Revision of the class Sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species

The benthic deep-sea class Sorberacea (Tunicata) is revised. All known species are redescribed and figured and seven new species are added. Diagnoses of the genera Sorbera, Gasterascidia, Oligotrema and Hexadactylus are given. The new generic name Hexadactylus replaces Hexacrobylm and a tabular key to the 12 species is provided. Hypotheses about the evolutionary processes in the Sorberacea are proposed and a comparison with Ascidiacea is given. The geographical distribution of sorberacean species and biogeographical affinities are discussed. The bathymetric distribution is particularly large since this class is characteristic of deep-sea bottoms.     

黑眉锦蛇消化道6种酶的组织化学定位

目的研究黑眉锦蛇消化道酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、过氧化物酶(POX)、非特异性酯酶(NSE)、腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)等酶的分布。方法消化道分8个部位取材,应用冰冻切片、石蜡切片、酶组织化学技术及光密度定量分析。结果 ACP主要分布于十二指肠至回肠的黏膜上皮,十二指肠和空肠酶活性显著较高(P<0.05);ALP分布于食管、十二指肠至回肠的黏膜上皮,十二指肠酶活性最高(P<0.05);POX和NSE在整个消化道黏膜上皮和黏膜固有层中均有分布,胃幽门和直肠酶活性较低(P<0.05);ATPase在消化道除直肠未检测到酶活性外,其它部位均有分布,以十二指肠酶活性最高(P<0.05);SDH除食管未检测到酶活性外,其它部位均有分布,胃中胃腺部酶活性较高(P<0.05)。结论黑眉锦蛇消化道黏膜酶的分布同其它动物有相似之处,也有其自身特点。不同酶的分布和消化道各部位的生理机能密切相关。     

Fluorescent histochemistry of the teleost gut: Evidence for the presence of serotonergic neurones

Summary The guts of the teleosts Myoxocephalus scorpius, Pleuronectes platessa and Clupea harengus were examined using fluorescent histochemistry and the innervation compared to that in mammals and other lower vertebrates. In Myoxocephalus and Pleuronectes both green and yellow fast fading fluorescent nerves were found in the intestine. To test whether the yellow nerves might be serotonergic, an attempt was made to extract 5-HT from the intestine of these fish in a region where enterochromaffin cells were absent. Chromatography of extracts showed the presence of 5-HT, and, in Myoxocephalus, dopamine.     

中华蟾蜍消化道6种酶的组织化学定位

目的研究中华蟾蜍消化道酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)、非特异性酯酶(NSE)、过氧化物酶(POX)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)等6种酶的分布。方法在消化道的8个部位取材,采用冰冻切片技术、石蜡切片技术、酶的组织化学方法和光密度定量分析。结果 ACP主要分布于胃贲门中贲门腺部,十二指肠和回肠中酶反应呈弱阳性。ALP主要分布于食管、十二指肠至回肠的粘膜上皮,十二指肠酶活性最高。ATPase在消化道各部位均有分布,胃中胃腺部和回肠粘膜上皮酶活性显著较高(P0.05)。NSE和POX在整个消化道粘膜上皮和粘膜固有层均有分布,胃各部位酶活性显著较低(P0.05)。SDH除在食管和直肠酶活性显著较低外,其它部位均有大量分布,十二指肠和回肠酶活性显著较高(P0.05)。结论中华蟾蜍消化道粘膜6种酶的分布同其它动物有相似之处,也有其自身特点。6种酶在消化道中的分布与消化道各部位的生理机能密切相关。     

Presence of chromosomal elements resembling the composite structure Tn3701 in streptococci.

Tn3701, carried by Streptococcus pyogenes A454, is the first chromosomal composite element to be described; it contains in its central region Tn3703, a transposon similar to Tn916. A comparison by DNA-DNA hybridization of Tn3701 with omega(cat-tet) and Tn3951, carried by Streptococcus pneumoniae BM6001 and by Streptococcus agalactiae B109, respectively, revealed that the two latter structures are also Tn3701-like composite elements. The DNAs of 27 other antibiotic-resistant group A, B, C, and G streptococci and of S. pneumoniae BM4200 showed sequence homologies to Tn3701 (14 strains, including BM4200), to the regions of Tn3701 outside of Tn3703 (5 strains), and to Tn916 alone (8 strains). The DNAs of five strains did not detectably hybridize with any probe. The tetM gene was identified in most chromosomal genetic elements coding for tetracycline-minocycline resistance. Since Tn3701-like elements are widely disseminated among antibiotic-resistant streptococci (47% of the 34 strains studied), we propose that Tn3701 be considered the prototype of chromosomal composite elements.     

