水蓼不同提取液对一字纹稻苞虫的生物活性筛选

基于均匀设计法研究水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)全草的不同提取液对一字纹稻苞虫Parnara guttata Bremenet Grey的触杀和拒食活性。结果表明,乙醇浸提液对一字纹稻苞虫具有较高的触杀活性,48h的致死中浓度(LC50)为23.18mg·mL-1;水蒸汽蒸馏液对一字纹稻苞虫具有较强的拒食活性,24和48h的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为26.61和26.18mg·mL-1;丙酮浸提液对一字纹稻苞虫的触杀和拒食活性均不显著。54h的同时触杀和拒食活性浓度筛选的结果表明,乙醇浸提液70.02mg·mL-1和水蒸汽蒸馏液69.12mg·mL-1联合使用对一字纹稻苞虫同时触杀和拒食活性最好,死亡率达100%。     

茶皂素对菜青虫的拒食作用方式及机制

采用注射、熏蒸、点滴、饲喂、内吸等方法测定了茶皂素对菜粉蝶Ｐｉｅｒｉｓ　ｒａｐａｅ　Ｌ．５龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,茶皂素对５龄菜青虫具有很强的饲喂拒食活性,２４小时选择性拒食中浓度ＡＦＣ_(５０)为４０．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ,非选择性拒食中浓度为３２１．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ;并具有一定的内吸拒食作用,尤其是根部施药法内吸拒食活性较明显。茶皂素对菜青虫无显著的注射、熏蒸、点滴拒食作用。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素Ⅷ对烟粉虱的忌避与拒食活性

蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素Ⅷ和化学合成的吡啶-2,6-二羧酸(DPA)对烟粉虱成虫的忌避作用均表现出忌避与拒食活性。利用罩叶选择法测定了蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素Ⅷ和DPA对烟粉虱成虫的忌避与拒食活性。试验表明蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素Ⅷ和DPA对烟粉虱具忌避与拒食作用活性,100mg·mL-1毒素Ⅷ的忌避率与拒食率分别为41%和23%。     

螺旋粉虱产卵蜡泌物对香蕉网蝽的拒食活性

螺旋粉虱产卵分泌物所圈定的叶片范围可阻碍一些植食性昆虫如香蕉网蝽的取食。本文采用叶碟法测定了螺旋粉虱产卵分泌物中的芳香酯类、酚类和烷烃类物质对香蕉网蝽5龄若虫的拒食活性。结果表明:在10mg·mL-1质量浓度下,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯表现出较强的拒食活性,其次为3,5-二(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯丙酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸正辛酯和正十六烷,4,4’-亚甲基双(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)则没有拒食活性;浓度梯度试验显示,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对香蕉网蝽若虫的拒食活性随浓度增大而增强,拒食中浓度为0.929mg·mL-1;表明螺旋粉虱产卵分泌物中的芳香酯对一些植食性昆虫有很强的拒食活性,同时为植食性昆虫种间竞争关系提供了理论依据。     

关于黄曲条跳甲的寄主范围

通过非选择性试验方法,测定黄曲条跳甲Ｐｈｙｌｌｏｔｒｅｔａ ｓｔｒｉｏｌａｔａ（Ｆａｂｒｕｃｉｕｓ）在不同植物上的存活率,及番茄、茄子枝叶提取物对曲条跳甲的拒食作用结果表明,在供试的中,仅十字花科植物能使之正常存活,其他科的植物均全部或大量死亡,不可能作为黄曲条跳甲的寄主,甚至茄科的番茄、茄子提取物对黄曲条跳甲在显著的拒食作用,拒食率高达３０．９％和６０．５２％。从化学生态学的角度讨论了典曲条跳甲     

湘西黑藤藤中对小菜蛾幼虫有拒食活性化合物的分离与鉴定

为探明湘西黑藤Derric cavalerei 藤中对小菜蛾Plutella幼虫有拒食活性的化合物及其拒食活性,通过活性跟踪、利用柱色谱、借助核磁共振和质谱分离,鉴定了其拒食成分,并使用叶碟法测定各化合物的拒食活性.结果包括:首次从该植物藤中得到4个化合物,即isolonchcarpin,magnificol,oval...     

