巴西橡胶树HbPEPRK基因家族5个成员在染色体上的定位

磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶激酶相关激酶(PEPRKs)在橡胶树中参与乙烯信号传导的相关反应,还与叶片发育、真菌侵染和低温胁迫有一定的相关性。本研究以巴西橡胶树无性系‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,利用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)对PEPRK基因家族中个成员(PEPRK1, PEPRK2, PEPRK3, PEPRK4和PEPRK5)进行了物理定位分析。结果表明:HbPEPRK1和HbPEPRK3基因同时定位在巴西橡胶树4号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距分别为15.49、31.07;HbPEPRK2、HbPEPRK4和HbPEPRK5基因分别定位在巴西橡胶树5、6和7号染色体的长臂上,信号位点距离着丝粒的平均百分距分别为30.31、19.75和40.32。并讨论了这些基因与其他定位的基因之间的位置关系。为橡胶树分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供有用的科学依据。     

巴西橡胶树HbRop基因家族5个成员的染色体物理定位

巴西橡胶中Rop家族基因能调控植物小G蛋白合成,是分子信号开关,参与橡胶树刮伤诱导乳管分化、防御胁迫应答和胶乳再生。为了揭示巴西橡胶树HbRop基因家族5个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,丰富橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料将HbRop基因家族5个成员(HbRop1, HbRop2, HbRop3, HbRop4, HbRop5)定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术对橡胶树Rop小G蛋白基因家族5个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。实验结果表明:HbRop1基因定位在第1号染色体的短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是63.34;HbRop2、HbRop3、HbRop4和HbRop5分别定位在第4、第3、第7和第10号染色体的长臂上,这些基因的信号位点到对应染色体着丝粒的平均百分距离分别是25.13、44.68、44.33和17.46,同时还讨论了它们与其他已定位的基因的位置关系。HbRop基因家族5个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,彼此间不存在连锁现象。     

橡胶树两个品种的核型分析

热研7-33-97（Hevea brasiliensis,热研7-33-97）和RRIM600（Hevea brasiliensis,RRIM600）都是大规模推广种植的优良橡胶树品种,对其核型研究在橡胶树育种中有着重要的意义。采用去壁低渗方法对热研7-33-97和橡胶栽培品系RRIM600的染色体数目与核型进行了研究。结果表明：热研7-33-97的染色体核型公式为2n=36=34m（4sat）＋2sm,核型为2B型。RRIM600的染色体核型公式为2n=36=28m（4sat）＋8sm,核型为2B型。热研7-33-97和RRIM600的核型在进化上属于比较原始的类型。该研究可为橡胶树育种、种质资源鉴定及基因定位提供细胞学基础。     

巴西橡胶树HbMKK4基因的克隆及表达分析

采用RACE技术,从橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’中克隆了1个促分裂原活化蛋白激酶的激酶(MKK)基因HbMKK4。该基因全长cDNA序列1 580bp,编码框1 059bp,编码352个氨基酸,含有S_TKc结构域,其编码蛋白的分子量为38.83kD,理论等电点为9.36。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,HbMKK4在橡胶树的根、树皮、胶乳及叶片中均有表达。割胶、茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯利均能上调胶乳中HbMKK4基因的表达,基因相对表达量分别在割胶后2h、茉莉酸甲酯处理8h和乙烯利处理4h后达到最高。研究结果推测HbMKK4可能通过MAPK信号途径参与茉莉酸信号途径的响应,可能在天然橡胶生物合成调控中起关键作用。     

巴西橡胶树染色体制片方法的改良及FISH信号检测

本研究以巴西橡胶树热研7-33-97品种幼叶为材料,通过改良配制纤维素酶与果胶酶混合酶的溶剂、酶解时间等参数,对酶解去壁低渗方法进行了相应改良。结果表明,在37℃下,采用磷酸盐缓冲液(NaH2PO4,31.21 g/L; Na2HPO4, 71.64 g/L; Na Cl, 8 g/L; pH=5.5)作为溶剂,配制终浓度为5%纤维素酶、4%果胶酶的酶混合液时,酶解时间为1.0 h,大大缩短了酶解时间。用该法制备的中期标本,染色体形态分散、清晰、细胞膨大良好,荧光原位杂交信号检测后,信号正常。本研究可为橡胶树细胞遗传学、基因定位提供细胞学方法。     

巴西橡胶树HbCRK1的克隆及表达分析

钙离子依赖蛋白激酶相关激酶(CDPK-related kinase, CRK)在植物对生物和非生物胁迫抗性中具有重要作用。为了揭示CRK家族成员在橡胶树抗逆机制中的作用,本研究从巴西橡胶树品种热研7-33-97叶片中克隆了一个CRK基因,其推导氨基酸含有特征性STKc_CAMK结构域,命名为HbCRK1。该基因在树皮、花、叶片和胶乳中均有表达,在叶片中的表达量最高;在干旱、机械伤害、白粉菌侵染和激素处理下均显著上调。本研究结果表明HbCRK1受逆境反应诱导,参与橡胶树抗逆响应的生理和分子机制,为揭示HbCRK1基因的功能和橡胶树抗逆响应的研究提供理论指导。     

