外生菌根真菌的共生互作和宿主选择机制研究进展

外生菌根真菌作为树木的共生伙伴,是森林生态系统重要组成部分,在森林天然更新、植物抗逆性形成、协助植物吸收限制性营养等方面扮演重要角色。真菌和植物跨界共生具有复杂的分子互作过程,在共生的不同阶段有不同的分子互作机制,其调控反馈网络还有许多未知。基因组与转录组研究技术和方法的进步,为一些新的信号分子、效应蛋白以及相关通路的发现提供了可能。真菌与宿主植物之间营养转移调控对共生的影响也逐渐受到关注,营养相关的转运蛋白对共生的建立和维持提供了物质基础。真菌的宿主选择机制是值得重点关注的领域,由于外生菌根真菌的多谱系起源和演化史中存在多次宿主转换事件,真菌演化出多样的应对机制用来区分相容性宿主、不相容性宿主和非宿主。通过对不同真菌与宿主植物的组学研究,宿主选择机制研究取得了一定进展。本文对近十年来国内外的研究报道进行梳理与总结,并对未来在该领域的探索方向做出展望。     

植物与内生真菌互作的生理与分子机制研究进展

在自然生态系统中,植物组织可作为许多微生物定居的生态位.内生真菌普遍存在于植物组织内,与宿主建立复杂的相互作用(互惠、拮抗和中性之间的相互转化),并且存在不同的传播方式(垂直和水平传播).内生真菌通过多样化途径来增强植物体的营养生理和抗性机能.但这种生理功能的实现有赖于双方精细的调控机制,表明宿主和真菌双方都进化形成特有的分子调控机制来维持这种互惠共生关系.环境因子(如气候、土壤性质等)、宿主种类和生理状态、真菌基因型的变化都将改变互作结果.此外,菌根真菌和真菌病毒等也可能普遍参与植物-内生真菌共生体,形成三重互作体系,最终影响宿主的表型.研究试图从形态、生理和分子水平阐述内生真菌与植物互作的基础.     

典型农田土壤中丛枝菌根真菌-根际细菌互作及与氮磷利用的关系

在农业生态系统中,土壤微生物是土壤-作物系统养分循环的重要驱动力,其中丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscularmycorrhizalfungi,AMF)能够促进作物对养分的吸收,适应逆境胁迫。【目的】进一步揭示AMF和根际细菌群落的跨界网络互作,挖掘与作物氮磷利用显著相关的关键微生物类群,揭示关键类群的生态网络特征。【方法】利用Illumina测序技术对3种典型农田旱地土壤(黑土、潮土和红壤)中AMF和根际细菌群落结构进行分析;构建互作网络并利用偏冗余分析、相关性分析探究了与氮磷利用相关的潜在关键类群。【结果】3种土壤中AMF与根际细菌均以正相互作用为主。不同土壤中AMF与根际细菌互作关系差异明显,在红壤中跨界互作最为密切,其中球囊霉属真菌(Glomus)与根际细菌中的放线菌(Actinobacteria)和变形菌(Proteobacteria)之间的交互作用最多。而在黑土中主要体现为根际细菌的界内互作。与氮磷利用率显著相关的关键微生物类群主要属于球囊霉属真菌、放线菌和α变形菌。【结论】典型旱地土壤中AMF与根际细菌的正相互关系对作物氮磷利用有潜在促进作用,关键类群在有机质和养分贫乏的红壤中可能起到更重要的作用。     

植物与病原真菌互作机制研究进展

植物与病原真菌之间的互作是当今植物病理学研究的热点问题之一,相关的研究有望为植物抗病机制的解析和抗病品种的选育奠定理论基础。我们从形态、细胞、生理生化和分子等水平综述了植物与病原真菌互作机制的研究进展。     