小果博落回中2种杀虫活性成分的分离及鉴定

以粘虫(Mythimna separata)3龄幼虫为试虫,采用生物活性示踪法从小果博落回(Macleaya microcarpa)乙醇提取物中分离纯化出2种活性成分,经MS1、H-NMR1、3C-NMR分析鉴定为二氢血根碱和二氢白屈菜红碱。采用小叶碟添加法测试了2种化合物对粘虫3龄幼虫的拒食及毒杀活性。结果表明,2种化合物对粘虫3龄幼虫均具有较高的拒食活性,48 h的拒食AFC50分别为0.168和0.231 mg.mL-1,同时,二氢血根碱对粘虫3龄幼虫具有一定的毒杀活性,96 h的LC50为0.085 mg.mL-1。分析认为二氢血根碱可能是小果博落回的主要杀虫活性成分之一。     

毛鱼藤酮与鱼藤酮杀虫活性的比较

毛鱼藤酮是从杀虫植物毛鱼藤根中分离的杀虫活性物质。以菜粉蝶、甘蓝蚜、柑桔全爪螨、小菜蛾和黄曲条跳甲为试虫比较测定了毛鱼藤酮与鱼藤酮的毒杀、拒食、生长发育干扰和忌避产卵活性。结果表明：毛鱼藤酮的杀虫活性依昆虫种类而异,对柑桔全爪螨、小菜蛾、黄曲条跳甲的活性与鱼藤酮相当,其LC₅₀没有显著差异,而对甘蓝蚜和菜粉蝶的活性显著低于鱼藤酮。毛鱼藤酮和鱼藤酮对昆虫均具拒食活性,但前者比后者弱。毛鱼藤酮还与鱼藤酮一样对昆虫有一定的生长发育干扰和忌避产卵作用。NADH 泛醌氧化还原酶抑制活性测定结果显示,毛鱼藤酮的抑制活性低于鱼藤酮,二者抑制中浓度（IC₅₀）分别为5.27 nmol·mL^-１和2.58 nmol·mL^-１。根据拒食、受药途径和酶抑制的试验结果分析认为,毛鱼藤酮在浸叶处理时对某些昆虫有较高杀虫活性是由于其比鱼藤酮有较低的拒食活性,导致虫体摄入药剂量增加所致。     

马齿苋干粉提取物对棉蚜的毒杀和拒食活性

采用9种极性不同的溶剂利用冷浸法从马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)干粉中制备提取物,测定了其对棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)的毒杀和拒食活性.浸渍法实验结果表明,处理24h后,马齿苋甲醇提取物对棉蚜的毒杀活性最高,LC50为6.63 mg·Ml-1(以干粉计,下同);二氯甲烷提取物在质量浓度为100mg·Ml-1时对棉蚜的拒食率最高,达83.03%.处理48 h后,丙酮提取物对棉蚜的毒杀活性最高,LC50为1.88mg·Ml-1;二氯甲烷提取物在质量浓度为100mg·Ml-1时拒食率仍表现为最高,达83.97%.在质量浓度为25mg·Ml-1时,以石油醚提取物的拒食率最高,处理24和48 h对棉蚜的拒食率分别达到71.25%和81.20%.     

