海河流域河流生境功能识别及区域差异

城市群快速发展严重影响着区域水生态系统的完整性,大尺度流域的河流生境功能辨识和分析尚缺乏系统研究。以海河流域为例,根据河段蜿蜒度、河段比降、断流风险、盐度等4个指标,构建了河流生境功能的分类指标体系。通过多源空间数据和人工判读,划分了6254条河段,在此基础上将河流生境类型划分为15类。通过52个监测样点的鱼类调查数据,分析了不同河流生境的水生生物特征差异,揭示了鱼类多样性高的区域多位于河流比降大、断流风险低的区域,而河流蜿蜒度对于鱼类多样性影响较小。根据京津冀13个地级市的河流生境差异,提出京津冀城市群的生态安全构建需要充分考虑河流生境的空间异质性,并制定融合城市发展目标、水资源利用需求和河流生境功能的综合指标体系。     

基于鱼类多样性与生物完整性的海南岛南渡江河流健康评价

根据2016—2017年南渡江鱼类资源调查数据,通过分析渔获生物量、相对重要性指数IRI、Pielou均匀性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数评估了南渡江的鱼类生物多样性。基于鱼类生物完整性指数IBI构建了两套评价体系,分别评价了南渡江的局部健康状况及其与历史的差异。鱼类多样性研究结果表明:群落中存在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticu)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、海南似鱎(Toxabramis houdemeri)、(Hemiculter leucisulus)等16种优势种;Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数均显示,以南渡江源头及河口采样点的数值较高,中部采样点数值较低;Pielou均匀性指数则表现为南渡江中部采样点数值高,两端采样点的低。鱼类生物完整性评价结果表明:南渡江保存了历史的大部分鱼类,各项百分比指标与历史的变化幅度在0.2%~10.5%,而种类指标变化范围在0~4种;从南渡江局部江段来看,中游江段评价得分仅为19分,远低于其他江段的36~46分。研究表明:南渡江鱼类生物多样性和生物完整性保存完好,河流健康状况好;在河流内部,源头和河口生物多样性高且完整性好,而河流中游健康状况差。     

城市河流健康评价指标体系构建及其应用

健康的城市河流既能够维持其生态系统的自然运转,又能够满足城市社会经济的正常需求,还能够为人类提供休闲娱乐的场所。基于城市河流健康的内涵,构建出包含自然生态、社会经济和景观环境等3个方面24个指标的城市河流健康评价指标体系。以漓江市区段为例,通过建立基于层次分析法的模糊综合评价模型对其进行健康评价。结果表明:漓江市区段复合生态系统的评价结果为(0.2193,0.3004,0.3261,0.1137,0.0405),处于中健康状态;其自然生态子系统、社会经济子系统和景观环境子系统的健康状态分别为中、优和良;水量、防洪能力、鱼类多样性指数和底栖动物多样性是漓江市区段健康的主要影响因素。该评价指标体系可为其它城市河流的健康评价提供参考。     

辽河干流河流化学完整性评价方法对比研究

基于河流水环境和河岸带生境状况进行河流化学完整性评价,可以全面综合的判断河流水体及河岸带化学污染情况,对有效控制水体污染,科学制定整治计划,恢复河流自身的环境承载力及生态系统功能以及对河流生态系统的修复都具有重要意义。以辽河干流为研究对象,探讨了化学完整性的概念、评价指标、评价标准及评价方法,从河流水环境和河岸栖息地环境两方面选取了19个指标,构建了河流化学完整性评价指标体系。同时采用模糊综合评价法、贴近度法和综合指数法分别对辽河干流化学完整性进行评价,最终筛选并确定综合指数法更适合河流化学完整性评价。综合指数法评价结果表明,辽河干流化学完整性评价结果总体表现为“一般”,河流水环境总体评价为“一般”,哈大高铁、达牛和盘山闸评价为“差”。其中哈大高铁和达牛地处交通节点,受人为干扰较大。另外盘山闸长期处于施工状态且靠近市区,施工废料与城市污水污染不断。评价结果为研究者及管理者开展辽河干流生态修复与后评估等工作提供指标与方法参考。     

