共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 328 毫秒
1.
The conventional narrative of American environmentalism is no longer very helpful for conservationists and restorationists seeking philosophical justification and guidance for their work. The tradition has often been cropped into a narrower and simplified account of the battle between the philosophies of wise use and preservation, a move bolstered by the turn to historical images of President Teddy Roosevelt and John Muir visiting California's Yosemite National Park in the early years of the twentieth century. This cropped conservation picture needs to be restored and widened to engage the pragmatism that has always been a part of the U.S. environmental tradition, but that became eclipsed by preservationist ideology with the rise of the fields of environmental history and environmental philosophy in the late twentieth century. Restoring this lost pragmatism to the environmental tradition will prove vital to recovering the value of environmental history and philosophy for conservation and restoration practice and to reclaiming a more holistic and useful narrative of people, culture, and environment. 相似文献
2.
Frank Kressing 《Evolutionary biology》2016,43(4):474-480
The scope of this paper is to highlight models of reticulate evolution in a dual sense: (1) by stressing the importance of early models of horizontal/lateral transfer instead of models of unilinear vertical transfer in biology, linguistics, anthropology and related disciplines, and (2) by demonstrating that the acceptance of evolutionism as leitmotif in the nineteenth century was only possible by intense and repeated networks between scholars of different academic realms which lead to the assumption that the development of biological species and human cultures could be perceived as part of the same co-evolutionary process. Contrary to these widely popularized models of unilinear evolution, I would like to draw attention to alternative theories emphasizing the horizontal transfer of words, phenotypes/genotypes, and culture traits. Examples are the method of areal typology in linguistics, the theory of endosymbiosis in biology, and the anti-evolutionist attitude in Boasian anthropology, combined with an emphasis on the diffusion of culture traits. Further, it shall be pointed out that, even when—after the general dismissal of evolutionist ideas in the beginning of the twentieth century—the idea of co-evolutionary processes in the development of human populations and languages was again forwarded in the late twentieth century, this ‘modern synthesis’ of genetics, linguistics and archeology relied largely on interdisciplinary reticulations between sciences and humanities and serves as another example of reticulate evolution. 相似文献
3.
Recently, it has been suggested that anthropologists could more effectively build scientific theories of cultural evolution
by reference to biology rather than social science. In this way, the evolution of cultures might be more usefully viewed as
an anolog to the evolution of species. In systematic biology, however, the nature of species continues to be the subject of
a long-standing duality of thought. This duality is analogous to the longstanding conflict in anthropology over the nature
of culture. We argue, by analogy to Michael Ghiselin’s work on species, that a culture is an individual, not a class, and
that cultures, like other individual entities, evolve. This view is highly concordant with concepts of culture formulated
in earlier decades of this century. It has also been the philosophical orientation of American archaeology for approximately
the last 25 years. We conclude that both biology and anthropology have an equal potential of contributing to a general evolutionary
theory. 相似文献
4.
Michel Morange 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2007,126(4):149-153
The limited value most French biologists attributed to Darwinism and Mendelism in the first half of the twentieth century,
and their conviction that these theories were at best insufficient to explain evolution and development, probably created
conditions propitious to the development of Evo-devo at the end of the century. The separation between embryology and evolution
did not exist in French biology as it did in American genetics: explanations for these two phenomena were sought equally in
the “organization” of the egg. The major contribution of French biologists to Evo-devo was clearly the invention of the notion
of the regulatory gene by Jacob and Monod; not the operon model per se, but the introduction of a hierarchy between two different
kinds of genes. The consequence, the rise of the developmental gene concept, was not immediate, and required the active role
of other biologists such as Antonio Garcia-Bellido, Allan Wilson and Stephen Jay Gould. Various obstacles had to be overcome
for this concept of developmental gene to be fully accepted. 相似文献
5.
R. L. Carroll 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2002,15(6):911-921
Abstract During the past two decades, the fields of molecular biology and genetics have enabled study of far broader and more detailed aspects of evolutionary change than were possible when the evolutionary synthesis was elaborated in the mid‐twentieth century. The capacity for complete sequencing of both genes and proteins of all groups of organisms provide, simultaneously, the means to determine both the patterns and processes of evolution throughout the history of life. Increased knowledge of the genome documents the changing nature of its composition, mode of transmission, and the nature of the units of selection. Advances in evolutionary developmental biology demonstrate the conservation of genetic elements throughout multicellular organisms, and explain how control of the timing, position and nature of their expression has produced the extraordinary diversity of living plants and animals. The next generation of evolutionary biologists will benefit greatly from the increased integration of these new fields of research with those that are currently emphasized in the standard textbooks and journals. 相似文献
6.