巴西橡胶树HbWRKY基因家族10个成员在染色体上的定位

HbWRKY是橡胶树中的一类转录因子基因家族,该家族基因编码的蛋白质参与橡胶树的产胶、衰老和抗逆胁迫等生理生化过程,植物激素类物质刺激(如乙烯利、茉莉酸、水杨酸等)、病原菌侵染和机械伤害均能诱导HbWRKYs基因的表达。目前,该基因家族的大部分基因已被克隆和分析,但这些基因在染色体上的具体位置尚未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树热研7-33-97品系为材料,利用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)和原位PCR技术对HbWRKYs基因家族中10个成员(HbWRKY1、HbWRKY2、HbWRKY3、HbWRKY4、HbWRKY5、HbWRKY7、HbWRKY9、HbWRKY11、HbWRKY27和HbWRKY75)进行了物理定位分析。结果表明:HbWRKY1、HbWRKY4和HbWRKY5基因同时定位在第9号染色体上,其中HbWRKY1和HbWRKY4在第9号染色体短臂上,其信号位点距离着丝粒的平均百分距分别为57. 38和4. 57,HbWRKY5在第9号染色体长臂上,其信号位点距离着丝粒的平均百分距为31. 67; HbWRKY2、HbWRKY3、HbWRKY7、HbWRKY9、HbWRKY11和HbWRKY75基因分别定位在第8、3、4、10、2和7号染色体的短臂上,信号位点距离着丝粒的平均百分距分别为6. 00、12. 30、4. 40、45. 21、5. 74和26. 11; HbWRKY27基因定位在第6号染色体长臂上,其信号位点距离着丝粒的平均百分距为38. 88。本研究还讨论了这些基因与其他已定位基因之间的位置关系。     

橡胶树DELLA蛋白编码基因HbGAI的克隆与表达分析

该研究采用RT-PCR与RACE技术,从橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’胶乳中克隆了1个DELLA蛋白编码基因HbGAI(GenBank登录号为KT696439)。HbGAI全长cDNA序列2 050bp,包含1个长1 842bp的完整开放阅读框。序列分析显示,HbGAI基因编码613个氨基酸,其推导的蛋白含有DELLA和GRAS结构域,分子量为66.476kD,理论等电点为5.19,无跨膜结构域,属于亲水性蛋白。进化树分析表明,HbGAI蛋白与其他植物中DELLA蛋白具有较高的相似性,与麻疯树JcGAI和蓖麻RcGAI亲缘关系较近。荧光定量PCR结果显示,割胶和茉莉酸甲酯处理下调胶乳中HbGAI基因的表达,乙烯利处理4h内显著上调胶乳中HbGAI基因的表达,表明HbGAI基因可能在橡胶树割胶、茉莉酸、乙烯响应中发挥作用。     

橡胶树三个品系（热研8-79、热研7-33-97和PR107）胶乳生理参数的比较研究

通过测定胶乳生理参数和胶乳产量,首次比较分析了橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)3个品系(热研7-33-97、热研8-79和PR107)的产排胶特性.结果表明,3个品系在初产期、未施乙烯利刺激时的胶乳产量和生理参数差异明显,胶乳产量为热研8-79>热研7-33-97>PR107;蔗糖转化酶活性与胶乳产量显著正相关,但其它生理参数与产量的相关性均不明显;割胶前一段时间的降水量是影响割次胶乳产量的重要因素,其中PR107品系受影响最大.这说明橡胶树品系的产排胶具有特异性,需要建立品系适宜性割胶制度.     

巴西橡胶树橡胶生物合成关键基因REF,SRPP,HRT1和HRT2的表达分析

橡胶延长因子REF、小橡胶粒子蛋白SRPP、橡胶转移酶HRT1和HRT2是巴西橡胶树胶乳中的主要橡胶粒子蛋白,它们在橡胶生物合成中发挥重要作用,与橡胶树胶乳产量密切相关。为进一步探明REF、SRPP、HRT1和HRT2的基因表达与橡胶树胶乳产量之间的关系,以成龄未开割橡胶树无性系热研7-33-97胶乳为材料,通过实时荧光定量PCR的方法,对割胶伤害、外源乙烯利和茉莉酸刺激的处理条件下,橡胶树胶乳中的REF、SRPP、HRT1和HRT2的基因表达进行了分析。结果表明,随着割胶刀次的增加,REF基因在第4刀的表达量最高,而SRPP、HRT1和HRT2基因则在第6刀表达量达到最高;而在乙烯利和茉莉酸刺激处理下,REF、SRPP、HRT1和HRT2基因均在刺激8 h后表达量达到最高。因此,割胶(机械伤害)、外源乙烯利和茉莉酸刺激促进橡胶树产胶可能与它们提高橡胶生物合成相关橡胶粒子蛋白REF、SRPP、HRT1和HRT2的基因表达具有密切关系。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。