纳米四氧化三铁双歧杆菌LTA对实验性胃癌增殖及凋亡的影响

目的 观察纳米四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸(lipoteichoicacid,LTA)对实验性胃癌增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和bcl-2、bax蛋白表达的影响.方法 用胃癌BGC-823细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,观察不同浓度纳米Fe3O4双歧杆菌LTA组与LTA组及环磷酰胺组移植瘤的生长情况,免疫组化法检测bcl-2和bax及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达.结果 纳米Fe3O4双歧杆菌LTA各剂量组胃癌移植瘤PCNA阳性细胞面密度以及bcl-2阳性细胞面密度均显著低于肿瘤对照组(P<0.01),而bax 的阳性细胞面密度显著高于肿瘤阴性对照组(P<0.01).结论 纳米四氧化三铁LTA能明显降低人胃癌移植瘤的增殖活性及增强bax的蛋白表达,同时使其bcl-2基因蛋白的表达下调.     

双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖对实验性大肠癌诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

建立大肠癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,以免疫组化法观察大肠癌移植瘤一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）基因的蛋白表达水平,结果显示完整肽聚糖（Whole peptidoglycan,WPG）注射组大肠癌移植瘤iNOS蛋白的表达率、表达强度以及阳性细胞密度均明显高于肿瘤对照组（P＜0.01）,提示分叉双歧杆菌的WPG能增强大肠癌移植瘤细胞iNOS基因的蛋白表达,这可能是其抑瘤机制之一。     

Survivin特异性SiRNA提高鼻咽癌移植瘤放射敏感性

目的：研究Survivin特异性SiRNA（small interfering RNA）对鼻咽癌移植瘤的放疗增敏作用,探索提高鼻咽癌疗效的新方法。方法：Survivin特异性SiRNA转染鼻咽癌5-8F细胞系,培养48h后,采用RT-PCR、流式细胞仪（flow cytometry,FCM）分别检测Survivin mRNA和蛋白在5-8F细胞中表达。将Survivin基因特异性SiRNA转染5-8F细胞,培养24h后,用剂量为6GY的放射线处理,培养6h后,收集细胞,进行裸鼠皮下接种,50d后处死裸鼠,对移植瘤进行分析。结果：Survivin特异性SiRNA能有效抑制5-8F细胞中Survivin表达。Survivin特异性SiRNA组,Survivin表达阳性率12.37&#177;1.86%,与对照组阳性率91.93&#177;1.3%和阴性对照组阳性率92.43&#177;2.34%比较,差别具有显著性（p〈0.01）。特异性SiRNA加放射组移植瘤（0.03&#177;0.03g）显著小于特异性SiRNA组（0.28&#177;0.02g,p〈0.01）与阴性SiRNA加放射组（0.17&#177;0.02g,p〈0.01）。结论：Survivin特异性SiRNA增强了鼻咽癌5-8F细胞移植瘤的放射敏感性。     

5-烯丙基-7-二氟亚甲基白杨素对人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响

目的研究5-烯丙基-7-二氟亚甲基白杨素（ADFMChR）对人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响。方法建立人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型,测定荷人肺癌裸鼠移植瘤的大小和重量,应用免疫组化SP法检测移植瘤组织中PCNA、VEGF、CD31的表达。结果ADFMChR对肺癌移植瘤生长有显著抑制作用（P〈0.01）,5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/（kg.bw）的ADFMChR对移植瘤的瘤重抑制率分别为42.98%,82.31%和89.91%。免疫组化检测结果表明：ADFMChR具有抑制肺腺癌裸鼠移植瘤细胞PCNA、VEGF及CD31蛋白表达作用。结论ADFMChR抑制肺腺癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长作用与其抑制移植瘤细胞PCNA、VEGF以及CD31的蛋白表达相关。     

胃癌中TAMs与血管生成及转移相关性的分析

目的：研究胃癌中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（tumor associated macrophages,TAMs）的表达及其与肿瘤血管生成的关系,进而分析其与转移的相关性。方法：利用免疫组化双染方法同时标记TAMs（抗CD68抗体）和内皮细胞（抗CD34抗体）,检测90例胃癌中TAMs、微血管密度（microvessel density,MVD）。结果：①TAMs与胃癌的大小、淋巴结转移、远处转移呈显著正相关（P均〈0.05）;②MVD与胃癌的远处转移呈显著正相关（P均〈0.05）;③在胃癌组织中TAMs与MVD的表达呈显著的正相关（r=0.325,P=0.002）。结论：TAMs可能通过促进胃癌血管的生成,进而促进胃癌细胞发生血管内渗,最终实现胃癌细胞的转移。     