从细胞内共生到多尺度共生：回顾与展望

基于共生概念的历史变化,目前人们普遍接受了广义共生概念。即共生是包含互利共生（mutualism）、偏利共生（commensalism）和拮抗/寄生（antagonism/parasitism）的共生连续体。本文简述了近20年间,全球9次国际共生学术大会取得的重要成果,对细胞内共生、时间、空间以及多种互作尺度共生关系的研究利用进展进行了评述。同时展望了一些活跃共生领域的研究概况,如共生失调 （dysbiosis）、植物-微生物-昆虫三角共生关系（plant-microbe-insect triangle）、细菌-真菌互作（bacterial- fungal interaction,BFI）、菌根菌-真菌内生细菌-植物多方共生联盟（multipartite symbiosis consortium）以及与共生相关微生物组的集合群落（metacommunity）研究及应用等。共生（symbiosis）正成为当代生物学的核心原则,正以一种与更宏大系统方法相一致的概念,从根本上改变了传统上的一些生物学概念,如孤立性的个体（individuality）概念。基因组测序和高通量RNA技术分析揭示,动、植物与共生微生物的重要互作,打破了迄今为止生物个体的特征边界,挑战了这些学科的定义;共生不仅是一对一的互利共生关系,共生实际是多种共生模式的连续共生体。此外,植物-昆虫-微生物互作的三角关系;菌根-真菌-真菌内生细菌-植物的多方联盟等新关系的发现,更把生命科学推向了快速发展的方向。这些科学进展不仅对生物科学的遗传学、免疫学、进化、发育、解剖学和生理学的研究至关重要,拓宽了新的视野,而且对农业中生物制剂研发,人类微生物组的管理及调控,以及对发酵食品及工业微生物生产的设计和管理将产生积极影响。     

菌根真菌与兰科植物互作的组学研究进展

兰科植物因其具有丰富的物种多样性和重要的社会经济价值,多年来一直是植物学及生态学界的重点研究对象.菌根真菌对兰科植物的种子萌发、营养吸收和种群动态等多个方面都具有十分重要的作用,因而近年来受到越来越多的关注.探究菌根真菌与兰科植物互作的内在机制是目前兰科菌根研究的一大热点领域,同时也为兰科植物野生资源保护和种群恢复提供...     

双功能乙醛/乙醇脱氢酶AdhE参与细菌与宿主互作的机制研究进展

双功能乙醛/乙醇脱氢酶AdhE具有乙醛脱氢酶和乙醇脱氢酶的催化活性,是细菌乙醇厌氧发酵途径中的关键酶之一。近年,有关细菌与宿主相互作用的研究表明,AdhE在细菌适应宿主内环境变化和发挥毒力时具有重要的调控作用。本文对AdhE参与调控细菌感染宿主的致病机制和参与细菌对宿主免疫功能调节的作用机制进行综述,以期为AdhE的功能研究提供新的思路。     

蒙古栎根内及根围土壤中共生真菌和细菌群落组成分析

为探究中国东北地区森林根系和根围土壤中共生真菌的分布状况,分析了黑龙江省五大连池市蒙古栎Quercus mongolica纯林中根内及根围土壤中共生真菌和细菌群落的组成。结果表明,根内真菌的1 295个OTUs中有209个OTUs为共生真菌,隶属于36属,相对丰度25.46%;根围土壤真菌1 513个OTUs中有285个OTUs为共生真菌,隶属于40属,相对丰度59.91%;根内与根围土壤共同拥有共生真菌33属,根内特有3属,根围土壤特有7属。其中,外生菌根真菌为根内和根围土壤中共生真菌的主要类群,分别占共生真菌的98.82%和99.80%。定殖根内的细菌共获得5 550个OTUs,隶属于400属;根围土壤细菌获得8 406个OTUs,隶属于436属,根内细菌群落的Shannon指数和Chao1指数均低于根围土壤的。PICRUSt功能预测分析结果表明,根内的信号转导通路与信号分子和相互作用通路（包括CAM配体、ECM-受体相互作用等通路）的丰度低于根围土壤,而膜运输通路与信号分子和相互作用通路（包括细菌毒素、细胞抗原等通路）的丰度高于根围土壤。根内与根围土壤中菌根辅助细菌组成差异分析结果表明,除慢生根瘤菌属 Bradyrhizobium外,根内其余9属的相对丰度均高于根围土壤,尤其假单胞菌属 Pseudomonas的相对丰度远高于根围土壤。     