多根乌头中二萜生物碱成分

为研究多根乌头(AconitumkarakolicumRapaics)中二萜生物碱成分,本研究采用正反相硅胶柱和高效液相等色谱分离方法,从中分离得到15个二萜生物碱;通过多种波谱手段以及文献对比的方法鉴定其结构分别为aconitine(1),3-deoxyaconitine(2),16-epipyroaconine(3),neoline(4),indaconitine(5),14-benzoyl-8-O-methylaconitine(6),spicatineA(7),15-α-hydroxyneoline(8),taurenine(9),14-benzoylaconine(10),14-benzoylaconine-8-oleate(11),lappaconitine(12),beiwudine(13),13-hydroxyfranchetine(14)和8-O-linoleoyl-14-benzoylaconine(15),化合物3~15为首次从该植物中分离得到。采用MTT法和叶碟法分别考察了部分化合物的抗肿瘤和拒食活性,化合物14-benzoylaconine-8-oleate(11)对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞、人肺癌H460细胞、肝癌HepG2细胞的IC50值分别为11.9、27.6和31.8μM。乌头碱型的二萜生物碱aconitine(1)、3-deoxyaconitine(2)、indaconitine(5)和beiwudine(13)表现出一定的拒食活性的活性(EC50<2mg/cm^2)。     

植物粗提物对褐稻虱成虫取食的影响

分别用31科47种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物处理的稻株饲养褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugensStal成虫,研究对褐稻虱成虫的拒取食作用。结果表明,大多数供试植物提取物对褐稻虱有一定程度的拒取食效果。大蒜、苦楝油、白花非洲山毛豆的提取物对褐稻虱成虫拒食效果最好,24h后的拒取食率分别达89.19%、75.63%与63.74%。薇甘菊、蟛蜞菊、荚竹桃、含羞草、鱼尾葵、艾蒿、人心果和走马箭8种植物提取物拒取食率均达50%以上。相反,莎草、鸡矢藤、甘草、飞机草、地肤、水葫芦、华南毛蕨、假连翘、鼬瓣草、尾叶桉和白花丹11种植物提取物对褐稻虱成虫取食具有一定的刺激作用。     

四种植物提取物对艳婀珍蝶四龄幼虫取食选择的影响

用索氏抽提的方法,对薇甘菊(MikaniamicranthaH.B.K)、飞机草(Chromolaenaodorata(L.))、港种矮脚奶白菜(BrassicachinensisL.)和南丰45天油青菜心(BrassicaparachinensisBailey)分别用甲醇、丙酮和正己烷进行提取,提取物对艳婀珍蝶4龄幼虫进行取食选择测定。试验结果表明,薇甘菊的不同溶剂提取物对艳婀珍蝶4龄幼虫的诱食率较高,其中对甲醇提取物的选择性最强,24h和48h诱食率分别为93.65%和96.64%。4种植物中以丙酮提取物含有较多吸引艳婀珍蝶幼虫的共同物质。白菜和菜心的正己烷提取物对艳婀珍蝶4龄幼虫有拒食作用。     

三叶蔓荆子提取物对小菜蛾的拒食活性

室内测定了三叶蔓荆子(Vitex trifolia(L.))叶片提取物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)3龄幼虫的拒食活性。非选择性试验结果表明,三叶蔓荆子的不同溶剂(乙酸乙酯、石油醚、氯仿和乙醇)提取物对小菜蛾均有一定的拒食作用。4种提取物对小菜蛾的毒力顺序为:乙酸乙酯提取物>石油醚提取物>氯仿提取物>乙醇提取物。选择性试验表明,乙酸乙酯提取物对小菜蛾24、48h的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为2 520、3240mg.L-1。室内盆栽试验结果表明,施用乙酸乙酯提取物(10000mg.L-1)3d后甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata)植株上3龄小菜蛾的虫口减退率可达72.76%。     

九牛造杀虫活性成分研究

无公害农药具有杀虫活性高、无污染、与环境相容性好等特点,开发此类农药具有重要意义[1,2].     

杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对蔬菜害虫小菜蛾的生物活性

采用95%乙醇对杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)根皮进行热提取,以叶片浸渍法和点滴法测定了提取液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)的杀虫活性及其作用方式.结果显示,杠柳乙醇提取液稀释100倍处理对小菜蛾3龄和4龄幼虫24 h后的非选择性拒食率分别为87.3%和96.3%;100倍液浸叶饲喂处理对小菜蛾2龄幼虫72 h后的校正死亡率为80%,对小菜蛾3龄幼虫24 h和48 h后的生长抑制率为100%.杠柳乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫具有较高的生物活性,其作用方式包括拒食作用、胃毒作用和生长抑制作用.此外,乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫还有一定的触杀和内吸效应,并对小菜蛾成虫产卵有明显的忌避活性,但对小菜蛾卵没有杀伤作用.     