纳米四氧化三铁双歧杆菌LTA缓解溃疡性结肠炎的研究

目的探讨纳米四氧化三铁双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸(Fe3O4-LTA)复合物缓解溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative coli-tis,UC)的情况。方法 100只Babl/c小鼠随机分为5组,即阴性对照组(N)、溃疡性结肠炎阳性对照组(UC)、0.1 mg/mL纳米Fe3O4-LTA缓解组(L)、0.5 mg/mL纳米Fe3O4-LTA缓解组(M)、1 mg/mL纳米Fe3O4-LTA缓解组(H)。N组不施加作用,UC组、缓解组(L组、M组、H组)用2%葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulphate,DSS)自由饮用2周,2周后UC组不施加作用,L、M、H组分别采用0.1 mg/mL、0.5 mg/mL、1 mg/mL灌肠1 mL,每天1次,连续3周。观察临床体征和检测WBC、CRP、PCT、IL-18、IL-10。灌肠3周后处死小鼠,分离结肠黏膜上皮细胞,用RT-PCR法检测TLR2、TLR4的表达,用Western blot和免疫组织化学检测NF-κBp65的表达,组织病理切片评估缓解效果。结果纳米Fe3O4-LTA缓解1周后小鼠精神状态明显恢复良好,活动及进食增加,毛色有光泽。缓解组比UC组体重增幅大(P0.05);血液检测发现缓解组炎性指标不同程度下降,其中H组与其他组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);RT-PCR检测显示:UC组与缓解组结肠黏膜上皮细胞内TLR2的表达要高于N组(P0.05),UC组TLR4的表达要高于N组和缓解组(P0.05)。NF-κBp65的Western blot和免疫组织化学染色显示UC组与缓解组的表达要高于N组(P0.05);病理组织切片和临床体征显示总缓解率达83.33%。结论纳米Fe3O4-LTA复合物具有较好缓解UC的能力。     

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞对肾透明细胞癌增殖作用及其分子机制的影响

目的:探讨肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(Tumor Associated Macrophages, TAMs)对肾透明细胞癌的增殖影响及其分子机制。方法:将单核细胞系(THP-1)细胞诱导为TAMs,同时采用细胞共培养方法将TAMs和肾透明细胞癌ACHN共培养,共培养前后舒尼替尼给药处理;CCK-8和克隆形成实验检测共培养前后ACHN细胞增殖能力;TAMs和ACHN细胞共培养,采用皮下接种方法建立裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,舒尼替尼给药处理,观察裸鼠皮下成瘤能力及肿瘤体积大小;Western Blot检测共培养前后磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1 (Phosphoinositol Dependent Protein Kinase 1,PDPK1)介导磷酸甘油酸激酶1(Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1, PKG1)的磷酸化作用的影响。结果:显微镜观察结果显示肿瘤相关巨噬细胞促进了ACHN细胞增殖作,而舒尼替尼可以抑制其促增殖作用;CCK-8和克隆形成实验表明TAMs促进了ACHN克隆形成能力,但是其克隆形成能力可以被舒尼替尼抑制;动物实验证明TAMs促进裸鼠皮下成瘤能力和移植瘤的成长;肿瘤相关巨噬细胞可以通过分泌IL-6促进PDPK1介导PKG1的磷酸化。结论:肿瘤相关巨噬细胞通过分泌IL-6促进PDPK1介导PKG1的磷酸化作用,从而促进了肾透明细胞癌的增殖作用。     

TAMs在贲门癌和非贲门癌组织中的表达及其临床意义冰

目的：观察不同部位胃癌（贲门癌与非贲门癌）组织中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（tumor associated macrohags,TAMs）的表达及其与血管生成的关系,并进一步分析其与临床病理特征的相关性。方法：利用免疫组化方法标记TAMs（抗CD68抗体）和血管内皮细胞（抗CD34抗体）,检测90例胃癌中（包括18例贲门癌与72例非贲门癌）TAMs、微血管密度（microvesseldensity,MVD）的表达情况。结果：①TAMs与胃癌的部位、分化程度、浸润深度及临床分期呈显著正相关（P均〈0．05）;②MVD与胃癌的部位和分化程度呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）;结论：TAM可以促进胃癌的发展,这可能与TAM促进肿瘤的血管生成有关;TAM的表达可能是影响贲门癌与非贲门癌生物学行为差异的因素之一。     