兰科植物种子共生萌发真菌多样性及共生萌发机制研究进展

自然环境下,兰科植物种子细小无胚乳,需要和适宜的真菌共生才能萌发,因而与真菌有天然的共生关系。自身繁殖率低加之近年来栖息地环境破坏导致兰科植物资源更加濒危,而通过筛选适合的真菌进行种子的共生萌发可以有效地实现兰科植物的种质保育及濒危种类野生居群的生态恢复。本文对地生型、附生型以及腐生型等兰科植物已发现的萌发真菌的多样性进行了系统地梳理,发现担子菌门的胶膜菌科、角担菌科以及蜡壳耳目真菌为已报道共生萌发真菌的主要类群;同时对兰科植物种子的共生萌发机制,包括形态学机制、营养机制和分子机制等方面的相关研究进行了归纳论述,但是当前关于兰科植物和真菌互作机制方面的研究还相对较少,许多问题需要进一步明确。本文对共生萌发真菌在兰科植物保育和繁育中的应用以及共生萌发机制的研究等方面具有一定的参考价值。     

盐胁迫下外生菌根真菌与根际有益细菌互作对杨树光合特性的影响

以美洲黑杨幼苗为对象,利用盆栽试验,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下研究单接种和双接种外生菌根真菌红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocamus chrysenteron,简称Xc)、溶磷细菌恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida,简称JW-SX1)和菌根辅助细菌蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,简称HB59)对杨树幼苗的气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光和光响应曲线参数的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫下,接种Xc、JW-SX1及HB59的杨树幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)显著增强,且均显著高于对照,而单接JW-SX1和双接Xc+JW-SX1处理的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)低于对照,但与对照相比差异不显著;各接种处理显著增强了杨树的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但处理之间差异不显著性;不同接种处理杨树的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)与对照(CK)差异不明显,其中接种HB59和Xc+JW-SX1处理分别高于对照14.36%和19.33%;同时接种处理还明显提高了宿主的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观有效利用效率(YAQ),降低了光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(RD),且双接种菌根真菌Xc和JW-SX1处理效果更为明显。研究发现,外生菌根真菌、溶磷细菌和菌根辅助细菌可通过改善叶片叶绿素荧光和光合参数、光响应参数来减轻盐胁迫对宿主造成的伤害,从而提高杨树的耐盐性能力。     

植菌昆虫与其共生真菌协同进化分子机制

昆虫菌业（fungiculture）是一种类似于人类种植业的昆虫种植体系,包括种植、耕作、收获和营养依赖4个过程,可分为高级的社会性昆虫如切叶蚂蚁、白蚁等和低级的非社会性昆虫如食菌小蠹虫、卷叶象甲、蜥蜴甲虫、树蜂等,它们均能种植并取食真菌。近年来随着组学及微生物组技术的发展,植菌昆虫与其共生真菌协同进化的分子机制研究方面取得了重要进展。系统发育分析阐明了植菌昆虫的起源与进化历程,并显示出与共生真菌系统发育的一致性;共生真菌细胞核数量也从双核增加到最多17个核,而染色体倍型也从单倍体增加为二倍体甚至多倍体;组学分析则揭示了植菌昆虫与其共生真菌在精氨酸、碳水化合物、木质素及几丁质合成或降解等方面显示出了高度的协同进化。本文系统综述了植菌昆虫及其共生真菌的系统进化、核进化及基因组进化进展,并探讨这种协同进化机制的生物学意义。     

城市植物挥发性有机化合物排放与臭氧相互作用及其机制

近地面臭氧(O₃)已成为继PM_2.5后影响我国空气质量的一种重要二次污染物。随着氮氧化物浓度的持续下降和气候变暖的加剧,城市O₃的形成对挥发性有机化合物的浓度更加敏感。近年来城市绿色空间显著增长,植物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)排放和浓度逐年增加。针对BVOCs与近地面O₃之间复杂的交互作用,从植物BVOCs的特性与作用出发,综述了不同因素尤其是O₃浓度增加对树木生理状态及BVOCs排放速率的影响,定量分析了已有研究中O₃对不同植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率的影响,以及BVOCs对O₃形成的贡献,总结了BVOCs与O₃相互作用研究领域存在的不足。未来亟需加强的研究包括：(1)城市树种BVOCs排放因子的实测,建立物种的排放速率数据库,优化模型参数,提升精细尺度BVOCs排放量估算模型精度;(2)多种环境因子,比如污染物浓度、温湿度等对城市植物BVOCs排放的交互作用和综合影响的研究;(3)植物BVOCs对O     