武汉市湖泊健康评估及保护修复初探

本研究基于湖泊生态系统健康的概念和内涵，结合武汉市河湖水系特点，以武汉市166个湖泊为研究对象，从物理结构完整性、化学完整性、水文完整性、生物完整性、社会服务功能可持续性、管理状况6个方面构建了包含21个指标的湖泊健康评价指标体系，并首次对武汉市全域湖泊进行了健康评价。同时，基于评价结果识别的武汉市湖泊生态系统健康问题，从宏观和微观两个层面针对不同功能类型湖泊提出了差异化的修复策略。该研究可为武汉市及长江中下游浅水湖泊的健康评价与生态修复研究提供重要参考。     

生物多样性监测指标体系构建研究进展

生物多样性监测是为确定与预期标准相一致或相背离的程度,而对生物多样性进行定期或不定期的监视,目前已成为生物多样性研究和保护的热点问题。生物多样性监测指标则是一些简化的生物或环境特征参数,说明生物多样性现状和变化趋势,以及人类活动压力对生物多样性的影响,以促进科学界、政府和公众间的沟通,提高生物多样性管理水平。近10年来,国际组织、政府机构和各国学者对生物多样性指标体系的构建进行了大量的探索工作,取得了很多进展,其中有些指标已经应用于实际监测项目。本文综述了生物多样性监测指标筛选的一般标准和指标体系构建的主要理论,梳理目前已提出或应用的主要生物多样性监测指标,以期为我国构建国家或区域尺度生物多样性监测指标体系提供参考。在此基础上分析提出：生物多样性概念的泛化、指标含义模糊以及知识和数据的缺乏是构建生物多样性监测指标的主要困难。我国未来的生物多样性监测指标体系构建需要关注以下两个方面：（1）紧密联系实际,构建适应性的监测指标体系,加强对典型生态系统区域的监测;（2）发展经济社会发展方面的指标,分析生物多样性变化的驱动力,为生物多样性保护和区域可持续发展提供科学依据。     

图们江流域河流生态系统健康评价

河流是重要的自然生态系统,也是重要的生态廊道之一,图们江流域河流生态系统的健康状况,对维护跨国界流域的水环境的管理和可持续发展有着重要的意义。基于河流水文、河流形态、河岸带状况、水体理化参数以及河流生物5个层面选取22个指标构建了图们江流域河流生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和加权平均法对其进行了健康评价。评价结果表明,虽然该地区处于"健康"级别,但也有28%的地区处于"亚健康"状态。河流健康综合指数(RHI`)与河流生物指标、水体理化指标、河流形态指标、河岸带指标等4项呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数依次为0.847、0,757、0.740、0.547。研究结果表明图们江流域水生生物的生存环境遭到严重破坏、水体污染严重,河岸带生态退化、城市化影响严重等一系列影响河流健康的问题。     

漓江中下游基于鱼类生物完整性指数的河流健康评价体系

2014年4月—2015年1月,按季度对漓江中下游进行了4次鱼类物种采样调查,通过对22个初选指标的筛选,建立了基于鱼类生物完整性指数(IBI)的河流健康评价体系,最终确定了7个评价指标,即鱼类总物种数、鲤科鱼类占总类数的百分比、亚科鱼类种数、亚科鱼类种数、杂食性鱼类数量百分比、敏感性鱼类占总类数的百分比、耐受性鱼类占总类数的百分比。采用1、3、5赋值法计算各采样点IBI值,并将鱼类完整性划分为6个等级对河流进行评价,具体为:极好(58~60)、较好(48~52)、一般(40~44)、较差(28~34)、极差(12~22)、无鱼(0)。结果显示,漓江中下游以及各分段河流(桂林段、阳朔段、平乐段)的鱼类IBI总分均在40分以上,处于一般或一般以上水平。     

拉萨河河流健康评价指标体系构建及应用

为全面反映拉萨河干流生态环境现状,基于拉萨河特征和国内外研究构建了包含水文、水质、生物、生境、服务功能5个要素12个指标的河流健康评价指标体系,提出了赋值标准,并在拉萨干流进行了应用。评价所用数据来自资料收集、文献调研、现场监测和调查。评价结果显示拉萨河干流整体处于较为健康状态,且上游健康状况优于中下游。上游河段枯水期水质达到I类水功能区水质目标,丰水期氨氮含量未达到I类水功能区水质目标,总达标率为50%,赋50分,其余指标赋值大于75分;中游河段受水电站运行和灌溉引水影响,流量过程变异程度、河流连通阻隔状况、大型底栖无脊椎动物科级耐污指数赋值较低,分别为0分、25分和45分,生态基流保障度、外来鱼类入侵率、河道稳定性指标较上游变差,赋值在50—75分之间,其余指标赋值大于75分;下游河段流量过程变异程度、外来鱼类入侵情况赋值为0分,河流连通阻隔状况与中游相同为25分,大型底栖无脊椎动物科级耐污指数赋45分,河道稳定性赋68分,其余指标赋值大于75分。从河流健康角度分析,未来拉萨河流域管理应重点关注上游湿地面源问题、中下游水利水电工程的综合效应、人类聚集区鱼类入侵等问题。     