胃癌组织中Survivin、P53蛋白表达和微血管密度测定及意义

目的探讨Survivin,P53蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达及其与血管生成的关系。方法用免疫组化方法对65例胃癌组织Survivin,P53,CD34的表达进行检测。结果胃癌组织中Survivin蛋白阳性表达率为70.77%（46/65）,P53蛋白阳性表达率为64.62%（42/65）。Survivin表达与分化程度和淋巴结转移有关（P〈0.05）,而与临床分期无关（P〉0.05）;P53的阳性表达与分化程度、临床分期和淋巴结转移有关（P〈0.05）。Survivin表达与P53的表达密切相关（r=0.413,P〈0.01）。Survivin阳性表达组织中的MVD值为103.04±15.06,阴性组为81.89±12.15,二者有显著差异（P〈0.01）。P53阳性表达胃癌组织中的MVD值为105.83±15.06,阴性组为81±12.71,二者有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论Survivin和P53突变对凋亡的抑制的协同作用及其促进血管生成的作用在胃癌的发生发展中起关键作用。     

NF-κB、PKC和PC-PLC在双歧杆菌的脂磷壁酸激活巨噬细胞产生NO中的作用

目的探索双歧杆菌的LTA激活巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮（NO）的信号途径。方法以LTA刺激大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,用激光共聚焦显微镜定量测定其诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的含量,以Griess试剂检测巨噬细胞产生NO的含量。结果LTA刺激组大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞iNOS和NO的含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）。以PDTC、Chelerythrine和D609分别预先孵育巨噬细胞,再以LTA刺激巨噬细胞,其产生iNOS和NO的量明显低于LTA刺激组（P〈0.01）。结论双歧杆菌的LTA可通过NF-κB、PKC和PC-PLC激活巨噬细胞,使之产生多量的iNOS以及NO。     

Combined effect of sCD40L and PI3K siRNA on transplanted tumours growth and microenvironment in nude mice with gastric cancer

The objective of the paper is to investigate the combined effect of sCD40L and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) siRNA on transplanted tumours growth and microenvironment in nude mice with gastric cancer. 48 h after modeling, the animals were randomly divided into saline + AGS group (A), sCD40L + AGS group (B), saline + PI3K siRNA group (C) and sCD40L + PI3K siRNA group (D), six mice in each group. The mouse in the groups was inoculated with exponential phase AGS cell or PI3K gene silencing cells (100 μl, 5 × 10(6)). After tumour size reaches 0.2-0.3 cm, Tumours in animals of groups were injected with sCD40L (100 μl, 10 mg/kg) or equal volume of saline, thrice each day, respectively. Microvessel density (MVD), apoptosis index, and expression levels of PI3K, Survivin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins in transplanted tumor cells in gastric cancer nude mice were analyzed by utilizing Immunohistochemistry, western blot, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. Results showed that combination of sCD40L with PI3K siRNA could significantly decrease tumour size, MVD, expression levels of PI3K, Survivin and VEGF proteins, and increase apoptosis index. It can be concluded that combination of sCD40L with PI3K siRNA provides a promising future for gastric cancer therapy.     

Nitric oxide production and iNOS mRNA expression in mice induced by repeated stimulation with live Fusobacterium nucleatum

There have been few studies on the detection of direct nitric oxide (NO) production and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in vivo without using animal cell culture. We questioned whether NO and IFN-gamma could be produced at the site of infection. The peritoneal cavity of mice was used as the local infection model. NO and IFN-gamma in abdominal washings from these mice were measured directly at various times after injection of Fusobacterium nucleatum, a gram-negative rod periodontal pathogen. The mice were divided into three groups: those treated with live bacteria (LB), those treated with heat-killed bacteria (HKB) and those untreated: normal (N). These mice were compared on the basis of cell filtration, NO and IFN-gamma production by injection of live bacteria (LFn) or heat-killed bacteria (HKFn). In the LB group, the total cell number increased corresponding to an increase in neutrophils after injection of both LFn and HKFn. A low level of NO was constantly produced in abdominal washings, but a significant amount of NO was synthesized in the LB group only 12 hr to 24 hr after injection of LFn. At the same time iNOS enzyme activity and iNOS mRNA expression were detected. IFN-gamma, which may contribute to enhance NO production, was also secreted at a high level from peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) at 12 hr and 24 hr in the LB group by stimulation of LFn. At 12 hr and 24 hr, iNOS positive cells in the LB group by infection of LFn were identified and shown to contain mostly macrophages. These findings indicate that live bacteria play important roles in NO production by macrophages. It is suggested that NO may contribute to the inflammatory response during F. nucleatum infection in periodontitis.     

