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1.
Observations on the first red tide off Kuwait, Arabian Gulf, yielded high
biomass [55.4-262.7 g chlorophyll (Chl)
a l-1] and primary production
(507.9-571.2 g C
h-1l-1), comparable with some
of the highest values reported. There were contrasting changes in the
carbon assimilation ratios, composition of the phytoplankton and the
contribution of nanoplankton (<20 m) between 11 and 12 May.
On 11 May, carbon assimilation by nanoplankton was 2.2 g C
(g Chl a)-1
h-1, but increased to 9.2 g C (g C
(g Chl a)-1
h-1 the following day. Nanoplankton contributed 56
and 9% of Chl a and production, respectively, on 11
May, while net plankton (>20 m) accounted for >65%
of the biomass and primary production on 12 May. Picoplankton (<3
m) contributed <8% of Chl a and
<3% of production. Frequent sampling will be necessary to capture
such dynamic changes and ephemeral events in these waters.
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2.
Egg production of a brackish water calanoid copepod Acartia
bifilosa was measured in the laboratory in different chlorophyll
(Chl) a concentrations (0-24 mgr;
l-1) and temperatures 4-24C), and the cephalothorax length and carbon content
of females were determined. Egg production was positively correlated both
with Chl a concentration and with temperature; highest
egg production was obtained with 14-20 g Chl
a l-1 and at 13-18°C.
There was also a significant positive correlation between egg production
and female length-specific carbon content (g C
m-1). However, no correlation was observed
between egg production and cephalothorax length of females. Female carbon
content changed during the 3 day experiments; carbon content was positively
related to Chl a concentration and negatively related
to temperature. We conclude that food availability (Chl
a concentration), rather than temperature, limits the
egg production of A.bifilosa in the present study area
in the northern Baltic Sea. Further, both food concentration and
temperature affect egg production not only through the direct effect on the
numbers of eggs produced per female, but also through their effect on
female carbon content.
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3.
Long-term phytoplankton studies in the Bahí Blanca estuary
showed a seasonal pattern characterized by a winter-early spring bloom of
diatoms dominated by Thalassiosira curviseriata.
Laboratory experiments were carried out to elucidate the influence of
irradiance, temperature and salinity on the growth rate of
T.curviseriata. The maximum daily growth rate was 1.93
divisions at 20C. The compensation point
(Ic) varied from approaching zero to 3.08 mol m-2
s-1, values were
-0.020-0.070 divisions mol-1, and the
calculated Ik (the irradiance at which initial slope
line reaches the maximum rate of growth) varied between 32 and 36
mol m-2 s-1. Growth
became light saturated (when max) between 70 and 80
mol m-2 s-1, and was
inhibited at -150 mol m-2
s-1 at all temperatures (5-20°C). The range
of temperatures at which T.curviseriata can grow
(5-20°C) coincides with the temperature range over which it is
found in the field. In contrast, the thermal optimum for growth,
20°C, was higher than the range of temperatures (between 5 and
10°C) characteristic of the winter-early spring bloom in
Bahí Blanca estuary. The mean specific growth rate of
T.curviseriata was not affected by salinity over the
tested range between 25 and 40 p.p.t. Field observations and experimental
data support the characterization of T.curviseriata as
a eurythermal and euryhaline species adapted to growth at relatively low
light intensity. These characteristics may explain the ability of
T.curviseriata to flourish seasonally when light
conditions are apparently limiting and its presence almost year round under
variable conditions of temperature and salinity.
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4.
The occurrence of early larval stages of Brama brama
and Coryphaena hippurus is reported for the first time
in Adriatic waters. Two larvae of B.brama between 4.36
and 5.00 mm, and two larvae of C.hippurus between 4.75
and 4.95 mm standard length, were found in ichthyoplankton collections
taken off the River Neretva estuary (43010N,
17°250E) and station Stoncica, island Vis
(43°000N,
16°20E) (eastern middle Adriatic),
respectively. The capture of both species (B.brama) in
August 1998; C.hippurus in May 1998) is in agreement
with their proposed seasonal life cycle in the Adriatic Sea.