催乳素及其受体样免疫活性在文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织的分布

用兔抗人催乳素多克隆抗体和鼠抗人催乳索受体单克隆抗体对文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织进行免疫组织化学研究。结果显示:催乳素免疫活性细胞及催乳素受体定位在文昌鱼脑泡、神经管、哈氏窝、轮器、内柱、消化管和性腺(卵巢和精巢),表明催乳素在文昌鱼有广泛分布,并且从进化观点来看,证明催乳素是一种高度保守的古老激素。双重免疫染色进一步揭示催乳素及其受体免疫反应阳性物质共存于同一卵母细胞胞膜和胞质以及精巢中精原细胞、初级与次级精母细胞和Sertoli细胞。研究结果首次证明了文昌鱼脑泡和哈氏窝以及其它组织能够合成和分泌催乳素,表明像脊椎动物一样,催乳素可能参与调节文昌鱼体内代谢和对环境的适应以及性腺发育,提示文昌鱼可能出现原始的脑泡-哈氏窝(催乳素)-靶细胞调控轴的雏形。本研究为文昌鱼哈氏窝内分泌学以及催乳素的起源与演化提供新的基础资料。     

棘胸蛙消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位

We studied the distribution and density of the endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Paa spinosa using immunohistochemical method (streptavidin-peroxidase method) using eight gut hormone antisera.The 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the digestive tract with the highest density in the stomachus pyloricus,the second highest in the duodenum,fewer in the oesophagus,stomachus cardiacus and rectum.The gastrin immunoreactive cells were located mainly in the stomachus pyloricus and occasionally in different parts of the intestine.The somatostatin immunoreactive cells occured mainly in the stomach,frequently in the stomachus pyloricus,and occasionally in different parts of the intestine.The pancreatic polypeptide immunoreaetive cells were found with the highest density in the duodenum,the second highest in the stomachus cardiacus,and rarely in the rectum.No immunoreactive cells were observed with the antisera to glucagon,substance P,growth hormone and calcitonin,but there were glucagon and substance P mucosal nerve plexus throughout the digestive tract,and both with the highest density in the duodenum[Acta Zoologica Sinica 49(6):858-864,2003].     

Glycoconjugate histochemistry of the digestive tract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triturus carnifex</Emphasis> (Amphibia,Caudata)

Summary In this study, the variety of sugar residues in the gut glycoconjugates of Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Caudata) are investigated by carbohydrate conventional histochemistry and lectin histochemistry. The oesophageal surface mucous cells contained acidic glycoconjugates, with residues of GalNAc, Gal β1,3 GalNAc and (GlcNAc β1,4) _n oligomers. The gastric surface cells mainly produced neutral glycoproteins with residues of fucose, Gal β1-3 GalNAc, Gal-αGal, and (GlcNAc β1,4) _n oligomers in N- and O-linked glycans, as the glandular mucous neck cells, with residues of mannose/glucose, GalNAc, Gal β1,3 GalNAc, (GlcNAc β1,4) _n oligomers and fucose linked α1,6 or terminal α1,3 or α1,4 in O-linked glycans. The oxynticopeptic tubulo-vesicular system contained neutral glycoproteins with N- and O-linked glycans with residues of Gal-αGal, Gal β1-3 GalNAc and (GlcNAc β1,4) _n oligomers; Fuc linked α1,2 to Gal, α1,3 to GlcNAc in (poly)lactosamine chains and α1,6 to GlcNAc in N-linked glycans. Most of these glycoproteins probably corresponds to the H⁺K⁺-ATPase β-subunit. The intestinal goblet cells contained acidic glycoconjugates, with residues of GalNAc, mannose/ glucose, (GlcNAc β1,4) _n oligomers and fucose linked α1,2 to Gal in O-linked oligosaccharides. The different composition of the mucus in the digestive tracts may be correlated with its different functions. In fact the presence of abundant sulphation of glycoconjugates, mainly in the oesophagus and intestine, probably confers resistance to bacterial enzymatic degradation of the mucus barrier.     