Kevin N. Laland Tobias Uller Marcus W. Feldman Kim Sterelny Gerd B. Müller Armin Moczek Eva Jablonka John Odling-Smee 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1813)
Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the Modern Synthesis in the early twentieth century and has since expanded into a highly successful research program to explore the processes of diversification and adaptation. Nonetheless, the ability of that framework satisfactorily to accommodate the rapid advances in developmental biology, genomics and ecology has been questioned. We review some of these arguments, focusing on literatures (evo-devo, developmental plasticity, inclusive inheritance and niche construction) whose implications for evolution can be interpreted in two ways—one that preserves the internal structure of contemporary evolutionary theory and one that points towards an alternative conceptual framework. The latter, which we label the ‘extended evolutionary synthesis'' (EES), retains the fundaments of evolutionary theory, but differs in its emphasis on the role of constructive processes in development and evolution, and reciprocal portrayals of causation. In the EES, developmental processes, operating through developmental bias, inclusive inheritance and niche construction, share responsibility for the direction and rate of evolution, the origin of character variation and organism–environment complementarity. We spell out the structure, core assumptions and novel predictions of the EES, and show how it can be deployed to stimulate and advance research in those fields that study or use evolutionary biology. 相似文献
7.
Allchin D 《Journal of the history of biology》2002,35(1):149-172
Paul Boyer shared a Nobel Prize in1997 for his work on the mechanism of ATPsynthase. His earlier work, though (whichcontributed
indirectly to his triumph),included major errors, both experimental andtheoretical. Two benchmark cases offer insightinto
how scientists err and how they deal witherror. Boyer's work also parallels andillustrates the emergence of bioenergetics
inthe second half of the twentieth century,rivaling achievements in evolution andmolecular biology.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
The contingent cultural, epistemological and ontological status of biology is highlighted by changes in attitudes towards
reproductive politics in the history of feminist movements. Consider, for example, the American, British, and numerous European
instances of feminist sympathy for eugenics at the turn of the century. This amounted to a specific formation of the role,
in late nineteenth and early twentieth century feminisms, of concepts of biological risk and defence, which were transformed
into the justificatory language of rights claims. In this context, one can ask how reproductive politics are to be fitted
into the paradoxical relationship between biopolitics and thanatopolitics discussed by Michel Foucault and more recently by
Roberto Esposito. In this context, “reproductive life,” can be thought of arising at the intersection of thanapolitics and
biopolitics as these relate to women’s bodies. Revisiting Foucault and Esposito in the light of reproductive politics also
allows a reconsideration of the paradoxical feminist aims involved in defending individual rights by reference to overall
biopolitical interest and futurity. 相似文献
9.
William Eric Meikle 《Evolution》2011,4(3):453-455
Laws prohibiting the teaching of human evolution were in effect in some states for over 40 years during the twentieth century.
While such laws have been ruled unconstitutional, the opposition to evolution which stimulated their adoption continues as
a prominent feature of American culture. 相似文献
10.
SYNOPSIS: Traditionally, historians have stressed the influenceof European laboratories on the development of American marinestations. While there is some justification for this interpretation,more attention must be directed at the original teaching imperativefor marine studies. Several marine stations emerged in the 1870swith no direct influence from Europe and with a complete commitmentto the education of secondary school teachers. Later in thecentury and early in the twentieth century this same patternwas repeated at several locations on both the east coast andthe west coast. All of these institutions were designed to presenta new pedagogical approach for biology in the United States.Originally as adjuncts to natural history museums and societiesand then as important innovations to teach laboratory methodsin American colleges and universities, marine biology stationsdeveloped research options only secondary to their primary educationalorientation. 相似文献
11.
Hanno Sandvik 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2008,127(1):45-51
Tree thinking is an integral part of modern evolutionary biology, and a necessary precondition for phylogenetics and comparative
analyses. Tree thinking has during the 20th century largely replaced group thinking, developmental thinking and anthropocentricism
in biology. Unfortunately, however, this does not imply that tree thinking can be taken for granted. The findings reported
here indicate that tree thinking is very much an acquired ability which needs extensive training. I tested a sample of undergraduate
and graduate students of biology by means of questionnaires. Not a single student was able to correctly interpret a simple
tree drawing. Several other findings demonstrate that tree thinking is virtually absent in students unless they are explicitly
taught how to read evolutionary trees. Possible causes and implications of this mental bias are discussed. It seems that biological
textbooks can be an important source of confusion for students. While group and developmental thinking have disappeared from
most textual representations of evolution, they have survived in the evolutionary tree drawings of many textbooks. It is quite
common for students to encounter anthropocentric trees and even trees containing stem groups and paraphyla. While these biases
originate from the unconscious philosophical assumptions made by authors, the findings suggest that presenting unbiased evolutionary
trees in biological publications is not merely a philosophical virtue but has also clear practical implications.