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5.
The goal of this study was to provide temporal information on the
generation time of Dolioletta gegenbauri and some of
the life cycle's components. At 20C and
90 g C l-1 of
ingestible phytoplankton. D.gegenbauri's life cycle is
completed in 20.5 days. Phorozooids 5 mm produce on average 11.0
gonozooids day-1 over a period of 8-18 days.
Utilizing field data on the abundance and size distribution of an
assemblage of phorozooids and nurses, in conjunction with experimentally
obtained rates, indicates that asexual production per cubic meter by
phorozooids with that of nurses should result in rapid colonization of a
wide shelf by doliolids, as observed during July and August 1981 on the
southeastern continental shelf of the USA.
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6.
The percent of light absorbed by algae, estimated from a regressionof attenuation of downwelling photosynthetic photon flux densityon chlorophyll a concentration, was used in conjunction withmeasurements of phytoplankton photosynthesis to estimate quantumyields () of Castle Lake phytoplankton populations during the1980 ice-free season. The maximum values occurred during mid-summerin the deep hypolimnion (<1% of surface photon flux) andwere {small tilde} 78% of the theoretical maximum. However,later in the season (September) the deep-water values decreasedsignificantly to {small tilde}27% of the theoretical maximumin conjunction with a decrease in quantum flux density to thesewaters. The values for epilimnetic phytoplankton populationswere never >15% of the theoretical maximum. The presenceof relatively high concentrations of peridinin and chlorophyllc in the deep-water algae enabled these organisms to absorbthe predominantly green light in this region of the lake which(i) allowed the use of a single extinction value per unit ofchlorophyll (kc) at all depths when calculating , and (ii) increasedthe of the deep-water algae, relative to those in the near-surfacewaters. These data indicate that the deep-water algae in CastleLake were able to utilize their ambient light field, particularlyin the early summer, and suggest that the deep-chlorophyll layerin this lake is maintained primarily by in situ algal growthrather than sinking and accumulation of organisms from nearsurface waters. 相似文献
7.
Ultraphytoplankton abundances and chlorophyll a concentrations in ice-covered waters of northern seas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Robineau B; Legendre L; Michel C; Budeus G; Kattner G; Schneider W; Pesant S 《Journal of plankton research》1999,21(4):735-755
The abundances and chlorophyll aconcentrations (Chl
a) of ultraphytoplankton (<5 m) were determined at four ice-covered sites in
northern seas, i.e. southeastern Hudson Bay, Saroma-ko Lagoon, Resolute
Passage and the Northeast Water Polynya. Numbers of total
ultraphytoplankton were low, ranging from 3.6 x 107
to 9.7 x 109 cells m-3, which
confirms the overall paucity of ultra-phytoplankton in cold waters.
Concentrations of <5 m Chl a varied
between 0.002 and 10.8 mg m-3, which accounted for
0.2-99.7% of total Chla. Chlorophyll
a concentrations of ultraphytoplankton can thus reach
high values and make up a substantial fraction of total Chl
a. Ultraphytoplankton were ubiquitous, but they showed
high among- and within-site variability in abundance, biomass and
contribution to total Chla concentrations. The
ultraphytoplankton comprised primarily eukaryotes and prokaryotic
phycoerythrin-rich cyanobacteria, but also some cryptomonads and
phycocyanin-rich cyanobacteria. Concentrations of ultraplanktonic
eukaryotes reached 7.8 x 109 cells
m-3, but were generally <5 x
109 cells m-3, whereas the
maximum concentration of prokaryotes was 6.2 x 109
cells m-3. The concentrations of eukaryotes and
prokaryotes were related, overall, to water mass characteristics, i.e.
temperature, salinity, percent irradiance, and concentrations of nitrate
and ammonium. Depending on sites, the abundances of eukaryotes were
positively liked to salinity, percent irradiance, nitrate and ammonium,
whereas the abundances of prokaryotes were positively correlated with
ammonium and nitrate. Phycocyanin-rich cyanobacteria were generally
confined to brackish waters (Hudson Bay). The highest cell numbers of
ultraphytoplankton were found at temperatures of <0.5C and salinities of >30 p.s.u.