重口裂腹鱼消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学鉴别和定位

重口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax davidi）俗称“雅鱼”,属鲤科,裂腹鱼亚科,主要分布于大渡河、青衣江水系上游,以动物性食性为主。因其生长缓慢,肉质鲜嫩,深受人们喜爱。随着捕捞强度的增大和自然生态环境的破坏,其资源量急剧下降。目前大多数学者使用哺乳动物抗血清对鱼类消化道内分泌细胞进行了鉴别和定位,在硬骨鱼和软骨鱼的胃肠胰中分别发现了17种和20种内分泌细胞。[第一段]     

Distribution of endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Alligator sinensis during the active and hibernating period

The digestive tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body; the distribution pattern of endocrine cells varies with different pathological and physiological states. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distributed density of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), gastrin (GAS), somatostatin (SS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactive (IR) cells in the digestive tract of Alligator sinensis during the active and hibernating period by immunohistochemical (IHC) method. The results indicated that 5-HT-IR cells were distributed throughout the entire digestive tract, which were most predominant in duodenum and jejunum. The density increased significantly in stomach and duodenum during hibernation. GAS-IR cells were limited in small stomach and small intestine. The density decreased significantly in small stomach during hibernation, while increased in duodenum. What's more, most of the endocrine cells in duodenum were generally spindle shaped with long cytoplasmic processes ending in the lumen during hibernation. SS-IR cells were limited in stomach and small stomach. The density increased in stomach while decreased in small stomach during hibernation, meanwhile, fewer IR cells occurred in small intestine. VIP-IR cells occurred in stomach and small stomach. The density decreased in small stomach, while increased in stomach during hibernation. These results indicated that the endocrine cells in different parts of digestive tract varied differently during hibernation, their changes were adaptive response to the hibernation.     

四株儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌株产消化酶活性及其益生特性

【背景】儿茶酚类铁载体对胃肠道菌群的生长代谢具有重要作用,研究儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌株的消化酶活性,挖掘其潜在益生特性具有重要意义。【目的】分析4株分离自健康成人粪样的儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌的产酶特性,通过分析菌株耐酸耐胆盐能力、粘附定殖能力、抗生素耐受性和急性毒性研究其益生特性。【方法】测定4株菌的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶、乳糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活性。4株菌经人工模拟胃、肠液连续培养后分别计算其活菌数;分析4株菌的自凝集率、黏蛋白粘附率和表面疏水率;对小鼠连续7 d灌胃不同剂量的4株高产菌,观察并记录小鼠的一般体征,计算小鼠脏器指数,进行阳性细菌移位试验。【结果】在试验所测的7种消化酶中,E. coli Gut 07、E. coli Gut 12无蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,B. cereus Gut 16无乳糖酶活性,E. coli Gut 20无蛋白酶活性,其余均具有。4株菌经人工模拟胃液培养6h后存活率均大于60%,转移到人工模拟肠液培养24 h后活菌数均大于初始菌落数;该4株菌具备在胃肠道中粘附定殖的能力,对大多数抗生素敏感,在浓度低于4.5×10~(11)CFU/m L、灌胃剂量为20m L/kg-bw时对小鼠无急性毒性,无阳性菌株移位现象。【结论】4株儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌株可作为潜在益生菌进行进一步的安全性和功能性研究。     

两栖类消化道嗜银细胞和5-羟色胺细胞的研究进展

嗜银细胞属于内分泌细胞类,是消化道所含各类内分泌细胞的总称,5-羟色胺是其中含量和分布范围较广的一种胃肠激素。本文总结了两栖动物消化道嗜银细胞和5-羟色胺细胞的形态学特征、分布位置和分布密度规律,概述了冬眠、禁食和不同生活史阶段与两种细胞分布密度的关系。     

Gut region-specific accumulation of reactive oxygen species leads to regionally distinct activation of antioxidant and apoptotic marker molecules in rats with STZ-induced diabetes

