ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的免疫原性评价

目的评价ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗在昆明健康人群接种的免疫原性,为流脑防治策略提供依据。方法 2010年对昆明市2岁!3、岁!、4岁!、5岁!、6岁!、10岁!、≥15岁共7个年龄组分层随机抽取筛选出654名健康人,分别采集免前和免后1个月血清。用微量杀菌力试验(TTC法)分别检测血清中抗A、C、Y和W135群脑膜炎球菌杀菌抗体的水平。结果免后1个月抗A、C、Y和W135群脑膜炎球菌的杀菌抗体阳转率分别为96.99%、96.37%、88.43%和87.07%,抗A、C、Y和W135群膜炎球菌血清的杀菌抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶297.991、∶195.80、1∶72.74和1∶45.95。结论 ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗在≥2岁以上的健康人群中有较好的免疫原性。     

2～59岁健康人群接种ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的免疫原性观察

目的评价ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗在2～59岁健康人群中的免疫原性。方法 2～59岁健康人群接种者随机抽样(n=60),接种一剂四价脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗。采集接种前和接种后1个月血清,采用体外杀菌试验(Serum bactericidal assay,SBA)检测血清中抗A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌滴度。结果免疫前、后血清抗A群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌滴度GMTs(95%CI)分别为1241(736,2091)和7559(5520,10351)(P<0.05);抗C群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌滴度GMTs(95%CI)分别为4(9,21)和4787(2947,7775)(P<0.05);抗W135群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌滴度GMTs(95%CI)分别为16(9,28)和368(162,883)(P<0.05);抗Y群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌滴度GMTs(95%CI)分别为120(58,246)和1373(687,2745)(P<0.05)。免疫前和免疫后血清抗A群脑膜炎球菌的杀菌滴度≥128的比例分别为87(77.4,95.1)%和100(83.2,100)%;抗C群脑膜炎球菌的比例分别为17(8.3,28.5)%和97(88.5,99.6)%;抗W135群脑膜炎球菌的比例分别为13(5.9,24.6)%和68(55.0,79.7)%;抗Y群脑膜炎球菌的比例分别为57(43.2,69.4)%和85(73.4,92.9)%。免疫后较免疫前抗A群、C群、W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌杀菌抗体滴度≥4倍升高的比例分别为50(27.2,72.8)%、97(88.5,99.6)%、62(43.2,73.9)%和55(41.6,67.9)%。结论虽然免疫前人群由于地方和国家免疫计划的实施已具有较高水平的抗A群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌滴度,但接种ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗后可以使其保护水平进一步提高,并使人群对C群、W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌的低水平杀菌抗体滴度均显著升高达到保护水平,证明ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗在2～59岁健康人群中具有比较好的免疫原性。     

河南省健康儿童A、C、Y和W135群流行性脑脊髓膜炎抗体水平回顾性调查

目的观察从未接种脑膜炎奈瑟菌疫苗的健康儿童人群抗体水平。方法采用血清体外杀菌试验检测来自2013年河南省3月龄~6岁儿童的1 944份血样中抗A、C、Y和W135群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(简称流脑)抗体水平,计算抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)和易感人群比例,并进行统计分析。结果研究结果显示,受试者A、C、Y和W135群流脑血清抗体GMT为1∶0.66~1∶1.74,易感人群比例为91.82%~97.63%;不同性别人群血清抗体GMT和易感人群比例差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。进一步分析发现,不同年龄组受试者A、C和W135群流脑杀菌抗体GMT和抗体滴度≥1∶8人群比例均无统计学意义(P0.05)。在6~23月龄受试者中Y群流脑杀菌抗体GMT(1∶3.42)和抗体滴度≥1∶8人群比例(17.51%)显著高于3~5月龄和2~6岁两个年龄组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3月龄~6岁儿童A、C、Y和W135群流脑抗体水平均较低,为减轻儿童免疫负担,建议对这类易感人群接种多价流脑结合疫苗。     

