对照高53．43％、6．32％,T2比对照高58．44％、8．07％,叶绿素含量在处理90d时也开始低于对照组;整个实验过程中,Rubisco活性前期增加,90d以后开始下降;乙醇酸氧化酶活性则明显下降,T1、T2处理组试验结束时与对照组相比分别下降了41．28％、45．35％。一定处理时间（90d）的高浓度CO2处理提高了红掌叶片的净光合速率和碳水化合物的积累,促进了营养生长,但随着处理时间的延长,这种促进作用逐渐降低。     

Callus Induction and in vitro Regeneration from Barley Mature Embryos

We have assayed different combinations of nutrient media and growth regulators to induce callus and plant regeneration from explants of root, shoot and leaf, complete seed, and isolated mature embryo of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Hassan). The best results were obtained with mature embryo in J25-8 medium supplemented with 2.0 mg dm^–3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid where about 75 % developed friable calli. Some 80 – 85 % of these calli regenerated barley plants in the same J25-8 medium supplemented with 1.0 mg dm^–3 indole-3-butyric acid and 0.1 mg dm^–3 kinetin.     

Constituents of Plant Leaf Wax Contained in Rice Callus Tissues

Two enzyme preparations having both nuclease and 3′-nucleotidase activities were partially purified from an extract of tea leaves. They resemble each other in most enzymatic properties, but are separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography.

The enzyme activities for RNA, native DNA, heat-denatured DNA and 3′-AMP of each preparation showed a high degree of similarity with respect to the following properties: pH stability, thermal stability and response to EDTA. Both enzymes were shown to be endonucleases (EC 3.1.30.2) which liberated 5′-mononucleotides and oligonucleotides from both RNA and DNA with the following relative rate of hydrolysis: RNA > native DNA = heat-denatured DNA.     

Enhanced Alkaloid Production in Callus Cultures of Heliotropium indicum L and Regeneration of Plantlets

Heliotropium indicum L (Boraginaceae) contains the anticancer pyrrolizidine alkaloid, indicine-N-oxide (INO). To study the yield of INO as a function of plant development, plantlets were regenerated in vitro from nodal and hypocotyl explants and also from hypocotyl callus, on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), asparagine (Asp) and glutamine (Glu). The regenerated plantlets were rooted on MS supplemented with Glu or gibberellic acid (GA₃). While 5-week-old seedlings showed a high amount of INO (0.12% dry wt) that depleted gradually as the plants attained maturity and flowered, fast growing callus produced a much higher yield of INO (0.32% dry wt). As the callus cultures differentiated into shoots and subsequently into plantlets, the INO content decreased to about 0.2% dry wt. It appears that INO is the primary product of pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthetic pathway in rapidly growing meristematic tissue of Heliotropium indicum, later reduced to its alkaloidal base and reallocated to other tissues. The article includes an efficient micropropagation method for Heliotropium indicum.