国家公园陆地自然生态系统完整性与原真性评价方法探索: 以钱江源国家公园体制试点为例

中国建立国家公园的目的是保护自然生态系统的完整性和原真性, 促进生物多样性保护。国家公园的完整性和原真性评价是国家公园的布局规划、边界范围确定以及功能区划等研究的前提条件。为了评估国家公园自然生态系统完整性和原真性状态, 本文基于陆地自然生态系统的结构和功能, 通过指标筛选、专家咨询、指标量化和建立综合评价模型, 构建了陆地自然生态系统完整性与原真性的评价指标体系及其量化评价方法。该评价方法包括5个自然生态系统完整性指标、5个自然生态系统原真性指标和2个综合评价指标。以浙江省钱江源国家公园体制试点为例, 本文初步评估了其生态系统完整性与原真性状态, 并对评价结果进行了分级。按照本研究的评价方法, 钱江源国家公园体制试点的自然生态系统完整性评价结果为52.83%, 评价等级为较差; 自然生态系统原真性评价结果为87.06%, 评价等级为好。钱江源国家公园体制试点有待关注和提升的指标有保护区域完整性指数(27.00%)和旗舰种适宜生境完整性指数(53.04%)。最后, 本文结合研究区域评价结果对生态系统完整性和原真性领域应关注的问题进行了讨论。该自然生态系统完整性和原真性评价方法可提供一种评价指标覆盖较全面、数据易获取, 且评价结果易被决策者和管理者理解的评价思路。     

长江中游浅水湖泊生物完整性时空变化

介绍了采用 Karr提出、经 Fausch等修订后的生物完整性指数 (IBI)进行水环境质量评价的原理和概念 ,并根据长江中游鱼类种类组成特征、可获得数据的类型和资料的性质 ,初步建立了适合长江中游浅水湖泊的 IBI体系。同时 ,以基本保持了长江中游浅水湖泊自然属性的五湖 1978年的调查数据为参照 ,选择长江中游不同类型的浅水湖泊进行了生物完整性时空变化的比较研究。结果表明 :以洪湖为例进行纵向比较 ,在 196 4、1981、1993年和 1998年等 4个不同的年代 ,其生物完整性呈逐步下降的趋势 ;以 2 0世纪 90年代初期的资料进行横向比较 ,三湖连江水库和保安湖的生物完整性表现为一般 ,洪湖为差 ,东湖则很差。上述湖泊所呈现的生物完整性的时空变化趋势与其它相关研究所反映的湖泊水环境质量互为补充验证 ,可以为湖泊管理、持续发展和利用以及水环境保护提供更为充分的科学依据     

Developing a Benthic Index of Biological Integrity and Some Relationships to Environmental Factors in the Subtropical Xiangxi River,China

The aim of this study is to develop a benthic index of biotic integrity (B‐IBI) to help understand how the increasing anthropogenic pressure may impact the subtropical Xiangxi River in China. Benthic macroinvertebrate and environmental surveys were conducted at 77 sites in early summer 2004. Each collection site was categorized as reference or impaired based on physical, chemical, biological, and land‐use information. Six non‐redundant metrics from 35 metrics were used to differentiate between reference and impaired sites. We selected six metrics for the final IBI. The scoring criteria of each metric were normalized based on the quadrisection and 0–10 scaling systems. Both scaling methods were used to assess the aquatic health of each site in the Xiangxi River watershed. The results showed that most sites were in fairly poor condition. Furthermore, we identified the relationship between B‐IBI metrics, water‐quality, and land‐use variables with a principal component analysis. A composite of nutrients and land‐use intensity explained most variances. These results suggest that the B‐IBI may be a suitable method for assessing river conditions within the subtropical Xiangxi River in central China (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于鱼类物种状况的长江生态环境质量评估

