Micronutrient optimization results into highly improved in vitro plant regeneration in kodo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum scrobiculatum</Emphasis> L.) and finger (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eleusine coracana</Emphasis> (L.) Gaertn.) millets

Basal medium constituents and their concentration play an important role in growth and morphogenesis of plant tissues cultured in vitro. In this study effect of different inorganic nutrients (CoCl₂, MnSO₄, ZnSO₄, CuSO₄ and AgNO₃) on callus induction and plant regeneration in Paspalum scrobiculatum and Eleusine coracana was examined. A 5× and 3× increase in regeneration response at enhanced levels of CuSO₄ was noted for kodo and finger millets, respectively. Significant improvement in plant regeneration was also observed with the increase in levels of Co and Mn. Addition of AgNO₃ to the basal medium also had a stimulatory effect on callus induction and plant regeneration. Optimization of nutrient level in the basal medium has highly significant role in obtaining maximum regeneration response from explants and callus culture.     

Влнянне характера эаселення ноля капустноii совкоii(Barathra brassicae L.) эффективноеть трихограммы (Trichogramma evanescens Westw.) (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae; Hymenoptera,Trichogrammatidae)

TSWV belongs to the genus Tospovirus which was established in the family Bunyaviridae, a family of animal viruses. Besides TSWV, Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and ground nut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) were established as different Tospovirus species. Tospoviruses have quasispherical particles of 85 nm diametre which are surrounded by a membrane and contain 3 RNA species and 4 structural proteins. In Tospovirus infected plant cells virions were detected in cavaties of the endoplasmatic reticulum and additionally amorphous electron dense material accumulates in infected cells. Defective forms of TSWV lack the ability to form complete virus particles. TSWV is the only plant pathogenic virus that is transmitted by thrips which transmit the virus with different efficiency. The virus has an extensive plant host range of more than 360 different species. The developing symptoms depend on the Tospovirus species, the virulence of the virus strains and the environmental conditions.

Based on the reaction of TSWV isolates with N‐specific polyclonal antisera, 3 serogroups were established. The most frequently used technique for serologically based diagnosis of Tospoviruses is DAS ELISA with N‐specific or preadsorbed antisera against complete virus. For TSWV epidemiology distinct weeds and cultural host plants play an important role for the survival of virus and vector. Breeding for resistance is the most important preventive measure of control.     

应用白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana(Bals.) Vuill.)防治大豆食心虫(Grapholitha glycinivorella Mats.)的初步研究

1.白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana(Bals.)Vuill.)是大豆食心虫幼虫的寄生性真菌。自然寄生率5—10％,有时可达30％以上,是造成大豆食心虫幼虫自然死亡的有力因素之一。 2.白僵菌的发育及孢子发芽温度是18—28℃,其中以25—28℃最为适宜。适宜的发芽湿度要在99％以上。在土壤中如果温度适宜(25—28℃)土壤含水量10％以上就可以引起幼虫显著寄生。 3.幼虫体沾着一定数量的病菌孢子可以引起大量死亡,如果幼虫体上沾着孢子数4944个以上则可致100％寄生,不足此数的,寄生率成比例地降低。菌粉在太阳光照射下6天后寄生力受到影啊,30天以后寄生作用已极小。病菌对于带菌的幼虫虽可同样寄生,但寄生能力要比直接使幼虫接触孢子要小得多。 在室温下的菌粉中,病菌的生活力(致病力)可以保持一年左右。 4.利用白僵菌防治大豆食心虫的效果是:室内不论菌粉浓度及用量多少,寄生率均达100％。小区试验可致幼虫寄生70.19—100％,田间防治可以提高幼虫寄生30.15—36.11％,降低成虫羽化49.83—69.8％。 5.作者认为:利用白僵菌防治大豆食心虫是有希望的。今后是对于大量繁殖病菌的方法,施用药剂时期及与农药混用以提高效果有进一步研究之必要。     

一个四倍体杂种——兴国红鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)×草鱼(Ctenopharyngoden idella Cuv. et Val.)

在自然界中,存在一些天然多倍体鱼类,如银鲫和某些鳉科鱼类5,这些事实引起了鱼类遗传育种界的重视,启发人们去进行多倍体育种的探索。       

Cryopreservation of grapevine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis</Emphasis> spp.)—a review

Grapevine (Vitis genus) is one of the economically most important fruits worldwide. Some species and cultivars are rare and have only a few vines, but represent national heritages with a strong need for preservation. Field collections are labor intensive, and expensive to maintain, and are exposed to natural disasters. In addition, infection with pathogens, especially viruses, is common in grapevine because of vegetative propagation, which is conventionally used for this genus. Cryopreservation provides an alternative and ideal means for the long-term preservation of Vitis germplasm, which can be used as a backup to field collections for important autochthonous cultivars or only as cryo-banks for rare, native cultivars that are worthy of preservation. Cryotherapy, based on cryopreservation protocols, provides an efficient method for the eradication of grapevine viruses. This review provides comprehensive and updated information on cryopreservation for long-term preservation of genetic resources and cryotherapy for virus eradication in Vitis. Additional research in grapevine cryopreservation and cryotherapy is needed.     

