DMSO及RA对GPI-80分子表达的不同影响

以往的研究表明GPI-80的表达可能与髓系细胞的分化相关。DMSO及RA是两种不同的中性粒细胞的诱导分化剂,均可刺激HL-60白血病细胞向中性粒细胞分化。GPI-80是人糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚糖蛋白,被认为是潜在的β_2-黏合素分子依赖的白细胞黏附的调节剂,主要在人中性粒细胞上表达。本研究通过RT-PCR、流式细胞仪及Westem-blot分析,检测分化细胞的GPI-80表达,并分析GPI-80的表达与CD11b及CD71表达之间的关系。结果表明GPI-80在RA诱导的类中性粒细胞上只有mRNA水平上的微弱表达,用流式细胞仪和Western—blot分析均检测不到,且RA可抑制CPI-80的表达;相反GPI-80在DMSO诱导的类中性粒细胞上有明显的表达,且随DMSO的浓度增加及诱导时间的延长而增强。GPI-80的表达出现在CD11b上调表达及CD71下调表达之后,提示GPI-80表达与DMSO诱导分化的类中性粒细胞的成熟密切相关。RA不能明确诱导GPI-80的表达,反而抑制GPI-80的表达,提示可能两者诱导HL-60细胞分化时所激活的信号传递通路不同。     

CD11b/DNA双参数流式细胞术检测HL-60细胞分化的细胞周期

目的采用双参数流式细胞术研究全反式维甲酸(alltransretinoidacid,ATRA)诱导人类急性早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60细胞分化的细胞周期。方法HL-60细胞经分化诱导剂ATRA(终浓度为1μmol/L)诱导不同时间点后,利用CD11b/DNA双参数流式细胞术同时检测分化细胞表面抗原CD11b的表达及分化细胞DNA含量。结果HL-60细胞经ATRA诱导后,细胞表面分化抗原CD11b表达明显升高,细胞阻滞于G0/G1期,且CD11b阳性细胞主要位于G0/G1期。结论CD11b/DNA双参数流式细胞术能简便,快速,直观地检测细胞分化的细胞周期。     

HFCL细胞对U937细胞的诱导分化作用

为了观察正常人骨髓成纤维样细胞系HFCL对急性单核细胞白血病U937细胞促分化作用,及其对经典诱导分化剂TPA诱导分化作用的影响,先建立U937细胞和HFCL细胞共培养体系,以细胞形态学改变、硝基四氦唑蓝(NBT)、流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和CD11b、CD13、CD14、CD33细胞表面抗原作为诱导分化指标;Western印迹检测P38蛋白的表达变化。结果发现,与HFCL细胞共培养后,U937细胞出现分化成熟的形态学改变,且与HFCL细胞直接接触组的诱导分化作用大于用transwell组。同时发现U937细胞与HFCL细胞共培养后,G1期细胞增高,S期细胞减少;CD11b、CD13、CD14和CD33表达增高;且NBT阳性细胞增高至46、3％。Western印迹检测结果显示,直接接触组总P38蛋白表达增加。而且HFCL细胞还能增强TPA对U937的诱导分化作用。     

MicroRNA-10b通过调控锌指蛋白KLF4阻滞白血病细胞分化

探讨microRNA-10b(miR-10b)通过调节锌指蛋白Krüppel-like factor 4(KLF4)的表达对急性白血病细胞分化的影响。Real-time PCR及Western blot分别检测不同分化程度的白血病细胞系中miR-10b与KLF4的表达;1,25-二羟基维生素D3(1,25D3)诱导人白血病细胞系HL60向单核系分化,检测此过程中miR-10b及KLF4的表达变化;利用体外合成的寡核苷酸(miR-10b mimics)转染HL60细胞,瑞氏–吉姆萨染色观察1,25D3诱导后细胞分化形态学的改变;流式细胞术检测单核细胞表面标志CD14的表达。结果显示,miR-10b在分化早期的KG-1a细胞中表达最高,在分化晚期的U937、THP-1细胞中表达最低(P<0.01),而KLF4的表达与之相反;1,25D3诱导HL60向单核系分化过程中,miR-10b表达呈时间依赖性降低,KLF4表达则逐渐增高;HL60细胞中过表达miR-10b后可抑制1,25D3诱导的细胞分化形态特征的改变及CD14的表达(P<0.05)。提示miR-10b通过负调控KLF4的表达阻滞白血病细胞HL60单核系的分化。     