鱼类是水域生态系统的重要组成部分, 也是水域生态环境良好的指示类群。为合理评估长江生态环境的现状和变化趋势, 文章提出将土著鱼类物种数和珍稀特有鱼类物种数作为评价指标, 并建立了相关的评价基准和等级划分标准。以2010年和2020年为评价年, 评估了长江干流及代表性重点水域的生态环境质量。结果显示, 当前长江上游干流和下游干流的生态环境质量优于中游; 支流赤水河的生态环境质量良好, 大型湖泊鄱阳湖的生态环境质量中等。从时间上看, 随着长江十年禁渔等一系列保护措施的实施, 长江干流的生态环境质量有不同程度地好转。在此基础上, 提出了进一步改善长江生态环境的对策与建议。     

A fish-based index of biotic integrity for upstream brooks in Flanders (Belgium)

From 1994 to 2000, 154 sites belonging to the grayling and trout zones were used to develop a fish-based multimetric Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) as a tool to assess upstream brooks in Flanders (Belgium). All sites had a slope of at least 3‰ and a maximum width of 4.5 m. Fish assemblages were surveyed by electrofishing. From 28 candidate metrics 9 metrics were selected using ecological criteria and statistical analyses. The IBI was defined as the average of these 9 metrics after scoring them as 1, 3 or 5 by a modified trisection method and five integrity classes were defined to comply with the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The IBI was tested internally by comparison with habitat quality scores at sites. A similar comparison was done using an independent set of data from sites of known ecological quality. Our IBI clearly distinguished good sites from disturbed sites and heavily disturbed sites from moderately disturbed sites, thereby meeting the criteria imposed by the WFD.     

Biogeography of benthic macroinvertebrates in estuaries along the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic coasts1,2

A multimetric fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) was composed to assess the biotic integrity of Flandrian water bodies. As fish communities differ substantially between standing waters, running waters of the bream zone and running waters of the barbel zone, eight candidate metrics for each of these water types or zones were identified, representing three major classes of biological attributes. These are species richness and composition, fish condition and abundance, trophic composition. The metrics were tested and modified where needed. The IBI was applied throughout Flanders on 104 locations in standing waters, 500 locations in waters of the bream zone and 257 locations in waters of the barbel zone. Standing waters scored substantially different from running waters. Standing waters rarely contained no fish at all, but their fish communities were very often poor to very poor. Waters of the bream and barbel zone were often fishless (respectively 40% and 35% of all locations contain no fish), but the locations with fish usually scored reasonable to poor. Only 18.5% of all locations were classified as reasonable to excellent (IBI classes 4 or lower on a scale from 1 to 9) and were considered to satisfy the basic ecological quality demands. The Leie-, Dijle-, Dender- and Schelde-basins had a very poor quality (more than 50% of the locations contained no fish). The Maas-, Grote and Kleine Nete-basins scored rather well, with respectively, 44%, 48% and 68% of the locations achieving an IBI of 4 or lower. The IBI is a valuable and complementary tool to assess the ecological quality of water bodies as suggested in the proposal for a Water Framework Directive by the European Commission.     

A fish index of biotic integrity for South Dakota's Northern Glaciated Plains Ecoregion

Ecosystem goods and services in streams are impaired when their biotic communities are degraded by anthropogenic stressors. An index of biotic integrity (IBI) translates community structure into a standardized ecoregion-specific stream health score. Documenting stream health is especially important in the Northern Glaciated Plains (NGP) Ecoregion, which is undergoing rapid landscape alterations through increased agriculture production. Our objectives were to develop a fish IBI and validate candidate reference sites for NGP wadeable perennial streams. Fish were sampled from 54 sites (consisting of reference sites, known-condition least and most disturbed sites, and random sites) during summers 2006–2011. Candidate metrics were sorted into nine metric classes based on attributes of fish assemblage form and function. Metric values were screened using metric range, signal-to-noise ratios, responsiveness to disturbance, and redundancy tests until each metric class contained only those metrics most responsive to anthropogenic stressors. The final IBI consisted of six metrics that were reflective of prairie stream fish assemblages, and differentiated between known-condition least and most disturbed sites. The mean reference sampling site IBI scores were found to be similar to both least and most disturbed sites (Mann–Whitney U-test; P < 0.05). Twelve reference site scores were below the NGP's median (69), whereas the other 11 sites were above the median and were representative of least disturbed conditions. We now have developed a standardized bioassessment tool for evaluating stream health, as well as a baseline for long-term monitoring in a dynamic ecoregion.     

