VEINGLORY: EXPLORING PROCESSES OF BLOOD TRANSFER BETWEEN PERSONS

This article examines processes involved in blood donation and 'blood management' in an anthropological light. It claims that blood management is not restricted to the procedures that medical professionals employ on blood outside of bodies, but that 'management' practice is enforced by donors themselves onto their own internal bodily processes. It suggests that donation and transfusion centre on issues of time-management and production; concepts of temporal synchrony and investment are employed to explore the implications of this dimension of blood donation. By way of a comparison with gift-giving amongst Jains in India, this article argues for an 'overlapping' of – and dependency between – different economies within blood-banking processes. In examining the general processes involved in blood donation, it aims to provide the groundwork for future comparative analyses of blood-banking processes.     

IDENTICAL MAJOR GENE LOCI FOR HEAVY METAL TOLERANCES THAT HAVE INDEPENDENTLY EVOLVED IN DIFFERENT LOCAL POPULATIONS AND SUBSPECIES OF SILENE VULGARIS

Heavy metal tolerant Silene vulgaris plants, originating from different metalliferous sites in Germany and one in Ireland, were crossed to each other and to nontolerant plants from a nonmetalliferous site in The Netherlands. Analysis of the crosses suggested that there were two distinct major gene loci for zinc tolerance among a total of five tolerant populations. The tolerance loci for zinc, copper, and cadmium in the Irish plants were shown to be identical with those in the German populations. It is argued that the occurrence of common major genes for tolerance among different geographically isolated populations must have resulted from independent parallel evolution in local nontolerant ancestral populations. Each of the tolerances studied seems to be controlled by only a few specific major genes.     

AN ECOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF UPLAND DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN FORESTS OF CENTRAL TEXAS

Scrub evergreen forests cover most of the cedar breaks region of the Edwards Plateau of central Texas; however, limited strips of deciduous forests are found on north-facing slopes just below the limestone caprock. Dominant species occurring in the deciduous forests in descending order of importance include Quercus texana, Q. glaucoides, Juniperus ashei, Diospyros texana, Prunus serotina, Aesculus pavia, Juglans nigra, and Fraxinus texensis. Nineteen woody species were found in the deciduous forests. Forty-eight percent of the species were exclusive to the deciduous forest community. The deciduous forests had a statistically greater number of species/stand and a higher density. The deciduous species found in the strip forests had combined relative density, dominance and importance values of 59, 93 and 72%, respectively. Dominants in the evergreen forest were J. ashei and D. texana, which had relative density, dominance, and importance values totaling 90, 97 and 93%, respectively. Total dominance was the same for both communities; however, J. ashei dominance was 20 times higher in the evergreen forests. Soils of the deciduous forests were significantly deeper and rockier. Also, these soils had higher organic contents and water retention capacities. The potential field capacity (PFC) was 3.47 times higher for the deciduous forest soils resulting in a 2.36-fold increase in the water availability index (WAI). Factors regulating distribution and composition of the deciduous forest communities appear to be insolation and PFC, resulting in part from differences in topographic position.     

COMPARISON OF DISCRIMINATION ABILITY BETWEEN TASTE PANEL ASSESSORS

Expanded tables are presented for the selection of assessorsfor taste panels. These tables may also be used for comparingthe assessors' discrimination ability, after the panel sessionshave been completed. ^*Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, TheVolcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. 1976 Series, No. 159-E.     

THE COMPARISON OF QUANTITATIVE GENETIC PARAMETERS BETWEEN POPULATIONS

A statistical method for comparing matrices of genetic variation and covariation between groups (e.g., species, populations, a single population grown in distinct environments) is proposed. This maximum-likelihood method provides a test of the overall null hypothesis that two covariance component matrices are identical. Moreover, when the overall null hypothesis is rejected, the method provides a framework for isolating the particular components that differ significantly between the groups. Simulation studies reveal that discouragingly large experiments are necessary to obtain acceptable power for comparing genetic covariance component matrices. For example, even in cases of a single trait measured on 900 individuals in a nested design of 100 sires and three dams per sire in each population, the power was only about 0.5 when additive genetic variance differed by a factor of 2.5. Nevertheless, this flexible method makes valid comparison of covariance component matrices possible.     

A COMPARISON OF CHROMOSOME KNOB FREQUENCIES BETWEEN SYMPATRIC AND ALLOPATRIC POPULATIONS OF TEOSINTE AND MAIZE

Unrestricted gene flow would be expected to lead to similar chromosome knob frequencies in sympatric populations of maize and teosinte. Chi-square tests were therefore used to compare chromosome knob frequencies of 45 collections of Mexican teosinte, grouped according to six geographic regions, with sympatric and allopatric populations of maize. Comparisons of knob frequencies between sympatric and allopatric populations within each region produced an initial classification for each knob-forming position. Further comparisons for each knob position over all regions, led to an interpretation of results for sympatric populations of maize and teosinte in terms of gene flow, selection, differentiation, ancestral similarities, and ancestral differences. Within regions, a high number of knob positions suggesting gene flow was associated with a low number of knob positions suggesting recent differentiation, and vice versa. It is suggested that the teosinte populations most likely to represent unique sources of germplasm are those most susceptible to future genetic erosion by maize. These relationships may represent a general model applicable to a number of crop plants and associated weed races.     