Ophiostomatoid fungi can emit the bark beetle pheromone verbenone and other semiochemicals in media amended with various pine chemicals and beetle-released compounds

Fungal volatile compounds can mediate fungal-insect interactions. Whether fungi can emit insect pheromones and how volatile chemicals change in response to chemicals the fungi naturally encounter is poorly understood. We analyzed volatiles emitted by Grosmannia clavigera (symbiont of the mountain pine beetle) and Ophiostoma ips (symbiont of the pine engraver beetle) growing in liquid media amended with compounds that the fungi naturally encounter: (−)-α-pinene, (+)-α-pinene, (−)-trans-verbenol, verbenone, or ipsdienol. Nine volatile compounds were identified among the fungal and amendment treatments. Volatiles qualitatively and quantitatively differed between fungal species and among amendment treatments. The bark beetle anti-aggregation pheromone (−)-verbenone was detected from both fungi growing in (−)-trans-verbenol-amended media. G. clavigera and O. ips can emit beetle pheromones and other beetle semiochemicals, suggesting that ophiostomatoid fungi could contribute to the chemical ecology of bark beetles. However, such contributions could be modulated by the presence of other environmental chemicals.     

大型真菌光受体及其功能研究进展

真菌通过光受体感受光信号,光除了调控大型真菌生理周期、形态变化和代谢产物产生外,还是大多数大型真菌原基分化和子实体生长的必要条件。本文对近年来大型真菌的光反应和光受体研究进行了概述。大型真菌中光受体研究目前仅限于WC-1同源蛋白,WC-1既有对光信号应答的能力,同时作为转录因子,又能激活下游基因的表达,但是不同物种中可能存在不同的靶基因。wc-1基因敲除造成裂褶菌、蛹虫草子实体发育阻断。光受体及其作用机制的研究将为大型真菌子实体发育机制研究奠定基础。     

Link between spatial structure of microbial communities and degradation of a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds in peat biofilters

AIMS: To investigate the relationships between the operation of the volatile organic compound (VOC) removal biofilter and the structure of microbial communities, and to study the impact on degradation activities and the structuring of microbial communities of biofilter malfunctions related to the qualitative composition of the polluted air. METHODS AND RESULTS: A microbiological study and a measurement of biodegradation activities were simultaneously carried out on two identical peat-packed columns, seeded with two different inocula, treating polluted air containing 11 VOCs. For both reactors, the spatial structure of the microbial communities was investigated by means of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. For both reactors, stratification of degradation activities in function of depth was observed. Oxygenated compounds were removed at the top of the column and aromatics at the bottom. Comparison of SSCP patterns clearly showed a shift in community structure in function of depth inside both biofilters. This distribution of biodegradation activities correlates with the spatialization of microbial density and diversity. Although the operating conditions of both reactors were identical and the biodegradation activities similar, the composition of microflora differed for biofilters A and B. Subdivision of biofilter B into two independent parts supplied with polluted air containing the complex VOC mixture showed that the microflora having colonized the bottom of biofilter B retained their potential for degrading oxygenated compounds. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlights the spatialization of biodegradation functions in a biofilter treating a complex mixture of VOCs. This distribution of biodegradation activities correlates with the spatialization of microbial density and diversity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This vertical structure of microbial communities must be taken into consideration when dealing with the malfunctioning of bioreactors. These results are also useful information about changes in microbial communities following natural or anthropogenic alterations in different ecosystems (soils and sediments) where structuring of microbial communities according to depth has been observed.     