儿童2剂水痘疫苗不同间隔免疫程序的比较

目的了解水痘疫苗2剂不同间隔时间免疫程序的安全性及免疫原性。方法按照随机、双盲的原则,选择符合条件的1~3岁、4~6岁、7~12岁儿童各200名,每个年龄组按照2剂间隔3个月和6个月的免疫程序,分别接种2剂冻干水痘减毒活疫苗。观察各组接种后的不良反应率,用膜抗原荧光抗体法(FAMA)检测疫苗接种前、后血清抗体阳转率、GMT水平和平均增长倍数。结果接种2剂水痘疫苗后,总体不良反应率在4%~13%;同年龄组不同间隔时间接种2剂疫苗后,不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义;不同年龄组间不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。同年龄组不同间隔时间免前及接种2剂后,血清GMT水平差异均无统计学意义;同年龄组接种1剂与2剂水痘疫苗的血清GMT水平,两者间差异有显著性统计学意义。接种2剂水痘疫苗的GMT增长倍数高于接种1剂。不同间隔时间接种第2剂水痘疫苗后抗体阳转率差异无统计学意义;同年龄组接种2剂后抗体阳转率高于接种1剂,两者差异有统计学意义。结论间隔3个月和6个月接种第2剂水痘疫苗,在安全性及免后GMT水平、增长倍数及抗体阳转率等4个方面,两者差异均无统计学意义。     

A＋C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的制备及其接种人体后的血清学效果

在现行的A群脑膜料球菌多糖原液制造工艺的基础上,经部分改进后进行C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液的生产。3批中试A＋C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗经全面检定后,各项指标均符合WHO《生物制品规程》的要求。该疫苗在接种人体后,5－13岁儿童组,抗A群及抗C群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌抗体4倍增长率为96．59％和92．15％;≤2岁儿童组,抗A群及抗C群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌抗体4倍增长率为68．60％和69．77％。2组儿童接种后1个月的抗A群及抗C群膜炎球菌血清杀菌抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）与接种前均有显著性差异（P＜0．001）。     

冻干伤寒Vi＋A群流脑二联多糖疫苗的研究

将现行伤寒多糖疫苗和A群脑多糖疫苗各1人份,联合后以乳糖为保护剂冻干,制备成1人份二联冻干疫苗。并对该疫苗进行鉴别试验、伤寒Vi多糖含量测定、A群流脑多糖磷含量测定、安全试验、冻干二联苗与单价苗Sepharose CL-4B柱层析图比较以及免疫保护效果、动物血清抗体滴度和稳定性试验。试验初步表明,该二联多糖疫苗是安全的,混合后不会引起各自的主要成份、免疫保护效果和抗体应答水平发生变化。即相互没有干扰。一年后各项指标检测表明稳定性良好。可以作为二联苗接种同时预防伤寒和A群汉脑所引起的传染。     

风疹减毒活疫苗主种子批毒种(松叶株)的安全性和免疫原性检测

评价兰州生物制品研究所用风疹病毒松叶株主种子批毒种制备的冻干风疹减毒活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。采用自身对照、开放性的免疫原性临床观察试验,对100名8～10月龄筛选后符合条件的健康易感儿童,皮下接种1剂风疹减毒活疫苗,观察其免疫后的局部和全身反应并采集每个受试者免前和免后35d的血清标本,检测风疹HI抗体,计算阳转率和几何平均滴度。试验中所有受试者在系统观察期内均未观察到注射部位局部的不良反应;总的发热率为5%,且均为轻度发热;有1例在观察期内出现腹泻和咳嗽并持续5d,发生率为1%,属中度全身反应;血清风疹病毒抗体(HI)阳转率为100%,GMT为1:638.7±1.7。该疫苗与国内、外其它种类的风疹疫苗一样具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

流感病毒裂解疫苗临床安全性和免疫原性研究

目的了解流感病毒裂解疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。方法按整群随机抽样原则,对上海市200名18~60岁健康成人进行疫苗接种后临床安全性指标(局部反应、全身反应)的监测。用微量血凝抑制试验检测血清HI抗体,比较血清抗体阳转率、抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)和增长倍数。结果接种疫苗72 h内局部反应率为7.00%;全身反应率为12.00%,其中发热反应率为7.50%,其他全身反应率为4.50%;均以轻度反应为主。H1N1、H3N2和B型免疫后抗体阳转率分别为63.49%、74.07%和56.08%,抗体GMT分别为1∶170.10、1∶128.85和1∶446.79,免疫后比免疫前分别增长到6.93倍、8.72倍和4.90倍。结论此流感病毒裂解疫苗的临床安全性和免疫原性均较好。     

重组(汉逊酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗副反应和抗体应答观察

观察重组(汉逊酵母)乙肝疫苗免疫儿童的副反应和抗体应答。按0、1、6月免疫程序,分别应用2批重组汉逊酵母疫苗和2批重组酿酒酵母疫苗,免疫221名6至12岁儿童,其中汉逊酵母疫苗1批(A)接种102人,另一批(B)接种26人,重组酿酒酵母疫苗1批(C)和另1批(D)分别接种74和19人。观察每次接种后的副反应和全程免疫一月后(T7)的抗体应答。儿童接种汉逊酵母疫苗后副反应发生率低,有个别出现发热反应,但均低于37.8℃,且为一过性。T7时4组儿童抗HBs血清阳转率均在96%以上,GMT范围在229.98～338.83IU/L之间。免疫A批疫苗儿童组抗体滴度(GMT)显著高于免疫C批疫苗组(270.33、229.98IU/L;P<0.05)。汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗具有较好的安全性,免疫儿童抗体应答水平较高。     