Repellent Activity of n-Hexane, Ethylacetate, n-Butanol, and Water Extracts of Native Plants against Aedes albopictus

ABSTRACT n -Hexane, ethyl acetate, n -butanol, and water extracts of seventeen native plants (Taraxacum Platycarpum leaf, Artemisia prinseps leaf, Artemisia keiskeana whole, Chrysanthemum zawadskii whole, Petasites japonicus leaf, Allium tuberosom leaf, Lonicera japonica stem and leaf, Cassia obtussifolia whole, Hydrangea macrophylla leaf, Clivia miniata leaf, Pinus densiflora leaf, Taxus cuspidatas fruit, Thuja orientalis leaf, Juniperus chinensis stem, Zanthoxylum schinifolium peel, leaf, Citrus unshiu and Picrasma quassioides stem and leaf) were tested for repellent activity against Aedes albopoctus. The extracts of T. Platycarpum leaf ( n -hexane, BuOH, H₂O), A. prinseps leaf ( n -hexane, BuOH, H₂O), A. keiskeana whole ( n -hexane, BuOH, H₂O), L. japonica stem (BuOH, H₂O), L. japonica flower (H₂O), H. macrophylla leaf (BuOH, H₂O), C. miniata leaf (EtOAC), P. densiflora leaf ( n -hexane, BuOH), Z. schinifolium peel (EtOAC), Z. schinifolium leaf (EtOAC BuOH, H₂O) and P. quassioides leaf ( n -hexane, H₂O) exhibited excellent repellent activity against Aedes albopitus.     

紫茎泽兰对五种苦苣苔科植物化感作用的初步研究

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）为菊科一种入侵性极强的外来杂草, 现已在我国西南部地区蔓延生长, 并侵入多种苦苣苔科植物的生境。中国苦苣苔科植物均已收入《中国物种红色名录》, 其中部分已被列为国家重点保护物种。为了解紫茎泽兰对本土苦苣苔科植物生长的影响, 作者分别采用其根、茎、叶水提液(8%)对3属5种苦苣苔科植物, 即刺齿唇柱苣苔（Chirita spinulosa）、荔波唇柱苣苔（C. liboensis）、烟叶唇柱苣苔（C. heterotricha）、芒毛苣苔（Aeschynanthus acuminatus）和台闽苣苔（Titanotrichum oldhamii）的幼苗进行处理。结果表明, 紫茎泽兰叶水提液对刺齿唇柱苣苔、荔波唇柱苣苔和烟叶唇柱苣苔均有不同程度的化感作用, 其中对刺齿唇柱苣苔的化感作用最为明显, 当叶水提液在培养基中的浓度为2.4%、3.2%和4.0%时, 刺齿唇柱苣苔幼苗的生长完全受到抑制。紫茎泽兰的茎水提液对台闽苣苔有一定程度的化感作用, 当提取液在培养基中的浓度为1.6%时, 对台闽苣苔幼苗生长的抑制效应达到40%。紫茎泽兰叶和茎水提液对芒毛苣苔幼苗生长无明显的化感作用, 紫茎泽兰根水提液对5种苦苣苔科植物也均无显著影响。由此可知, 紫茎泽兰对唇柱苣苔属和台闽苣苔属的植物有一定的化感作用, 而对于芒毛苣苔属无明显的影响。分析结果显示, 紫茎泽兰对岩生苦苣苔科种类要比附生于树上的近缘种化感作用更为明显。     

Antifeeding Active Substances for Insect in Plant

The survey of the presence of chemical resistant factors in plants against the larvae of Spodoptera litura F. was examined. In addition, the antifeeding diterpenes were surveied from thirteen species of plants that belong to Verbenaceae family. Finally isolated thirteen antifeedants and one derivative were examined the antifeeding activity for the larvae by the leaf disk method.     