假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro.)Hack.)种质资源改良研究进展

假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro.)Hack.)是主产于中国的世界著名的暖季型草坪草.全面系统地研究假俭草在遗传多样性和抗性生理等各方面的变异变化规律对于开发利用假俭草种质资源具有十分重要的意义.在综述假俭草种质资源的收集、整理和初步评价的基础上,重点介绍了近年来国内外在其遗传多样性(包括形态水平、细胞水平和分子水平)、抗性生理、育种进程和栽培管理措施等方面的研究进展.     

Tritrophic Interactions Between Transgenic Potato Expressing Snowdrop Lectin (GNA), an Aphid Pest (Peach–Potato Aphid; Myzus Persicae (Sulz.) and a Beneficial Predator (2-Spot Ladybird; Adalia Bipunctata L.)

Tritrophic interactions between transgenic potato expressing the insecticidal lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA), an aphid pest, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and a beneficial predator, the 2-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.) were investigated. Clonal plants expressing GNA at 0.1–0.2% total soluble protein in leaves were used. No significant effects on development and survival of ladybird larvae fed on aphids from these transgenic plants were observed, with larval survival in the experimental group being 90% compared to 89% for controls. There were also no effects on subsequent female or male longevity. Female fecundity was also investigated. Although no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in egg production between control and experimental groups, a 10%, reduction (p < 0.01) in egg viability (determined by % hatch) occurred in ladybirds fed aphids reared on transgenic plants. Additional studies were carried out using aphids fed on artificial diet containing GNA, to deliver quantified levels of the protein to ladybird adults. GNA had no deleterious effects upon adult longevity, but resulted in a consistent trend for improved fecundity. Egg production was increased by up to 70% and egg viability also increased significantly. The results suggest that GNA is not deleterious to ladybirds. Results from these studies highlight the need to discriminate between direct and indirect effects when studying tritrophic interactions between plants/pests/natural enemies. Furthermore, it emphasises the importance of demonstrating cause and effect.     

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)

<正>苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)是世界重要的苹果害虫,原产于欧洲中南部,现在已经入侵世界5大洲71个国家。该入侵昆虫1953年首次报道在中国新疆发现,目前已入侵新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、黑龙     

假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.)Hack.)种质资源改良研究进展

假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.)Hack.)是主产于中国的世界著名的暖季型草坪草。全面系统地研究假俭草在遗传多样性和抗性生理等各方面的变异变化规律对于开发利用假俭草种质资源具有十分重要的意义。在综述假俭草种质资源的收集、整理和初步评价的基础上,重点介绍了近年来国内外在其遗传多样性(包括形态水平、细胞水平和分子水平)、抗性生理、育种进程和栽培管理措施等方面的研究进展。     

云南栘(木衣)(Docynia delavayi(Franch.)Schneid.)黄酮成分研究

本文首次对采自云南西双版纳的栘(木衣)树皮的主要成分进行了研究,从其乙醚提取物中分离出四种黄酮类化合物,通过NMR、MS和IR等波谱手段,鉴定出它们分别为:白杨素(Chrysin,Ⅰ),柚皮素(Naringenin,Ⅱ),槲皮素(Quercetin,Ⅲ)和广寄生甙(Avicularin,Ⅳ)     

ПРИСПОСОБЛЕНИЯ К ПЛАНИРОВАНИЮ ПЕРЕДНИХ КОНЕЧНОСТЕЙ У ЛЕТЯГИ(Pteromys volans L.)

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Differential Induction of β-1,3-Glucanase Gene in Expression of Partial Resistance to Rust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Uromyces fabae</Emphasis> (Pers.) de-Bary) in Pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.)

The present study highlights differential induction of pathogenesis related protein PR-2 (β-1,3- glucanases) in expression of rust resistance in pea using different resistant and susceptible recombinant inbred lines of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The enhanced levels of glucanase expression was noted in resistant genotypes at 24 h post inoculations that was negatively correlated (–0.54) with Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and positively correlated (0.67) with lignin accumulations. A significant role of structural defence mechanism in rust resistance in pea was evident from reduced colony size and lesser number of haustorium per colony in resistant lines as well as their negative correlations with lignin accumulation and AUDPC. Gene specific markers indicated constitutive nature of glucanase and peroxidase genes in test genotypes, though differential expression of the glucanase activity was observed in the resistant and susceptible genotypes. However, association of peroxidases with resistance to pea rust is yet to be established due to its non-specific role in slow rusting in pea. The result showed a significant role of β-1,3-glucanase in expression of rust resistance in pea.     