大气有机氮沉降研究进展

大气氮素沉降是全球氮素生物地球化学循环的一个重要部分,包括干?湿沉降两种,以无机态和有机态形式发生沉降。长期以来由于受研究方法的限制,国际上对大气氮素沉降的研究多集中在无机态氮的沉降上,忽视了对有机态氮形式发生的沉降,因而造成了人们对大气氮素沉降总量的低估。在全面总结国内外文献的基础上,综述了大气有机态氮沉降的研究进展,具体包括大气有机氮的来源、种类?雨水有机氮的测定方法?有机氮沉降对大气氮沉降总量(氮沉降总量=无机氮沉降 有机氮沉降)的贡献,以及有机氮沉降可能的生态效应等。最后,指出了今后我国大气有机氮沉降研究需要加强的主要方面。     

Seed inoculation with beneficial rhizobacteria affects European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) oviposition on maize plants

Larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) cause significant damage to maize ears and reduce market value of fresh sweet corn. Females rely on volatile cues to locate and oviposit preferentially on maize plants. In addition, oviposition behavior of females is influenced by soil management practices as they usually lay more eggs on maize plants grown on conventional soil than on organic soils that harbor rich microbial diversity. Since some plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to mediate plant health via suppression of soil pathogens and enhanced uptake of nutrients; we hypothesized that inoculation of maize seeds with PGPR will alter emission of maize volatile and reduce the attractiveness of plants to ovipositing O. nubilalis. Plants treated with the single PGPR strain Bacillus pumilus INR‐7, two PGPR mixtures (Blend‐8 or Blend‐9) or untreated plants were presented to O. nubilalis females in oviposition choice bioassays. Headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the plants were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Ostrinia nubilalis laid significantly fewer eggs on PGPR‐treated plants compared to untreated plants. In two‐choice oviposition experiments, significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid on untreated plants compared to PGPR‐treated plants. PGPR‐treated plants emitted fewer VOCs than untreated plants which, in part, explains the relatively fewer eggs on PGPR‐treated plants. These results indicate that selected PGPR treatments can alter maize plant volatiles with important ramifications for plant‐insect interactions. The implication of this finding is discussed in the context of integrated management of soil health to improve crop resistance to biotic stressors.     

Interactions between wood-inhabiting fungi and termites: a meta-analytical review

The foraging behavior and survivorship of termites are modified by the presence of wood-inhabiting fungi. Nonetheless, it is not clear if these interactions are beneficial, negative, or neutral for termites. We conducted a meta-analytical review to determine if the presence of wood-inhabiting fungi affects the foraging behavior and survivorship of termites. Overall, the presence of wood-inhabiting fungi in a resource used by termites was positive, increasing resource consumption by 120%, and aggregation behavior by 81%. The presence of fungi also increased termite trail-following by approximately 200% and increased survival by 136%. The results varied, however, according to the type of fungi evaluated. Decay fungi and sap-stain fungi elicited positive responses in termites, whereas molds did not affect the consumption of cellulose by termites. Amongst the decay fungi group, white-rot fungi caused the strongest and most positive response in all termite behaviors evaluated, although brown-rot fungi is known to be preferred by termites. The results of our study, therefore, suggest that wood-inhabiting fungi are potential facilitators of the foraging behavior and survivorship of termites. These results have great implications for termite biocontrol, as well as for knowledge of the ecological aspects of termite–fungi interactions.     

Phenotypic responses to microbial volatiles render a mold fungus more susceptible to insect damage

In decomposer systems, fungi show diverse phenotypic responses to volatile organic compounds of microbial origin (volatiles). The mechanisms underlying such responses and their consequences for the performance and ecological success of fungi in a multitrophic community context have rarely been tested explicitly. We used a laboratory‐based approach in which we investigated a tripartite yeast–mold–insect model decomposer system to understand the possible influence of yeast‐borne volatiles on the ability of a chemically defended mold fungus to resist insect damage. The volatile‐exposed mold phenotype (1) did not exhibit protein kinase A‐dependent morphological differentiation, (2) was more susceptible to insect foraging activity, and (3) had reduced insecticidal properties. Additionally, the volatile‐exposed phenotype was strongly impaired in secondary metabolite formation and unable to activate “chemical defense” genes upon insect damage. These results suggest that volatiles can be ecologically important factors that affect the chemical‐based combative abilities of fungi against insect antagonists and, consequently, the structure and dynamics of decomposer communities.