湘西少数民族健康人群脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫效果监测分析

目的了解湘西少数民族地区健康人群脊髓灰质炎(poliomyelitis,以下简称脊灰)免疫水平及1岁内儿童完成脊灰疫苗基础免疫后的免疫效果,为制定脊灰免疫策略提供科学依据。方法随机抽取湘西土家族苗族自治州345名健康人群调查脊髓灰质炎免疫水平,同时选择50名1岁内完成脊灰疫苗基础免疫1个月后的婴幼儿调查免疫成功率,采用微细胞中和试验检测脊灰中和抗体水平。结果 1岁内婴幼儿脊灰I型和III型中和抗体阳性率均为100%,I型和III型抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶916.51和1∶724.09。健康人群中脊灰I型和III型中和抗体阳性率分别为92.26%和97.39%,脊灰I型和III型GMT分别为1∶174.03和1∶95.84;同年龄组中I型GMT均高于III型,0～3岁组I型和III型GMT最高,各型GMT随着年龄的增长均呈现下降趋势。结论湘西土家族苗族自治州针对脊灰疫苗冷链运转情况好,疫苗接种质量与效果好,脊灰疫苗接种免疫成功率高,健康人群免疫状况良好,已形成牢固的免疫屏障,能有效地控制和阻断脊灰野病毒的传播。     

Immunological effectiveness of a dried group-A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine

The immunological effectiveness of dried group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, developed at the Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, for children aged 5-14 years was studied. The intensiveness of the immune response of children to 0.5 ml of the vaccine introduced in a single injection was evaluated by a rise in the level of agglutinating antibodies to group A meningococcal polysaccharide in the sera of the vaccinees 3-4 weeks after immunization with the following optimum doses: 25 micrograms for children aged 5-8 years, 50 micrograms for children aged 9-13 years and 75 micrograms for children aged 14 years and over. The vaccine was shown to be highly immunogenic. Antibodies to group A meningococcal polysaccharide were identified as IgM. These antibodies in a titer of 1:40 and higher could be detected in 90% of the vaccinated children in the younger age group, 7 months after immunization.     

A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗稳定性

目的评价A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液和成品的稳定性。方法分别将A群、C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液及A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗各选取连续3批,分别放置于37℃、20~25℃和2~8℃3种温度下,在一定的时间取样进行主要项目测定,在关键时间点进行全面检测。结果 A群结合疫苗原液于2~8℃保存9个月,20~25℃保存4周,37℃保存4 d;C群结合疫苗原液于2~8℃保存9个月,20~25℃保存6个月,37℃保存4周;A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗于2~8℃保存2年3个月,20~25℃保存6个月,37℃可以保存9周;各项检测指标均符合质量标准的要求。结论在2~8℃条件下,A群、C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液存放6个月,A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗存放2年,其质量稳定。     

Epidemiological characteristics of meningococcal infection in Cuba

The results of the epidemiological analysis of the morbidity rate in meningococcal infection for 1976-1984 are presented. The maximum rise of morbidity rate, equal to 14.4 per 100000 of population, was observed in 1983. Primarily, the rise of morbidity rate in 1979 was induced by meningococci of two serogroups: C (44.6%) and B (36.4%). The vaccinal prophylaxis of the population, carried out in 1979 with the use of polysaccharide vaccine A + C, did not affect morbidity caused by group B meningococci. The isolation rate of these organisms reached 98.7% from patients and 81.0% from carriers. The characteristic feature of the epidemic process of meningococcal infection in Cuba was a considerable increase in the number of patients under 1 year of age and the absence of seasonal fluctuations in morbidity rate.     

Safety, reactogenicity and immunological activity of a group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine for children 1-4 years old

In the controlled trial carried out among children aged 1-4 years, the safety, reactogenicity and immunological potency of group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine produced at the Gabrichevski? Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Moscow) were studied. The vaccine under test was introduced in two doses containing 15 and 25 micrograms of meningococcal polysaccharide. Both doses were shown to be safe, faintly reactogenic and immunologically potent. Systemic reactions were manifested by a transient rise in temperature to subfebrile levels in 19% and to 37.8-38.2 degrees C in 4.7% of the vaccinees. The temperature dropped to the normal level by the end of the first day following vaccination. At the site of injection skin hyperemia up to 2-3 cm in diameter was registered in 74% and up to 5-6 cm in diameter, in 6% of the vaccinees. Hyperemia disappeared on day 2 after vaccination. The production of antibodies to group A meningococcal polysaccharide occurred in response to both doses under test, and the elevated antibody level (in comparison to the initial one) was retained perceptibly longer in response to a dose of 25 micrograms; this dose, considering its low reactogenicity, was chosen as the optimal dose for children of the above age group.     