Antifeedant activity of numb and salty taste compounds against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Helicoverpa armigera, an important polyphagous insect pest in agriculture, attacks more than 200 plant species of more than 30 families. Our previous study showed that the choice feeding percentages of H. armigera larvae to tobacco leaf discs treated with sweet, bitter, and hot taste substances were higher than the control leaf discs, while numb and salty substances could significantly inhibit their feeding. To quantitatively determine the synergistic effect of numb and salty substances, in this paper, the antifeeding activities of numb and salty substances and their mixtures blended in different doses or volume ratios were assayed on H. armigera larvae. The first bioassay was designed to elucidate the relative feeding preference of the larvae to the leaves from several common host species, each paired with tobacco leaf discs, and the result indicated that the most preferred host leaf by the larvae was tobacco leaf, followed by cotton and peanut leaves, suggesting that tobacco leaf was the most suitable matrix for the antifeeding bioassay, and the larval consumption of maize, pepper, or tomato leaves were significantly lower than that of tobacco leaf. The second bioassay was to test the choice feeding response of H. armigera larvae to tobacco leaf discs treated with Zanthoxylum bungeanum extracts obtained with different solvents, and the result showed that the antifeeding activity of the alcohol extracts was the strongest (93.38%), and the leaf consumption in the treatment and the control showed extremely significant difference (t = 4.23, t_0.01 = 3.25, P = 0.0022), followed by the dichloromethane extracts (47.64%), while the other three solvents (water, acetone, and n-hexane) could not extract the active antifeeding components from Z. bungeanum. The larval consumption of tobacco leaf discs treated with the alcohol extracts of Z. bungeanum and NaCl solution were significantly less than their corresponding controls. The mean larval consumption of the treated leaf discs decreased with ever-increasing dosage, and the consumption of tobacco leaf discs coated with different doses of alcohol extracts of Z. bungeanum or NaCl solution showed extremely significant difference (F_{alcohol extract of Z. bungeanum} = 3.88, F_0.01 = 3.58, P = 0.0064; F_{NaCl solution} = 54.29, F_0.01 = 3.58, P = 0.0000), with maximum antifeeding effects at a dosage of 30 μL per 1.5 cm ID leaf disc. We further tested the larval consumption of tobacco leaf discs treated with alcohol extracts of Z. bungeanum in saturated NaCl solution mixed in different volume ratios, and the result showed that the choice antifeeding percentages of the treatments with 15 μL or more Z. bungeanum alcohol extracts were higher than 90%, among which the mixture with 25:15 volume ratio of Z. bungeanum alcohol extracts and saturated NaCl solution exhibited the strongest antifeeding activity, and the mean consumed leaf area of tobacco leaf discs coated with this blend was only 0.10 mm². In the further test on feeding dose-response of the 25:15 mixture, the mean leaf consumption decreased linearly with ever-increasing dosage, with a regression equation y = ?3.9356x + 120.78(R² = 0.9998), and the 30 μL dose could completely inhibit H. armigera feeding.     

岩生植物金发草对作物的化感效应

采用生物测定法研究金发草根、茎、叶水浸提液对水稻、小麦、油菜和莴苣等4种受体植物的化感作用。结果表明,金发草根、茎、叶水浸提液对4种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均具化感作用,且随着水浸提液浓度的增高而增强。除水稻外,小麦、油菜、莴苣的发芽速率均受金发草水浸提液的显著抑制,但对最终发芽率影响不显著,说明金发草对植物种子萌发的化感作用主要是延迟种子发芽时间;金发草对作物幼苗生长的化感作用总体上表现为促进地上部分生长而抑制地下部分的生长。受体植物不同发育期对金发草化感作用的敏感程度不同,幼苗期高于萌发期;金发草叶的化感作用最强,其综合效应分别为根与茎的2.14倍和2.56倍。