盐霉素抑制急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞增殖并诱导分化

该文旨在探讨盐霉素(salinomycin,SAL)对急性早幼粒细胞白血病NB4细胞增殖和分化的影响及其可能的机制。采用CCK-8(cell counting kit-8)实验检测细胞增殖,瑞氏染色观察细胞形态学变化,流式细胞术检测粒细胞分化标志物CD11b的表达,Western blot检测相关蛋白质水平变化。结果显示,SAL抑制了细胞增殖;SAL作用72 h后,细胞呈现典型分化形态学改变。随着SAL的浓度升高,CD11b阳性的细胞比例以及CD11b、C/EBPβ蛋白质水平逐渐增加。此外,SAL降低了β-catenin以及下游分子C-myc、Cyclin D1的蛋白质水平。该研究还探讨了联合使用Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的抑制剂IWR-1与SAL对细胞分化的影响。结果显示,与单独使用SAL相比,联合使用SAL和IWR-1促进了SAL诱导的NB4细胞分化。该研究结果提示,SAL可抑制NB4细胞的增殖,并可能通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路诱导细胞分化。     

NADPH氧化酶源性活性氧介导epinodosin诱导HL-60细胞分化及细胞骨架重组

该文分析研究了对映-贝壳杉烷二萜epinodosin通过调节NADPH氧化酶源活性氧诱导急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞HL-60向成熟粒细胞分化的特征。结果显示,epinodosin在4.0~8.0μmol/L浓度时抑制HL-60细胞生长,导致其S期阻滞,诱导HL-60细胞形成肾形核和多叶核细胞,使细胞吞噬能力和对硝基四氮唑蓝(nitrotetrazolium blue chloride,NBT)的还原力显著增强、细胞表面抗原CD11b表达上调,表明epinodosin可诱导HL-60细胞向成熟粒细胞分化;epinodosin还诱导HL-60细胞骨架重组,显著促进微管的成束组装以及提高波形纤维含量,上述分化特征与临床诱导分化治疗剂全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid,ATRA)对HL-60细胞的分化诱导特性极为相似。进一步检测显示,抗氧化剂NAC(N-acetyl-L-cysteine)以及NADPH氧化酶抑制剂夹竹桃麻素(apocynin,APO)和联苯基三价碘(diphenyleneiodonium,DPI)均可抑制epinodosin对HL-60细胞的分化诱导作用,表明epinodosin导致HL-60细胞活性氧浓度的升高与NADPH氧化酶活性关联,提示epinodosin通过调节NADPH氧化酶源性活性氧诱导HL-60向粒细胞分化。     

HL-60分化细胞表面标志、活性及其对肺炎链球菌调理吞噬杀菌能力的动态变化

目的分析HL-60分化细胞的表面标志、活性及其对肺炎球菌调理吞噬杀菌能力的动态变化。方法以流式细胞仪连续监测分化1～7 d的HL-60细胞表面标志CD11b、CD35和CD71的表达以及活细胞、凋亡细胞和死亡细胞的比例,同时用09CS、QC2、B、C和F 5份质控血清以调理吞噬杀菌试验检测肺炎链球菌血清型6B、7F、14和23F的杀菌滴度。结果分化3～6 d的HL-60细胞表面标志、活细胞比例可达到实验室要求,5份质控血清的调理吞噬杀菌滴度稳定而且在质控范围之内。结论分化3～6 d的HL-60细胞可以用于评价肺炎链球菌疫苗免疫血清的调理吞噬杀菌试验,为调理吞噬杀菌试验的建立和标准化提供了依据。     

miR-382-5p通过靶基因PTEN阻滞NB4细胞分化

该文主要研究在急性早幼粒细胞白血病NB4细胞中, miR-382-5p通过调控靶基因PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homologue)抑制了全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA)诱导的急性早幼粒细胞分化。我们运用ATRA(1μmol/L)诱导细胞分化; Western blot检测PTEN及髓系分化标志物CD11b的蛋白质水平;实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-382-5p的表达水平;过表达PTEN的慢病毒载体分别感染NB4细胞和HL-60、THP-1细胞;脂质体转染miR-382-5p的模拟剂(mimics)和特异性抑制剂(inhibitors)NB4细胞。结果显示, PTEN促进ATRA诱导的NB4细胞分化,而在HL-60和THP-1细胞中并无明显促分化效应。NB4细胞中,脂质体转染miR-382-5p mimics在mRNA和蛋白水平均抑制了PTEN的表达,并且抑制了ATRA诱导的分化;转染miR-382-5p inhibitors则恢复了PTEN表达,同时促进了ATRA诱导的急性早幼粒细胞NB4细胞的分化。该文结果提示, miR-382-5p靶向抑制了PTEN的表达从而抑制ATRA诱导的NB4细胞分化。     