The aim of this study was to seek possible links between the regionality along the digestive tract and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, the effectiveness of the antioxidant defense system and the sensitivity to the types of demise in different gut regions of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Significant changes were observed in the oxidative status and in the activity of the antioxidant defense system in the diabetic colon; the peroxynitrite production was doubled, the level of hemoxygenase-2 protein was increased 11-fold and the expression of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 was also increased. The segment-specific vulnerability of the gastrointestinal tract induced by hyperglycemia was also confirmed by electron microscopy, demonstrating the presence of severe necrosis in the colon of the diabetic rats. No remarkable histopathological alterations were seen in the duodenum of the diabetic animals and there were likewise no significant changes in the production of peroxynitrite in their duodenum, whereas the level of the free radical scavenger metallothionein-2 was increased ∼300-fold.ConclusionThe spatially restricted vulnerability observed along the digestive tract could originate from a high level of oxidative stress via peroxynitrite production.     

Formaldehyde-ozone-induced fluorescence in pituitary ACTH cells: Effect of adrenalectomy

Summary ACTH and MSH cells of the pituitary are rich in peptides with NH₂-terminal tryptophan, as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry. Adrenalectomy stimulates the ACTH cells but not the MSH cells. As a result, ACTH as well as tryptophyl-peptides disappear from the ACTH cells but not from the MSH cells. It is concluded that the tryptophyl-peptides are stored together with the respective hormone in the ACTH and MSH cells and that tryptophyl-peptides in the ACTH cells are released together with the hormone.     

扬子鳄消化道Ghrelin免疫活性细胞的分布及其在冬眠期的密度变化

目的 研究扬子鳄（Alligator sinensis）消化道中生长素释放肽ghrelin免疫活性（IR）细胞的分布、组织定位及其在冬眠期的变化.方法 应用链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物（SABC）免疫组织化学方法结合生物统计学分析.结果 Ghrelin-IR细胞在扬子鳄的小胃密度最高,在胃贲门部、胃体和胃幽门部有少量分布,主要位于胃腺上皮细胞之间.在食管、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和直肠中均未检测出ghrelin-IR细胞.冬眠期小胃ghrelin-IR细胞显著性减少（P〈0.01）,其它部位无显著性变化（P〉0.05）.结论扬子鳄消化道ghrelin-IR细胞的分布同其它动物有相似之处,也有其一定的特异性.Ghrelin在扬子鳄冬眠期的代谢变化和能量稳态的调节中起重要作用.     

牛蛙消化道黏膜5种酶的分布

目的研究牛蛙(Rana catesbeinana)消化道黏膜碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、ATP酶、酯酶和脂酶的分布。方法在消化道的8个部位取材,采用冰冻切片技术和酶的组织化学方法。结果 ALP主要分布于十二指肠、空肠和回肠,胃中酶反应呈弱阳性。ACP主要分布于胃中,食道和肠道酶反应呈弱阳性。ATP酶在消化道各部位均有较多分布,十二指肠、空肠和回肠显著较多,胃各部位其次。酯酶和脂酶均主要分布于肠道,胃各部位其次。结论牛蛙消化道黏膜酶的分布同其它动物有相似之处,也有其自身特点。十二指肠、空肠和回肠是牛蛙的主要消化吸收部位。     

北方狭口蛙消化道5一羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位

目的探讨北方狭口蛙（Kaloula borealis）消化道5-羟色胺细胞的分布密度规律和形态学特点。方法免疫组织化学SABC法鉴别和定位雌雄各6只北方狭口蛙食管、贲门、胃体、幽门、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和直肠的5-羟色胺细胞。结果5-羟色胺细胞的分布密度高峰位于胃幽门部,胃体和十二指肠其次,贲门最低。开放型和闭合型细胞的比值从食管至直肠呈”V”形分布,胃幽门部为比值的最低点。食管、贲门和肠道各段的5一羟色胺细胞以开放型细胞为主,胃体开放型和闭合型细胞的数量几近相等,胃幽门部以闭合型细胞为主。结论北方狭口蛙消化道5-羟色胺细胞的分布型和形态学特点与其他两栖动物既有相同点,也有自身的独特性,这可能与其食性和善于穴居掘土的生活方式有关。