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8.
Effects of UVB radiation on freshwater autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton in a subalpine lake 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of UVB radiation on the activity of heterotrophic (HPP) and
autotrophic (APP) picoplankton (0.2-2 m) and
of autotrophic assemblages >2 m has been measured and
compared. Under natural UVB irradiance in a large, deep, oligotrophic
subalpine lake (Lago Maggiore, 4555N) with mean dissolved organic carbon
(DOC) concentrations of 1 mg Cl-1, the
microorganisms of the two size fractions were not significantly
photoinhibited in their autotrophic and heterotrophic activities. The
vertical attenuation coefficient (Kd) for irradiance
at 305 nm ranged from 1.45 to 1.67 during spring and summer. The mixing
layer extended to a greater depth than the layer affected by UVB radiation
(z1% < zmix), thus
enabling the microorganisms living there to photoadapt. As the assimilation
numbers of APP and nanoplankton were higher at 2 m depth than near the
surface, we suspected that the influence of longer wavelength (UVA,
photosynthetically active radiation) could be stronger than UVB in
affecting the photosynthetic efficiency of natural populations. The
artificial increase in UVB irradiance had a higher detrimental effect on
HPP due to their smaller size, less protection and indirect effects through
autotrophic cell inhibition. Picocyanobacteria were percentually more
affected by UVB than nanoplankton during April due to the presence of
diatoms, which are more resistant than other algal groups to solar UVB
irradiance. Furthermore, picocyanobacteria had lower assimilation numbers
with respect to larger phytoplankton in the quartz tubes during
stratification.
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9.
Assimilation and release of 14C in a tropical strain of Cryptomonas obovata (Cryptophyceae) exposed to several irradiances 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carbon assimilation (14C) and dissolved organic
carbon (DO14C) release by a tropical strain of
Cryptomonas obovata was studied. Cells were exposed to
a range of irradiances (0-2000 mol
m-2 s-1) using axenic batch
cultures in the laboratory (Ek = 180 mol
m-2s-1). At up to 2000
mol m-2s-1, carbon
assimilation was not inhibited and an acclimation to low irradiances was
observed. DO14C release was dependent on carbon
fixation and no increase was detected under high irradiances. To determine
particulate organic carbon (PO14C) loss and
CO14C release cells acclimated to 350 mol
m-2 s-1 were incubated during
4 h at 35, 350, 850 and 1900 mol m-2
s-1. DO14C release was
responsible for 30% of the PO14C loss at 1900
mol m-2s-1. High-
and low-molecular-weight (HMW, LMW) compounds were released by
C.obovata under all irradiance conditions. However,
increased release with exposure time was observed only for the HMW
compounds.
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10.
The 15N of marine mesozooplankton species was measured on fouroccasions. Significant differences were found between copepodsand meroplanktonic larvae, yet not between holoplanktonic species.On average, mesozooplankton was enriched by 3.4 ± 0.9relative to selected seston size fractions. Despite suggestingsmall differences (0.5 to 1) in the 15N of different phytoplanktontaxa on one occasion, the size fractionation procedure generallyproved inadequate in separating major taxonomic groups composingseston. This circumstance, and phase-shifts in the transmissionof rapid changes (>2) in seston 15N to mesozooplankton complicatethe calculation of mesozooplankton trophic levels. 相似文献
11.
Light-limited photosynthetic carbon incorportion is expectedto be directly proportional to the scalar quantum irradiance.The proportionality constant is , where mis the maximum quantum yield (mol C Einstein1 absorbed)and $$\stackrel{\¯}{{\hbox{ k }}_{\hbox{ c }}}$$ isthe mean spectral absorption coefficient (m2 mg1 chla). Recent efforts to evaluate of in situphytoplankton photosynthesis are variously flawed. Lack of evidenceof proportionality and lack of correction of cosine to scalarirradiance are common deficiencies. Most data, as we interpretthem, indicate values in the range 0.0003 0.0006 mol C m2 Einstein1 abs mg1 chl a. New determinationsin lrondequoit Bay, New York, lie in this range. Most estimatesof at depth have been about 0.010 m2 mg1chl a. Similar values are being obtained for total particulatesfrom lrondequoit Bay; whether detritus contributes significantlyis not yet known. Published data, in our view, all point tovalues of m in situ in the range 0.030.07 mol C Einstein1abs. Published values >0.10 are almost certainly due to imprecisionor systematic error.