利用正交方法进行藻类细胞生长抑制试验制定稳定塘入水标准的研究

藻类细胞生长抑制试验在单项毒物条件下进行时,常未考虑毒物对藻类细胞的联合作用（拮抗效应、叠加效应和协同效应）。本研究采用单项毒物试验和多种毒物同时存在时的正交试验（Ｌ１６＜４￣５＞）,评价了进入武汉市墨水湖中试稳定塘的主要污染物（硫化物、挥发酚、石油类）对羊角月牙藻的９６ｈ的毒性效应。结果表明,正交试验的ＥＣ５０值都比单项毒物试验低得多,其９６ｈＥＣ５０降低２０－８０％,受试的几种主要污染物对藻类有协同毒性效应或叠加毒性效应。采用正交试验方法进行藻类细胞生长抑制试验以制定稳定塘的入水标准,更接近真实。     

猪脾和马脾铁蛋白理化特性的比较

Ｈ＾＋,ＯＨ＾－均能参与猪脾和马脾铁蛋白铁核组成,迫使它们分别释放铁核中对酸碱不稳定的铁组份。在可见光谱中,猪脾和马脾铁蛋释放铁的动力学过程可分为一级快速反应和零级慢速反应,但猪脾铁蛋白释放铁一级反应速度明显大于马脾铁蛋白释放铁的一级反应的速率,推测这些现象均与各自蛋白的蛋白壳自身调节能力有着密切联系。     

波形蛋白、核纤层蛋白与排核关系的研究

以网织红细胞与K_(582)细胞融合形成的胞质体杂种细胞K-RRneo为研究对象,对Vimentin、Lamin蛋白与K-RRneo细胞分化排核的关系进行了研究。结果表明:随着K-RRneo细胞的分化,Vimentin mRNA、Lamin蛋白表达明显降低,与我们整装电镜观察及Western印迹分析所得到的结论相一致,证实了薛社普提出的Vimentin、Lamin蛋白在红系细胞分化排核中所起的作用,为最终阐明红系细胞分化排核机制提供了新线索。     

CONSTRAINTS ON REPRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT: A COMPARISON BETWEEN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL SNAKES

Life-history theory predicts that “costs” of reproduction may be important evolutionary determinants of reproductive investment; previous studies on reptiles indicate that decrements to maternal mobility may be among the most important components of such costs. Biomechanical models suggest that reproductive investment in aquatic snakes may be constrained by the important locomotory role of the posterior part of the body during swimming: carrying eggs or offspring in this region would more seriously impair locomotory efficiency in swimming than in terrestrial lateral undulation. If this constraint is important, aquatic snakes would be expected to have lower clutch masses relative to body mass than terrestrial species and to carry the clutch in a more anterior position (commencing at the same proportion of maternal body length anteriorly, but not extending as far posteriorly). Comparisons between aquatic and terrestrial snakes of several families confirm these predictions. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this pattern of reduced reproductive investment has evolved independently in each of the four ophidian lineages that contain marine species (acrochordids, homalopsine colubrids, laticaudid sea snakes, and hydrophiid sea snakes). Although it thus seems likely that these patterns represent adaptations to aquatic versus terrestrial life, the nature of the selective forces involved remains speculative. The hypothesis based on locomotory impairment of gravid females has better empirical support than any alternative hypothesis, as it successfully predicts modifications in the position of the clutch within the female's body, as well as overall reduced reproductive investment.     

L-精氨酸与精胺延缓大麦离体叶片衰老效应的比较

L-精氨酸和精胺均具有延缓大麦离体叶片叶绿素、蛋白质和核酸含量下降的作用。L-精氨酸具有良好的渗透性和移动性。但其最适浓度高于精胺100倍,作用时间也滞后于精胺。L-精氨酸可使叶片内多胺含量增加,多胺合成抑制剂ABA则削弱L-精氨酸延缓叶片衰老的作用。L-精氨酸转变成具有强烈生理活性的多胺可能是其作用机理之一。     

O-10THE ACCURACY OF CERVICAL CYTOLOGY: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE THINPREP IMAGING SYSTEM AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS

Douglass Hanly Moir is a large Australian laboratory which has recently introduced the ThinPrep Imaging System (TPI) for reading ThinPrep slides, which is still performed using a split-sample technique. The Imager is a computerized system which identifies 22 fields for the cytologist to review using automated light microscopy. We compared the accuracy of TPI and conventional cytology (CC) during normal laboratory operation. The ThinPrep sample was prepared after taking a conventional Pap smear. TPI and CC reading was done without knowledge of the result of the other reading. The final cytology report issued to the referring doctor reflected the more severe of these two results. Histology results for all cases in which TPI and CC cytology results showed more than minimal disagreement were sought from the NSW Pap Test Register. Of 55 164 split sample pairs, 3.1% of CC of slides and 1.8% of TPI slides were unsatisfactory. There were 1758 women for whom there was more than minimal discrepancy between TPI and CC cytology results. TPI gave the more severe result in 1193 of the 1758 cases. In cases where only one of each pair of discrepant cytology results was CIN1 or higher grade, TPI detected 133 cases of high-grade histology among 380 biopsies (35%), whereas CC detected 62 cases among 210 biopsies (29.5%). A repeat analysis based on reading of histology by one pathologist blinded to initial Pap smear result showed a similar result. Reading times were measured over 5 months for both TPI and CC for twenty cytologists who read both types of smears. On average, they read 13.3 TPI slides per hour and 6.1 CC slides per hour. This study provides evidence that cervical cytology read using the TPI detects more histological high-grade disease than does CC. Further evidence shows that reading times are significantly reduced for cytologists using the TPI.     

不饱和脂肪酸在牛、大鼠脑亚细胞组分中分布的比较

采用密度梯度离心等方法,从牛和大鼠脑组织中分别分离得到髓磷脂（A）、突触囊（B）、轻突触体（C）、重突触体（D）、线粒体（E）和微粒体（F）六个亚细胞组分。通过气相色谱－质谱联用手段和内标法测定了不饱和脂肪酸在各个亚细胞组分中的含量,结果表明牛和大鼠脑不饱和脂肪酸的亚细胞分布存在明显的差异。这种差异可能与动物种属、动物生活习惯等因素有关。