EGCG通过PTEN增强ATRA对早幼粒白血病细胞株的分化作用

探讨PTEN在表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)增强维甲酸(ATRA)诱导的急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)细胞分化中的作用。我们分别将ATRA、EGCG及两种药物联合应用于NB4与HL-60细胞72 h,从形态学上观察细胞核的变化;Western blotting检测PTEN及髓系分化标志CD11b的表达;免疫荧光检测PTEN的入核情况;CCK-8检测细胞增殖率。结果显示,ATRA与EGCG联合作用于NB4与HL-60细胞后,PTEN与CD11b的表达较单独应用ATRA时增加。PTEN特异性抑制剂SF1670作用于NB4后,细胞分化明显减少;PI3K抑制剂LY294002作用后,PTEN及CD11b表达增加。这些均表明EGCG能够增强ATRA诱导APL细胞株的分化作用,且这种促进作用与PTEN的增加是相关的。     

DNA甲基化通过锌指蛋白185调控慢性粒细胞白血病细胞的增殖

锌指蛋白185(ZNF185)属于LIM结构域蛋白,参与细胞的增殖和分化,在多种肿瘤细胞中具有抑癌基因的功能.ZNF185在正常人血液系统细胞中高表达,但目前对白血病细胞的作用未见研究.采用Western blot检测人外周血中性粒细胞、急性粒细胞白血病细胞系HL-60和慢性粒细胞白血病细胞系K562细胞中ZNF185的表达,发现ZNF185在HL-60和K562细胞中的表达水平显著低于外周血中性粒细胞.为了阐明ZNF185对慢性粒细胞白血病细胞增殖的影响,从人外周血中性粒细胞克隆ZNF185编码序列,转染K562细胞,MTT检测细胞增殖,发现过表达ZNF185显著抑制K562细胞的增殖.甲基化特异PCR分析表明:ZNF185启动子在HL-60和K562细胞中高甲基化,用5-氮杂-2′-脱氧胞苷处理K562细胞,促进ZNF185的表达,显著抑制细胞增殖.研究结果表明,ZNF185启动子高甲基化导致其在K562细胞中的表达降低和细胞增殖抑制作用减弱.可能是慢性粒细胞白血病发生或发展的原因之一.     

Expression of GPI-80, a beta2-integrin-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein,requires neutrophil differentiation with dimethyl sulfoxide in HL-60 cells

GPI-80 is a member of the amidohydrolase family that has been proposed as a potential regulator of beta2-integrin-dependent leukocyte adhesion. GPI-80 is expressed mainly in human neutrophils. Our previous studies suggested that GPI-80 expression might be associated with myeloid differentiation. To verify this, we examined whether GPI-80 is expressed on the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 following treatment with differentiation inducers. GPI-80 expression was induced in cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to stimulate differentiation down the neutrophil pathway. On the other hand, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), another neutrophil-inducing reagent, induced no clear GPI-80 expression. Potent monocyte-inducing reagents such as 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also had no significant effect on the protein expression. GPI-80-positive cells were found in the well-differentiated CD11b-positive and transferrin-receptor-negative cell population. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which augments neutrophil differentiation of HL-60 cells, up-regulated GPI-80 expression in the presence of DMSO. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which is known to suppress the neutrophil maturation of cells, inhibited expression. Adhesion of DMSO-induced cells was regulated by anti-GPI-80 monoclonal antibody, similar to the regulation observed in neutrophils. These results suggest that use of DMSO to induce neutrophil differentiation provides suitable conditions for GPI-80 expression, and that this culture system may be a helpful model for further study of the regulation of GPI-80 expression during myeloid differentiation.     

Differentiation of HL-60 cells to granulocytes involves regulation of select diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs)

Diacylglycerol Kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that regulate the levels of different pools of diacylglycerol (DAG), affecting DAG-mediated signal transduction. Since DAG is known to play several important regulatory roles in granulocyte physiology, we investigated the expression pattern of DGK isoforms throughout differentiation of HL-60 cells to granulocytes. HL-60 cells were incubated with 1.25% dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) to initiate differentiation and total RNA isolated at different time points. DGK expression was assessed through Northern blot, end-point PCR, and real-time PCR. The non-selective inhibitors R59022 and R59949 were used to block DGK at different time points throughout differentiation. CD11b and GPI-80, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, changes in the cell cycle, and apoptosis were used as markers of differentiation. Of the nine isoforms of DGK evaluated (alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, zeta, beta, theta;, iota, eta), only five (alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and zeta) were expressed in HL-60 cells. DGKalpha was virtually absent in non-differentiated cells, but was markedly upregulated throughout differentiation. The other isoforms (delta, epsilon, gamma, and zeta) were expressed in undifferentiated HL-60 cells but were substantially decreased throughout differentiation. Non-selective blocking of DGK with R59022 and R59949 led to acceleration of differentiation, reducing the time necessary to observe upregulation of CD11b, GPI-80 and generation of ROS by 50%. Likewise, the cell cycle was disrupted when DGK isoforms were inhibited. These results provide evidence that DGK levels are dynamically regulated throughout differentiation and that expression of DGKs play an important regulatory function during the differentiation of neutrophils.     