*This paper is the result of a study made at the Group for AquaticPrimary Productivity (GAP) First International Workshop heldat the Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, in April1982. 相似文献
12.
On filament width in oceanic plankton distributions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A plankton patch deformed by diffusion, straining flow and biologicalgrowth is demonstrated to have a minimum width, /, which ispurely a function of the effective diffusivity, , and the strainrate, . 相似文献
13.
Leboulanger C.; Descolas-Gros C.; Fontugne M.R.; Bentaleb I.; Jupin H. 《Journal of plankton research》1995,17(11):2079-2091
The stable carbon isotope composition of particulate organicmatter expressed as 13C was measured in cultures of 13 speciesof marine microalgae in different phylogenetic groups. The effectsof salinity variations and changes in photoperiod were alsoassayed for three of them (i.e. Skeletonema costatum, Amphidiniumopercularum and Isochrysis galbana); the effect of nature ofnitrogen supply (nitrate. ammonium) was studied for one (S.costatum).These environmental parameters were chosen because of theirvariability in the ocean and their possible effects on 13C valuesof phytoplankton organic carbon. Batch culture conditions andsampling time after inoculum were strongly controlled in orderto provide cells in good physiological state which were comparablefrom one culture to the other. In the same way, sampling waslimited to the first 2 days of exponential growth, in orderto avoid a possible dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) limitation.Carboxylase activities [of the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco), and the three ß carboxylases:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC)] and totalchlorophyll a concentrations were assayed simultaneously. The13C values observed were between 30.2 and 12.7i.e. comparable to those observed in the world's oceans. Theisotopic composition of phytoplankton organic carbon was shownto be under the influence of the parameters tested but 13C variationsare specific to the species considered. The nature of ßcarboxylase found in each species, or systematic position, couldnot be linked to the isotopic composition of organic carbon.No linear or single correlation between 13C variations and environmentalmodifications were observed and there is no evidence for a simpleand universal relation between 13C of phytoplankters and theirenvironment. In monospecific cultures as in the field, 13C fractionationby Rubisco (and eventually by PEPCK) may be counterbalancedby other mechanisms. 相似文献
14.
The raphidophyte flagellate Chattonella marina was
successfully cultured from Boston Bay (South Australia), coincident with
mass mortality of farmed bluefin tuna (Thunnus
maccoyii) in April 1996. Grown under laboratory conditions at
150 mol m-2
s-1 irradiance, optimal growth (>0.5
day-1) occurred at a temperature of 25C and a salinity of 30 p.s.u., but good growth
(>0.3 day-1) also occurred between a
temperature of 10 and 30°C and at a salinity of 15-45 p.s.u.
However, cultures grow much faster at an irradiance of 450 mol
m-2 s-1 (1.08
day-1). While Australian
C.marina had similar temperature and salinity
requirements as well-studied Japanese cultures from the Seto Inland Sea,
the Australian strains exhibited a light saturation level for growth four
times higher than that reported from Japan (150 mol
m-2 s-1). An adaptation to
higher light intensities was reflected in higher concentrations of
microsporine-like amino acids in the Australian strains. The different
light adaptation phenotypes were still apparent after long-term culturing
under similar physiological conditions. Potential growth habitats for this
ichthyotoxic flagellate in the Australian region and implications for
finfish aquaculture industries are discussed.
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15.