相似文献
Hanno SandvikEmail: |
12.
Kenneth R. Miller 《Evolution》2010,3(2):225-230
Textbooks are widely used in American science classrooms and as such have become a focal point of efforts by the anti-evolution
movement to eliminate or weaken evolution education in American schools. Because of this, the experience of writing and rewriting
a biology textbook today is much more than an exercise in scientific pedagogy. The particular history of just one high school
biology text illustrates the degree to which pressure can be placed on authors and publishers to weaken or dilute the coverage
of evolution. The use of textbooks to define and support curricula makes it particularly important for the scientific and
education communities to resist such pressures and to assert the integrity of the scientific process in determining textbook
content. 相似文献
13.
14.
Javier Suárez 《Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)》2018,76(2):77-96
Symbiosis plays a fundamental role in contemporary biology, as well as in recent thinking in philosophy of biology. The discovery of the importance and universality of symbiotic associations has brought new light to old debates in the field, including issues about the concept of biological individuality. An important aspect of these debates has been the formulation of the hologenome concept of evolution, the notion that holobionts are units of natural selection in evolution. This review examines the philosophical assumptions that underlie recent proposal of the hologenome concept of evolution, and traces those debates back in time to their historical origins, to the moment when the connection between the topics of symbiosis and biological individuality first caught the attention of biologists. The review is divided in two parts. The first part explores the historical origins of the connection between the notion of symbiosis and the concept of biological individuality, and emphasizes the role of A. de Bary, R. Pound, A. Schneider and C. Merezhkowsky in framing the debate. The second part examines the hologenome concept of evolution and explores four parallelisms between contemporary debates and the debates presented in the first part of the essay, arguing that the different debates raised by the hologenome concept were already present in the literature. I suggest that the novelty of the hologenome concept of evolution lies in the wider appreciation of the importance of symbiosis for maintaining life on Earth as we know it. Finally, I conclude by suggesting the importance of exploring the connections among contemporary biology, philosophy of biology and history of biology in order to gain a better understanding of contemporary biology. 相似文献
15.
R. Lee Lyman 《Journal of human evolution》2009,56(2):192-204
Graphs displaying evolutionary patterns are common in paleontology and in United States archaeology. Both disciplines subscribed to a transformational theory of evolution and graphed evolution as a sequence of archetypes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. U.S. archaeologists in the second decade of the twentieth century, and paleontologists shortly thereafter, developed distinct graphic styles that reflected the Darwinian variational model of evolution. Paleobiologists adopted the view of a species as a set of phenotypically variant individuals and graphed those variations either as central tendencies or as histograms of frequencies of variants. Archaeologists presumed their artifact types reflected cultural norms of prehistoric artisans and the frequency of specimens in each type reflected human choice and type popularity. They graphed cultural evolution as shifts in frequencies of specimens representing each of several artifact types. Confusion of pattern and process is exemplified by a paleobiologist misinterpreting the process illustrated by an archaeological graph, and an archaeologist misinterpreting the process illustrated by a paleobiological graph. Each style of graph displays particular evolutionary patterns and implies particular evolutionary processes. Graphs of a multistratum collection of prehistoric mammal remains and a multistratum collection of artifacts demonstrate that many graph styles can be used for both kinds of collections. 相似文献
16.
Rodrigo Medel 《Evolution》2008,1(3):318-322
The scientific study of evolution in Chile has experienced periods of diversification and stasis, depending upon the social
and political context at different times. In the eighteenth century, most of the natural history research consisted of systematics
and taxonomy and, as in most of South America, this task was performed mainly by natural historian theologists. Later, the
immigration of European scientists to Chile after independence from Spain in 1810 improved substantially its knowledge of
the local biota and stimulated the diversification of naturalists in the country. Research in modern biology and the teaching
of genetics in Chile can be traced back to Giovanni Noe, an Italian zoologist who had a profound impact in the first third
of the twentieth century. In the 1960s–70s, Danko Brncic, a population geneticist educated in the tradition of Dobzhansky
and the modern synthesis, led the most important diversification process in the study of evolutionary biology in the country.