国产甲型肝炎灭活疫苗用于儿童免疫效果研究

为了探讨国产甲型肝炎灭活疫苗在儿童中应用的免疫效果,选择2～15岁抗-HAV阴性健康易感儿童91名作为接种对象,采用0、6程序接种国产甲型肝炎灭活疫苗250U／剂,观察免疫后的局部反应和全身反应,并于全程免疫后一个月检测抗-HAV阳转率和抗体GMT。结果91例观察对象在初免和加强免疫后均未见即时副反应,只在8～72小时内出现轻微的一过性局部和全身反应。全程免疫后一个月抗-HAV阳转率为100％。抗体GMT为14 407mIU／ml。国产甲肝灭活疫苗在儿童中应用具有良好的安全性和免疫原性,采用0、6个月程序可获得高滴度抗体。     

薄膜过滤法在A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗无菌检查中的应用

采用薄膜过滤法对A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的无菌检查方法进行验证.结果表明,薄膜过滤法具有取样量大,操作简便,污染几率小,能确保检验结果的准确性、有效性和重现性,该方法适用于A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的无菌检查方法.     

Seroprotection against serogroup C meningococcal disease in adolescents in the United Kingdom: observational study

Objective To determine the persistence of bactericidal antibody titres following immunisation with serogroup C meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine at age 6-15 years in order to examine changes in persistence of antibodies with age.Design Observational study.Setting Secondary and tertiary educational institutions in the United Kingdom.Participants Healthy adolescents aged 11-20 years previously immunised between 6 and 15 years of age with one of the three serogroup C meningococcal vaccines.Intervention Serum obtained by venepuncture.Main outcome measures Percentage of participants with (rabbit complement) serum bactericidal antibody titres of at least 1:8; geometric mean titres of serogroup C meningococcal serum bactericidal antibody.Results Five years after immunisation, 84.1% (95% confidence interval 81.6% to 86.3%) of 987 participants had a bactericidal antibody titre of at least 1:8. Geometric mean titres of bactericidal antibody were significantly lower in 11-13 year olds (147, 95% confidence interval 115 to 188) than in 14-16 year olds (300, 237 to 380) and 17-20 year olds (360, 252 to 515) (P<0.0001 for both comparisons). Within these age bands, no significant difference in geometric mean titres of bactericidal antibody between recipients of the different serogroup C meningococcal vaccines was seen. More than 70% of participants had received a vaccine from one manufacturer; in this cohort, geometric mean titres were higher in those immunised at aged 10 years or above than in those immunised before the age of 10.Conclusions Higher concentrations of bactericidal antibody are seen five years after immunisation with serogroup C meningococcal vaccine at age 10 years or above than in younger age groups, possibly owing to immunological maturation. This provides support for adolescent immunisation programmes to generate sustained protection against serogroup C meningococcal disease not only for the vaccine recipients but also, through the maintenance of herd immunity, for younger children.     

The quantitative immunochemical determination of pneumococcal and meningococcal capsular polysaccharides by light scattering rate nephelometry

A quantitative nephelometric method was used for the measurement of the individual pneumococcal, as well as meningococcal, polysaccharides in the polyvalent vaccine final containers. This method is simple, rapid, inexpensive, and provides both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the polyvalent polysaccharide vaccines. By this method the individual pneumococcal types, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6A, 7F, 8, 9N, 12F, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F and 25 polysaccharides, were found to be present at 90-114% of the manufacturer's indicated concentrations; meningococcal group A, C, Y and W135 polysaccharides were at 90-108% of the manufacturer's listed concentrations. This nephelometric method coupled with gel filtration can also be used for measurement of the molecular sizes or stability of individual polysaccharides in the final container. Pneumococcal polysaccharide types 3, 6A, 9N and 19F, used as representative types, were treated with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. The molecular sizes for types 3 and 9 N polysaccharides were stable to acid treatment. In contrast, types 6A and 19F polysaccharides were degraded. Heating meningococcal groups A, C, Y and W135 polysaccharides at 37 degrees C for 48 h did not affect their molecular size in the polyvalent vaccine.