Temporal and spatial variations in phytoplankton carbon isotopes in a polymictic subtropical lake 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Stable carbon isotopes (13C) were determined for phytoplanktonand dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from Lake Apopka, a shallow,polymictic and hypereutrophic lake in Florida, USA. Bulk planktondominated by pico- and nanqanobacteria were enriched in 13(13.1± 1.1%) as a result of assimilation of extremely 13C-richDIC (13C = 9.6 ± 3.0%). Diatoms (Aulacoseira spp.) hada 13C of 14.3 ± 0.6% that was slightly more negativethan that of small cyanobacteria. Meroplanktonic diatoms hada 13C (13.6 ± 1.8%), similar to their planktoniccounterparts. The 13C of a colonial cyanobacterium (Microcystisincerta) was exceptionally heavy (3.0 ± 1.0%)and attributed to localized carbon limitation. Seasonal variationin 13C of bulk plankton was small (4%) relative to reports forother lacustrine systems No difference in the 13C of bulk planktonhorn surface water between stratified and non-stratified periodswas found. No measurable changes in 13C of bulk plankton wereindicated in light and dark incubation experiments Frequentwind mixing of the water column, high DIC concentration, andconsistently high lake productivity were used to explain thetemporal and spatial isotope consistency of phytoplankton inthis lake. 相似文献
16.
In a series of experiments, the planktonic larvae of Marenzelleriaviridis (Verrill, 1873) were exposed to various combinationsof salinity (S = 0.6, 2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20) and temperature (T= 5, 10 and 20C) from the 1-setiger stage to the onset of metamorphosis(16- to 17-setiger stage). One-setiger larvae were unable tocomplete their development to metamorphosis at salinities below5. Metamorphosis was successful at salinities of 10 and 20,when the animals adopted a benthic life mode. Larval developmentwas more rapid at 10 than at 20, and was positively affectedby higher temperatures. Larvae exposed to a salinity of 3.5at the 4- to 5-setiger stage developed and completed metamorphosisto benthic juveniles despite the low salinity. These larvaedeveloped most rapidly at a temperature of 10C. The salinitytolerances (LC50) of M. viridis larvae (t = 48 h), juvenilesand adults (t = 72 h in each case) were determined at 10C.The results showed that all development stages can toleratesalmities <1 The importance of constraints on developmentand tolerance to low salinities for the successful colonizationof oligohaline regions is shown and discussed in connectionwith other brackish-water organisms. 相似文献
17.
Influence of nutrient ratios on the in vitro extracellular polysaccharide production by marine diatoms from the Adriatic Sea 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Three different species of marine diatoms, Nitzschia
closterium (Ehr) Smith, Chaetoceros sp.
(Ehr) and Skeletonema costatum (Grev) Cleve, were
isolated from the Adriatic sea and studied in vitro
for the production of extracellular carbohydrates. Variations of the
nitrogen (N)/phosphorus (P)/silicon (Si) ratios in the growth medium affect
the accumulation and release of carbohydrates. In the
N.closterium cultures at high N/P ratio, the rate of
extracellular polysaccharide release was higher both in rapidly growing
cells (2.14 g per 106
cells day-1 and in stationary phase (1.0 g
per 106 cells day-1) compared
to S.costatum and Chaetoceros sp.
Instead, at low N/P ratios, S.costatum and
Chaetoceros sp. produced large amounts of
extracellular polysaccharides during the logarithmic phase, compared to
N.closterium, with values of 10 g per
106 cells day-1 for
S.costatum and 2.8 g per
106 cells day-1 for
Chaetoceros sp., respectively; in particular, only
S.costatum was able to produce extracellular
carbohydrates (1.2 g per 106 cells
day-1) during the stationary phase of growth. Under
Si limitation, any of the three diatom species produce extracellular
polysaccharides both in the logarithmic and stationary phase of growth. The
potential ecological significance of these findings is discussed.
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18.