The participation of nitric oxide in peritoneal exudate cell cytotoxicity of mice by Fusobacterium nucleatum

Previously we reported that mice infected recurrently with live Fusobacterium nucleatum(Fn) synthesize a significant amount of NO between 12 hr and 24 hr after Fn injection. Fn is a gram-negative rod periodontal pathogen. NO could not be induced by heat-killed Fn or in untreated mice. This NO, derived from the iNOS after infection of live Fn, was not involved in the Fn reduction because Fn clearance occurs within 6 hr. We investigated in this study whether this NO was involved in cytotoxicity in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in vivo. The mice were divided into two groups: those treated with live Fn (immune) and those left untreated (normal). PEC number, NO production, detection of apoptosis or death cells, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release activity after injection of live Fn were compared in these groups. In the immune group, the increase of the total cell numbers caused by an increase in neutrophils, a significant NO production only after injection of live Fn at 24 hr and identification of iNOS positive macrophages were confirmed. The apoptotic rate was very low and did not increase at 24 hr in vivo. Therefore, apoptosis was seldom relevant to the NO. In the immune group, LDH activity was remarkable high at 24 hr, and dead cells and macrophages phagocytizing cell fragments increased at the same time. Pretreatment of L NMMA, an inhibitor of iNOS, suppressed LDH activity and cell death. Therefore, the NO derived from the iNOS is involved in the cytotoxicity. These results suggest that NO may contribute to the inflammatory response during Fn infection in periodontitis.     

Relationship between macrophages in mouse uteri and angiogenesis in endometrium during the peri-implantation period

The objective of this study is to examine the change in macrophage numbers, inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression both before and after embryo implantation in the uterine tissue of mice. In order to explore the mechanism of macrophages in endometrial angiogenesis, 8-week-old female mice were divided into three groups: pregnant group, pseudopregnant group (mated to male mice that had been vasectomized), and estrous group (unmated). Individuals from these three groups were sacrificed at time intervals D1.5 to D6.5. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue was used for immunocytochemical localization of Mφ, iNOS, and VEGF utilizing standard methodology. The proportion of macrophages in the peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry, and the relationship between macrophage, iNOS, and VEGF expression was analyzed. The proportion of peripheral blood macrophages in the pregnancy group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. The results of immunohistochemistry determined that the macrophages exhibited changes in both numbers and distribution. The number of macrophages in the endometrium of the pregnancy and pseudopregnancy groups was significantly higher than that in the control (estrous) group. In the pregnancy group, macrophage numbers dramatically decreased and gradually transferred to the perimetrium on D4.5. Immunostaining revealed strong staining in the pregnancy group and weaker staining in the pseudopregnant and control groups for both iNOS and VEGF. There was strong, dense immunostaining at the implantation site for both iNOS and VEGF, whereas light immunostaining was seen in interimplantation tissues on D5.5 to D6.5. In the pregnant group, peripheral blood and uterine macrophage proportions were negatively correlated, whereas the amount of macrophages, iNOS, and VEGF expression in the endometrium were positively correlated. The expression of iNOS and VEGF in the endometrium also displayed a strong positive correlation. In conclusion, during embryo implantation, macrophages levels decreased in the uterus, whereas the number of peripheral macrophages increased, suggesting that macrophages may migrate into the peripheral blood and uterus to adapt for pregnancy. Additionally, an increase in the expression of iNOS and VEGF was observed during the implantation window, implying that iNOS and VEGF may play an important role in promoting embryo implantation. The positive correlation between macrophages, iNOS, and VEGF in the implanting uterus implied that macrophages might regulate iNOS and VEGF during the implantation process.     