Proteomic analysis of plasma membrane lipid rafts of HL-60 cells

Neutrophils acquire phagocytic activity as they differentiate. Recently, plasma membrane lipid rafts have been shown to play important roles in the process of phagocytosis in neutrophils. To characterize the proteins involved in phagocytosis and to elucidate the process by which they acquire phagocytic activity, we investigated by nano-LC-MS/MS analysis the changes in protein composition of plasma membrane lipid rafts during DMSO-induced differentiation of the human leukemia cell line HL-60 cells into neutrophilic lineage. Based on the spectrum counts of 147 proteins identified, 25 proteins were upregulated and 49 were downregulated by DMSO treatment. CD11b/CD18 subunits of beta2-integrin Mac-1, CD35, and GPI-80, which are known to be upregulated during differentiation, were dominantly detected in the lipid rafts of DMSO-treated cells. Many known membrane proteins, G proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins were also detected and they showed characteristic distributions. Absolute quantification of nine proteins in the lipid rafts using internal standard peptides labeled with stable isotopes showed that the amount of protein almost corresponded to the results obtained by spectrum count. Identified proteins, expression of which was altered by DMSO treatment, are expected to be candidate proteins involved in differentiation and functions of neutrophils.     

Commitment of neutrophilic differentiation and proliferation of HL-60 cells coincides with expression of transferrin receptor. Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor on differentiation and proliferation.

To examine the regulatory mechanisms of proliferation and maturation in neutrophilic lineage cells, we have tried to sort dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO)-treated HL-60 cells into transferrin receptor (Trf-R) positive (Trf-R(+)) and negative (Trf-R(-)) cells. Differentiated Trf-R(-) cells expressed more formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (fMLP-receptor) and ability of O-(2) genaration, as markers of differentiation, than Trf-R(+) cells, and Trf-R(-) cell differentiation was markedly accelerated by the incubation with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). On the other hand, Trf-R(+) cells had a tendency to proliferate rather than differentiate, and proliferation was enhanced by G-CSF. These results indicate that Trf-R expression coincides with the commitment to proliferate or differentiate of HL-60 cells, and G-CSF accelerates these commitments. G-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT 3 in Trf-R(-) cells much more than in Trf-R(+) cells. Protein 70 S6 kinase expression was higher in Trf-R(+) cells than in Trf-R(-) cells. Furthermore, p70 S6 kinase was hyperphosphorylated by G-CSF in Trf-R(+) cells, but not in Trf-R(-) cells. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase activity, inhibited G-CSF-dependent proliferation of Trf-R(+) cells and increased fMLP-R expression on these cells. These results suggest that commitment to proliferation and differentiation in Me(2)SO-treated HL-60 cells is preprogrammed and correlated with Trf-R expression, and G-CSF potentiates the cellular commitment. STAT 3 may promote differentiation of Me(2)SO-treated HL-60 cells into neutrophils, while p70 S6 kinase may promote proliferation and negatively regulate neutrophilic differentiation.     

Nuclear CD38 in retinoic acid-induced HL-60 cells

The cell surface antigen, CD38, is a 45-kDa transmembrane protein which is predominantly expressed on hematopoietic cells during differentiation. As a bifunctional ectoenzyme, it catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) from NAD(+) and hydrolysis of either NAD(+) or cADPR to ADP-ribose. All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) is a potent and specific inducer of CD38 in myeloid cells. In this report, we demonstrate that the nuclei of RA-treated human HL-60 myeloblastic cells reveal enzymatic activities inherent to CD38. Thus, GDP-ribosyl cyclase and NAD(+) glycohydrolase activities in the nuclear fraction increased very significantly in response to incubation with RA. With Western blotting, we detected in the nuclear protein fraction from RA-treated cells a approximately 43-kDa protein band which was reactive with the CD38-specific monoclonal antibody OKT10. The expression of CD38 in HL-60 nuclei was also shown with FACScan analysis. RA treatment gave rise to an increase in in vitro ADP ribosylation of the approximately 43-kDa nuclear protein. Moreover, nuclei isolated from RA-treated HL-60 cells revealed calcium release in response to cADPR, whereas a similar response was not observed in control nuclei. These results suggest that CD38 is expressed in HL-60 cell nuclei during RA-induced differentiation.     