However, the military coup in 1973 brought this radiation to a sudden stop and produced a stasis period associated with the
subsequent 17-year dictatorship. Evolutionary biology recovered its status after the re-establishment of democracy, and it
is currently experiencing an exciting and renewed diversification period that has led to the foundation of the Chilean Society
of Evolutionary Biology, the only scientific society for the study of evolution in Latin America. One of the missions of the
Society is to bridge the gap between scientists and science educators in order to improve the teaching of evolution at different
levels both in secular and religious schools. Even though the Roman Catholic Church has been a pivotal institution in the
development of Chilean society, debate on evolutionism—creationism issues has been largely absent both in public and academic
discussions. The influence of religion on science education has been sporadic, and mostly related to omission rather than
tergiversation of scientific information in biology textbooks. Currently, schools are obliged by law to teach the basics of
evolution in K-12 and K-16 levels (or their local equivalents). Because of this, there is little at present that suggests
an organized creationist or intelligent design movement surge in the near future. Nevertheless, the high percentage of religiosity
in Chile, together with the observation that the moral values of Chilean society are among the most conservative in the world,
provide good reasons to remain vigilant. 相似文献
17.
Five types of introductory university textbooks (N=37) were analyzed for references and citations pertaining to research on
wild chimpanzees. Jane Goodall's publications were cited about three times as often as the publications from field sites other
than Gombe and approximately five times more often than other Gombe researchers. Biological anthropology textbooks cited Goodall's
work most often, followed by textbooks in general anthropology and cultural anthropology. Psychology and biology textbooks
cited Goodall least often. Goodall's most comprehensive work, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (1986), was the
most often cited publication about Gombe's apes, and tool-use was the most cited topic. The number of citations to wild chimpanzees
tripled from publications in the 1960s to those in the 1980s, suggesting a growing recognition of primatology in the teaching
of science. 相似文献
18.
Ross H. Nehm Therese M. Poole Mark E. Lyford Sally G. Hoskins Laura Carruth Brent E. Ewers Patricia J. S. Colberg 《Evolution》2009,2(3):527-532
The well-established finding that substantial confusion and misconceptions about evolution and natural selection persist after
college instruction suggests that these courses neither foster accurate mental models of evolution’s mechanisms nor instill
an appreciation of evolution’s centrality to an understanding of the living world. Our essay explores the roles that introductory
biology courses and textbooks may play in reinforcing undergraduates’ pre-existing, faulty mental models of the place of evolution
in the biological sciences. Our content analyses of the three best-selling introductory biology textbooks for majors revealed
the conceptual segregation of evolutionary information. The vast majority of the evolutionary terms and concepts in each book
were isolated in sections about evolution and diversity, while remarkably few were employed in other sections of the books.
Standardizing the data by number of pages per unit did not alter this pattern. Students may fail to grasp that evolution is
the unifying theme of biology because introductory courses and textbooks reinforce such isolation. Two goals are central to
resolving this problem: the desegregation of evolution as separate “units” or chapters and the active integration of evolutionary
concepts at all levels and across all domains of introductory biology. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of biological education》2012,46(4):354-369
While school textbooks are assumed to be written for and used by students, it is widely acknowledged that they also serve a vital support function for teachers, particularly in times of curriculum change. A basic assumption is that biology textbooks are scientifically accurate. Furthermore, because of the negative impact of ‘misconceptions’ on learning, it is desirable that textbooks point out common misconceptions and why they are scientifically unacceptable. This paper reports on a study of life sciences textbooks as a potential influence on misconceptions about evolution by natural selection. Textbooks for Grades 10 to 12, from two different publishers, were investigated using content analysis to establish, first, the nature and extent of scientifically incorrect statements about evolution; second, latent problems with wording which might lead to unscientific ideas; and third, whether the books identified and addressed common misconceptions. Unscientific statements were found in all six books, but latent problems associated with the way explanations were expressed were also considered to pose a significant threat to learning. While particularly important for textbook authors and publishers, these findings are also of value to teachers. Although this study was conducted in South Africa, the findings provide useful insights for a wider audience of biology education stakeholders. 相似文献
20.
Diffusion theory explains in physical terms how materials move through a medium, e.g. water or a biological fluid. There are
strong and widely acknowledged grounds for doubting the applicability of this theory in biology, although it continues to
be accepted almost uncritically and taught as a basis of both biology and medicine. Our principal aim is to explore how this
situation arose and has been allowed to continue seemingly unchallenged for more than 150 years. The main shortcomings of
diffusion theory will be briefly reviewed to show that the entrenchment of this theory in the corpus of biological knowledge
needs to be explained, especially as there are equally valid historical grounds for presuming that bulk fluid movement powered
by the energy of cell metabolism plays a prominent note in the transport of molecules in the living body. First, the theory's
evolution, notably from its origins in connection with the mechanistic materialist philosophy of mid nineteenth century physiology,
is discussed. Following this, the entrenchment of the theory in twentieth century biology is analyzed in relation to three
situations: the mechanism of oxygen transport between air and mammalian tissues; the structure and function of cell membranes;
and the nature of the intermediary metabolism, with its implicit presumptions about the intracellular organization and the
movement of molecules within it. In our final section, we consider several historically based alternatives to diffusion theory,
all of which have their precursors in nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy of science.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献