Daily weather response of balsam fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies balsamea</Emphasis> (L.) Mill.) stem radius increment from dendrometer analysis in the boreal forests of Québec (Canada)

Daily stem radial growth of balsam fir [ Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] was studied between 1998 and 2001 using automated point dendrometers to investigate meteorological influence. By dividing the dendrometer day-night variation, the diurnal growth pattern was resolved into the three phases of (1) contraction, (2) expansion and (3) stem radius increment (SRI). The entire circadian cycle (4) defined by the three previous phases was considered as a fourth phase. The mean weather conditions of each phase were compared with the SRI using simple correlation and response function analysis. It was found that the weather conditions prevailing from 1600/1700 hours to 0800/0900 hours corresponding with the expansion-SRI phases had greater impact on SRI. Response function results confirmed most of the correlation analyses and explained up to 95% of the variance of the SRI series. Total rainfall in phases 2, 3 and 4 was correlated positively with SRI, and hence verifies the importance of daily water balance. The importance of water was also demonstrated by the negative effect of high vapour pressure deficit of phase 2, decreasing the possibility of cell radial expansion. The maximum temperature of phase 3 was the only temperature variable having a positive impact on SRI suggesting that night temperature was more important than day temperature in controlling radial growth. These results may influence the process of cell enlargement and reflect only the mechanical aspect of growth.     

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)×狼尾草(Pennisetum sp.)胚胎发育的细胞学观察

1.狼尾草花粉可以在水稻柱头上萌发并能长入胚囊,但受精过程缓慢而且不正常,单受精现象经常出现。2.胚胎发育滞缓,长时间停留在球状胚阶段,很难进一步分化,而且不时败育,只在传粉后16—24天的一些胚囊中看到有简单分化的胚胎。3.胚乳发育异常,由游离核形成细胞的时间推迟到传粉后第八天。整个胚乳组织由形状及功能上均有很大差异的细胞团块组成。其中一部分细胞缺乏合成淀粉的能力,胚乳在发育过程中不时出现解体现象。4.在反足细胞附近的一些珠心细胞中出现多量淀粉积累,反映因杂交而出现的胚囊代谢上的某些变化。讨论了胚和胚乳发育困难的原因和得到杂种种子的可能性。     

山东湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.)两新变种

记载了分布于山东省的两个湖北海棠的地理变种,泰山海棠与原变种区别于叶缘锯齿较钝较小,果实紫红色,直径约0.6 cm,花较小,直径不足2 cm;平邑甜茶与原变种区别于叶片较大,平展,锯齿大而钝,叶脉较多,较直行, 花萼齿披针形,长于萼筒。     

红花(Corthamus tinotorius L.)和党参(Codonopsis pilosula Nannf.)的核型研究

本试验采用常规压片技术,对两种应用较广的中药材——红花和党参的染色体核型进行了分析,其结果报道如下: 1.红花(图1):淋细胞染色体数为2n=24,有10对染色体具中部着丝点,1对具随体(表1),2对染色体为亚中部着丝点。核型公式为:2n=24=20m(2SAT)+4sm。染色体绝对长度介于1.990μm-3.483μm之间,相对长度变动幅度为3.663—4.649。     

黑竹冲河小裳蜉(Leptophlebia sp.)和蜉蝣(Ephemera sp.)周年生产量

大型底栖动物在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用。2003年6月至2004年6月间对汉江流域2级河流--黑竹冲河大型底栖动物群落优势种类的生产力进行了为期一周年的调查研究。结果表明,主要优势种小裳蜉(Leptophlebia sp.)和蜉蝣(Ephemera sp.)的生活史均为一年两代,蜉蝣的两个代之间界限比较明显;小裳蜉成虫羽化主要发生在秋季和冬季,而蜉蝣成虫羽化主要发生在夏季和冬季。小裳蜉和蜉蝣种群的生物量和多度均出现两次峰值。采用体长频率法(size-frequencymethod)测算的周年生产量分别为:小裳蜉,38.0362g·m^-2·a^-1,P/B为11.4;蜉蝣,76.0318g·m^-2·a^-1,P/B为11.8。     

甘薯蚁象Cylas formicarlus(F.)

<正>甘薯蚁象隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera锥象科Brenthidae,是危害甘薯的重要害虫,成虫和幼虫均危害甘薯,而以幼虫在薯块内取食危害最为严重,常造成甘薯产量损失达20%以上。成虫体长5~8 mm,体形类似蚂蚁,所以也叫甘薯蚁象。前胸、触角末节和足桔红色,身体其余部门为蓝黑色有金属光泽。头部延伸成喙,触角10节;前胸长为宽的2倍,基部1/3处缢缩成颈状;腹部长卵形,鞘翅隆