A fish-based biotic integrity index for assessment of lowland streams in southeastern Brazil

This study was carried out to develop and apply a fish-based biotic integrity index to assess lowland streams in a highly deforested region of the Upper Paraná River basin. Fifty-six first-order segments were randomly selected for environmental and fish evaluation. Because previous analysis had identified the main type of effect on the streams of the region as physical habitat degradation, 22 qualitatively biological attributes were selected and tested over a physical condition gradient between reference and degraded sites. Sensitivity and redundancy of each attribute revealed that five metrics were adequate for discriminating higher quality from degraded sites. Of the fifty-six streams assessed, one (2%) was classified as good, four (7%) as fair, ten (18%) as poor, and forty-one (73%) as very poor, indicating that, on a regional scale, many aspects of biological integrity are altered, indicative of serious degradation. Considering that first-order segments amount to 11,000 km in total, it is noticeable that 10,000 km of the stream segments have no more than half of the expected conditions, indicative of poor or very poor biotic integrity conditions. Possible strategies of mitigating this scenario are discussed. Handling editor: S. M. Thomaz     

Effects of coalbed natural gas development on fish assemblages in tributary streams of the Powder and Tongue rivers

1. Extraction of coalbed natural gas (CBNG) often results in disposal of large quantities of CBNG product water, which may affect aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the effects of CBNG development on fish assemblages in tributary streams of the Powder and Tongue rivers. We used treatment and control, impact versus reference sites comparisons, surveys of CBNG product‐water streams and in situ fish survival approaches to determine if CBNG development affected fish assemblages. 2. Several of our results suggested that CBNG development did not affect fish assemblages. Species richness and index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores were similar in streams with and streams without CBNG development, and overall biotic integrity was not related to the number or density of CBNG wells. Fish occurred in one stream that was composed largely or entirely of CBNG product water. Sentinel fish survived in cages at treatment sites where no or few fish were captured, suggesting that factors such as lack of stream connectivity rather than water quality limited fish abundance at these sites. Fish species richness did not differ significantly from 1994 to 2006 in comparisons of CBNG‐developed and undeveloped streams. Biotic integrity declined from 1994 to 2006; however, declines occurred at both impact and reference sites, possibly because of long‐term drought. 3. Some evidence suggested that CBNG development negatively affected fish assemblages, or may do so over time. Specific conductivity was on average higher in treatment streams and was negatively related to biotic integrity. Four IBI species richness metrics were negatively correlated with the number or density of CBNG wells in the catchment above sampling sites. Bicarbonate, one of the primary ions in product water, was significantly higher in developed streams and may have limited abundance of longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae). Total dissolved solids, alkalinity, magnesium and sulphate were significantly higher in developed streams. 4. Biological monitoring conducted before the development of CBNG, and continuing through the life of development and reclamation, together with data on the quantity, quality and fate of CBNG product water will allow robust assessment of potential effects of future CBNG development worldwide.     

Development of a fish-based index (FBI) of biotic integrity for French lakes using the hindcasting approach

The European Water Framework Directive clearly indicates that fish is one of the “quality elements” to be considered for the assessment of lentic systems. However, few fish-based indices (FBIs) of biotic integrity have been developed for lakes so far.Hence, the aim of our study was to develop such a tool for French lakes. Fish surveys, lakes natural environmental parameters, catchment-scale anthropogenic pressures, and local pressures were collected for 67 reservoirs and 24 natural lakes throughout France. After assigning fish species into trophic, reproductive, and tolerance guilds, we derived a set of metrics reflecting complementary aspects of community functioning and condition. Other community-level traits such as richness and evenness were added. These metrics were modeled vs. natural environmental variables and pressures. Reference conditions at each site were then assessed using hindcasting modeling. Separate indices were eventually obtained for natural and artificial lakes by combining selected metrics. Fifteen out of 73 candidate fish metrics, covering all three groups of functional traits, displayed a significant response to anthropogenic pressures. After removal of the redundant traits, the final indices for natural lakes and reservoirs included three and six metrics, respectively. Agricultural-related impacts were prominent for reservoirs, whereas for natural lakes urban and local pressures displayed the most significant effects.