Carbon isotopic composition of Trichodesmium spp. colonies off Bermuda: effects of colony mass and season 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Colonies of Trichodesmium spp. are conspicuous, macroscopiccomponents of the life in tropical and subtropical oceans. Thelarge size and the morphology of the colony raise questionsregarding the mechanism of carbon supply for photosynthesis.Constraints on these mechanisms may be indicated by the stablecarbon isotopic composition (13C) that reflects the balancebetween carbon supply and speciation, as well as the growthrate and colony size. The 13C of Trichodesmium off Bermuda measuredhere revealed a strong correlation between size of individualcolonies and season. The smallest colonies, 2–7 µgC colony–1, showed the lightest 13C composition (–19),increasing to asymptotic values of –12 above 7 µgC colony–1. The average 13C of the colonies was lightestimmediately after the onset of stratification in the SargassoSea, gradually increasing by 4 to heavier values during thesummer. We propose that the mass effect is due to increaseduse of HCO3– by the larger colonies, whereas the seasonalinfluence may be related to changes in irradiance and pCO2 affectingthe internal carbon cycling. 相似文献
19.
The uptake of organic substrates by heterotrophic planktonicorganisms was studied along the freshwater Elbe Estuary in May,July and October 2000 using 13C analysis of individually isolateddominant species of copepoda, cladocera, rotifera and ciliata.Non-sedimenting suspended particulate matter (SPMns) was separatedfrom sedimenting matter and further analysed for the chemicalcomposition of its different size fractions in order to estimatesubstrate availability. Particles <5 µm accounted for15% of total SPMns [40 mg dry weight (DW) L1] and containedC:N ratios indicating a predominance of living matter (i.e.mass C:N of phytoplankton). All species under study exhibiteda high capacity for selective feeding with little variationin the diet along the whole freshwater profile. Picoplanktonof 0.21.2 µm formed mainly by bacteria had a 13Cvalue of 26 in May and July and 29 in October,similar to the 13C of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Bacteriadid not fractionate isotopically and did not preferentiallyconsume specific subunits of their substrate, i.e. they exhibitedno trophic shift. It appears that phytoplankton exudates werea minor component to total DOC in this estuary. Phytoplanktonwas the exclusive food for all phagotrophic organisms understudy in July, thus only one trophic level was exhibited. DuringMay and October the grazers under study used different substrates,resulting in a planktonic food web of three trophic levels formedby different species of the taxonomic groups under study. Theresults indicate a conditioned behaviour with regard to substrateselection allowing the grazers to produce high abundances evenwhen particles were abundant and competition for phytoplanktonwas high. 相似文献
20.
Abundance and biogeography of tintinnids (Ciliophora) and associated microzooplankton in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Absolute abundances of foraminifers, polycystine and phaeodarian
radiolarians, tintinnids, pteropods and early crustacean larvae and moults
were assessed in a collection of 57 vertically stratified (0-100 m) net
microplankton samples from 22 stations located between 34 and 58S (along 51-56°W), covered on 8-16 November
1994. Tintinnids were identified to species and measured in order to
estimate their biomass from biovolume to carbon conversions. The
distribution of the microzooplanktonic groups assessed was irregular and
patchy, both geographically and vertically, and their abundances were
characteristic of oceanic low to medium productivity environments.
Tintinnid biomass was also generally low (0.05-0.40 g Cl-1). With the exception of
the tintinnids, associations between microzooplanktonic numbers and
chlorophyll a were generally loose. Eighty-eight
tintinnid taxa were recorded, yet only five accounted for 53% of the
specimens identified. Multivariate (cluster) analysis of tintinnid specific
distribution patterns clearly showed several distinct zones. From north to
south, these are: Transition Zone (TZ), with three subzones, TZ north
(34°S-38°S), TZ central
(39°44S-44°S) and TZ south (46°S);
Subantarctic Zone (SZ; 48-55°S); Polar Front Zone
(55°30S); Antarctic Zone (AZ;
58-59°36S). Each of these was characterized by distinct
tintinnid assemblages, abundance and biomass. With few exceptions,
tintinnid cells were fairly evenly distributed throughout the upper 50 m.
Taxonomic composition usually changed little with depth. Mean population
depths were calculated for a subset of 35 tintinnids; 29 of these dwell
preferably above 40 m. The spatial distribution of tintinnid species
richness showed a more or less gradual decrease from north to south.
Specific diversity and equitability generally increased with depth, and
were higher in antarctic waters than the southern transitional and
subantarctic ones; this trend is tentatively attributed to higher water
column vertical stability south of the Polar Front.
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