Expression of granulocytic functions by leukemic promyelocytic HL-60 cells: differential induction by dimethylsulfoxide and retinoic acid

Recently, a novel approach has been used in the treatment of leukemia: induction of the leukemic cells to undergo terminal differentiation. Based on its in vitro ability to induce differentiation in several myeloid leukemic cell lines, retinoic acid (RA) has been applied clinically in cases of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid and promyelocytic leukemia. In the present study we have determined in detail the ability of RA to induce expression of granulocytic functions in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) and compared it with that of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Several granulocytic characteristics (phagocytosis, surface adherence and generation of free radicals in response to phorbol-ester) were induced to the same degree by both agents. Other normal neutrophil functions, including lysozyme accumulation, spontaneous migration, chemotactic activity toward zymosan-activated serum (containing C5a), the peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and spontaneous motility in semi-solid medium were induced by DMSO, but they were absent or incompletely expressed in RA-induced cells. In contrast, only RA induced migration toward leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Simultaneous treatment with RA and DMSO proved synergistic with respect to morphological maturation and several functions (e.g. NBT reduction), but complementary stimulation of other activities (e.g. chemotaxis, lysozyme content) could not be demonstrated. Furthermore, characteristics induced by DMSO (i.e., expression of C5a and FMLP receptors and accumulation of lysozyme) were inhibited by the addition of RA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

DMSO and retinoic acid induce HL-60 differentiation by different but converging pathways

The expression of c-myc and two calcium-binding proteins, MRP8 and MRP14, has been analyzed in wild-type and differentiation-resistant HL-60 variants. In HL-R5 cells, resistant to the induction of differentiation by retinoic acid but not DMSO, the characteristic c-myc down-regulation which is associated with HL-60 differentiation, as well as increased levels of MRP8 and MRP14, is detectable only after DMSO treatment. By contrast HL-D4 cells, which were selected for resistance to the induction of differentiation by DMSO alone, are actually resistant to both DMSO and retinoic acid. However, treatment of HL-D4 cells with DMSO results in a transient c-myc down-regulation in the absence of either growth arrest or induction of differentiation. Neither agent can induce an increase in the level of either MRP8 or MRP14 in HL-D4. The resistance of HL-D4 cells to DMSO and retinoic acid, and the different effects of these agents on c-myc RNA levels, despite their common effect on the expression of MRP8 and MRP14, suggest that the two agents act through different pathways which coverage before the onset of myeloid differentiation in HL-60 cells.     

Loss of transferrin receptors following induced differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells

Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and lymphoblastoid (Daudi) cells were studied: for transferrin receptors before and after induced differentiation with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium butyrate or retinoic acid. None of these reagents affected the morphology or presentation of receptors in Daudi cells, but many HL-60 morphologically matured to banded neutrophils and demonstrated a concomitant loss of transferrin binding, suggesting an important role for transferrin receptors in cellular differentiation.     

Dimethylsulfoxide exposure modulates HL-60 cell rolling interactions

Human leukaemic HL-60 cells are widely used for studying interactions involving adhesion molecules [e.g. P-selectin and PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1)] since their rolling behaviour has been shown to mimic the dynamics of leucocyte rolling in vitro. HL-60 cells are neutrophilic promyelocytes that can undergo granulocytic differentiation upon exposure to compounds such as DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). Using a parallel plate flow chamber functionalized with recombinant P-selectin-Fc chimaera, undifferentiated and DMSO-induced (48, 72 and 96?h) HL-60 cells were assayed for rolling behaviour. We found that depending on P-selectin incubation concentration, undifferentiated cells incurred up to a 6-fold increase in rolling velocity while subjected to an approximately 10-fold increase in biologically relevant shear stress. HL-60 cells exposed to DMSO for up to 72?h incurred up to a 3-fold increase in rolling velocity over the same shear stress range. Significantly, cells exposed for up to 96?h incurred up to a 9-fold decrease in rolling velocity, compared with undifferentiated HL-60 cells. Although cell surface and nuclear morphological changes were evident upon exposure to DMSO, flow cytometric analysis revealed that PSGL-1 expression was unchanged, irrespective of treatment duration. The results suggest that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells may be problematic as a substitute for neutrophils for trafficking studies during advanced stages of the LAC (leucocyte adhesion cascade). We suggest that remodelling of the cell surface during differentiation may affect rolling behaviour and that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells would behave differently from the normal leucocytes during inflammatory response in vivo.