Virulizin, a novel immunotherapy agent, activates NK cells through induction of IL-12 expression in macrophages

Virulizin, a novel biological response modifier, has demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy in a variety of human tumor xenograft models including melanoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and prostate cancer. The significant role of macrophages and NK (Natural killer) cells was implicated in the antitumor mechanism of Virulizin where expansion as well as increased activity of macrophages and NK cells were observed in mice treated with Virulizin. Depletion of macrophages compromised Virulizin-induced NK1.1⁺ cell infiltration into xenografted tumors and was accompanied by reduced antitumor efficacy. In the present study, involvement of macrophages in NK cell activation was investigated further. We found that depletion of NK cells in CD-1 nude mice by anti-ASGM1 antibody significantly compromised the antitumor activity of Virulizin. Cytotoxicity of NK cells isolated from Virulizin-treated mice was enhanced against NK-sensitive YAC-1 cells and C8161 human melanoma cells, but not against NK-insensitive P815 cells. An increased level of IL-12 was observed in the serum of mice treated with Virulizin. IL-12 mRNA and protein levels were also increased in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Virulizin-treated mice. Moreover, Virulizin-induced cytotoxic activity of NK cells isolated from the spleen was abolished when an IL-12 neutralizing antibody was co-administered. In addition, depletion of macrophages in mice significantly impaired Virulizin-induced NK cell cytotoxicty. Taken together, the results suggest that Virulizin induces macrophage IL-12 production, which in turn stimulates NK cell-mediated antitumor activity.     

双歧杆菌对裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO形成的调节作用

给裸小鼠腹腔注射青春型双歧杆菌,每天一次,连续５天,以Ｇｒｉｅｓ试剂测定了裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌ＮＯ的含量。结果表明：双歧杆菌注射组其腹腔巨噬细胞产生ＮＯ的量显著高于对照组,具有显著的统计学意义（Ｐ＜００１）。提示青春型双歧杆菌可激活巨噬细胞,使之产生一定量的ＮＯ,ＮＯ在介导双歧杆菌的多种生理功能方面起重要作用     

Antitumor activity of a thioether-linked immunotoxin: OVB3-PE

A thioether-linked immunotoxin was made between Pseudomonas exotoxin and the monoclonal antibody OVB3. This conjugate, OVB3-PE, was cytotoxic for the human ovarium cancer cell line OVCAR-3 (ID of 2.5 x 10(-12) M) and it was therefore tested for antitumor activity in a nude mouse model of ovarian cancer. This model employs the injection of a lethal number of OVCAR-3 cells into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. When 0.2-1 micrograms of OVB3-PE was injected intraperitoneally on three successive days beginning 3-5 days after OVCAR-3 cell implantation, the survival of the tumor-bearing mice was increased 2-4-fold compared to that of untreated control mice. Median survival times for control mice ranged from 44 to 50 days while survival times of 150 days or greater were seen in mice treated with OVB3-PE. When OVB3-PE administration was delayed until 2-4 weeks after tumor cell implantation, OVB3-PE treatment also showed antitumor activity, but the duration of survival was less than with the early treatments. OVB3-PE was also cytotoxic for MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, and A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells.     

Regulation of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) differentiation by NDRG2 expression in breast cancer cells

Macrophages are a major cellular component of innate immunity and are mainly known to have phagocytic activity. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), they can be differentiated into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). As the most abundant immune cells in the TME, TAMs promote tumor progression by enhancing angiogenesis, suppressing T cells and increasing immunosuppressive cytokine production. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a tumor suppressor gene, whose expression is down-regulated in various cancers. However, the effect of NDRG2 on the differentiation of macrophages into TAMs in breast cancer remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of NDRG2 expression in breast cancer cells on the differentiation of macrophages into TAMs. Compared to tumor cell-conditioned medium (TCCM) from 4T1-mock cells, TCCM from NDRG2-overexpressing 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells did not significantly change the morphology of RAW 264.7 cells. However, TCCM from 4T1-NDRG2 cells reduced the mRNA levels of TAM-related genes, including MR1, IL-10, ARG1 and iNOS, in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, TCCM from 4T1-NDRG2 cells reduced the expression of TAM-related surface markers, such as CD206, in peritoneal macrophages (PEM). The mRNA expression of TAM-related genes, including IL-10, YM1, FIZZ1, MR1, ARG1 and iNOS, was also downregulated by TCCM from 4T1-NDRG2 cells. Remarkably, TCCM from 4T1-NDRG2 cells reduced the expression of PD-L1 and Fra-1 as well as the production of GM-CSF, IL-10 and ROS, leading to the attenuation of T cell-inhibitory activity of PEM. These data showed that compared with TCCM from 4T1-mock cells, TCCM from 4T1-NDRG2 cells suppressed the TAM differentiation and activation. Collectively, these results suggest that NDRG2 expression in breast cancer may reduce the differentiation of macrophages into TAMs in the TME.