海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii)不同种群表型结构的数量分析

海南粗榧为科粗榧属常绿乔木 ,雌雄异株[2 ] ,主要分布在海南岛的尖峰岭、黎母山、吊罗山、卡法岭、坝王岭等。其材质均匀 ,纹理细 ,是非常理想的材种 ;同时 ,它的根、茎、叶和果实都含有三尖杉酯碱及高三尖杉酯碱 ,是生产抗癌药物的原材料[2 ,3] 。但由于种种原因 ,目前数量稀少 ,据调查统计 ,胸径超过 10ｃｍ的林木在海南不过 130 0株[3] ,现已陷于濒危境地 ,为国有二级重点保护植物[10 ] 。本文从表型上对不同种群海南粗榧进行了系统调查和分析 ,为进一步探明海南粗榧的种质资源状况 ,探索海南粗榧种群分化和演进 ,同时为就地保护、迁地…     

抗癌植物篦子三尖杉(Cephalotaxus oliveri Mast.)的研究

从广东产的篦子三尖杉(Cephalotaxus olivert Mast.)中分离出三种生物碱:三尖杉酯碱(harringtonine)、三尖杉碱(cephalotaxine)、schelhammera alkaloid B。其中,三尖杉酯碱在1毫克/公升的剂量下,对小鼠肉瘤 S_(180)的抑制率为42.3%。临床试用,对急性非淋巴型白血病有较好的疗效。我国的篦子三尖杉资源比较丰富,抗癌有效成份三尖杉酯碱的得率较高,达1.3/万,是生产三尖杉酯碱的好原料。     

不同产地三尖杉中三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱的含量测定

本文对三尖杉科(属)中的三尖杉Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook f.植物中所含抗白血病的三尖杉酯碱harringtonine与高三尖杉酯碱homoharringtonine作了不同产地和不同部位的含量测定。     

三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱的生物活性及临床应用

概述了从粗榧料植物中分离的抗肿瘤生物碱三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱等的生物活性,包括其实验及临床药理、临床毒性、分子药理机制,化学研究和未来市场的研究展望。     

几种天然生物碱对小麦与酵母细胞延长与分裂的抑制以及对蛋白质核酸合成的影响

高三尖杉酯碱、三尖杉酯碱是近些年来发现的具有较好效果的抗白血病药物。均为存在于粗榧科三尖杉属植物中的酯碱。其结构式为:     

三尖杉酯碱抑制脱氧核糖核酸生物合成机制的研究——Ⅲ.三尖杉酯碱抑制作用动力学及其衍生物作用的比较

本文报告了三尖杉酯碱抑制艾氏腹水癌细胞DNA聚合酶α的动力学。三尖杉酯碱的抑制作用与反应体系中的模板DNA量有关,过量的DNA可降低药物的抑制作用,但不能完全消除药物的抑制。并证明三尖杉酯碱与模板DNA对DNA聚合酶α是混合型抑制,当三尖杉酯碱浓度为10μM时,其K_i值为9.5μM,K_m值为13μg DNA/100μl。三尖杉酯碱抑制DNA聚合酶α的能力不受反应体系中四种脱氧核苷三磷酸底物浓度的影响,通过同时改变四种底物浓度,或固定三种底物浓度只改变其中一种底物的量,或采用限制性DNA合成系统(Limited DNA Synthesis)即在完全体系中省略去某一底物,均证明三尖杉酯碱与四种底物对DNA聚合酶α为非竞争性抑制,当三尖杉酯碱浓度为4μM时,对dCTP、dGTP和dTTP的K_i值分别为12μM、11μM和12μM。本文也比较了三尖杉酯碱衍生物——高三尖杉酯碱、异三尖杉酯碱和表三尖杉酯碱对DNA聚合酶α的抑制作用。结果表明,当药物浓度相同时,高三尖杉酯碱的作用较三尖杉酯碱和异三尖杉酯碱强,而三尖杉酯碱和异三尖杉酯碱的作用相近;表三尖杉酯碱本身对DNA聚合酶α无抑制作用,也未见其在无细胞系统中对三尖杉酯碱的抑制能力有加强作用。以上药物对E.coli DNA聚合酶Ⅰ也有相似的抑制作用。     

L-丙氨酸对海南粗榧悬浮细胞合成三尖杉酯类碱的影响

该研究在海南粗榧悬浮细胞培养的不同阶段(5、10、15、20 d),分别添加不同剂量的L-丙氨酸(10、30、50、100 mg·L~(-1)),测定细胞生长、细胞活力及产物含量,确定L-丙氨酸最佳的添加时间及添加剂量。结果表明:添加L-丙氨酸对细胞生长和细胞活力均有抑制作用;在海南粗榧悬浮培养第15天、添加30 mg·L~(-1)L-丙氨酸时,产物含量最高(4.853 6 mg·L~(-1)),是对照(2.853 8 mg·L~(-1))的1.7倍。同时,为了探讨添加L-丙氨酸对海南粗榧悬浮细胞糖代谢的影响,对培养基糖耗程度、细胞内糖酵解途径(glycolytic pathway,EMP途径)关键酶丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase,PK)活力、磷酸戊糖途径(hexose monophosphate pathway,HMP途径)关键酶6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase,G6PDH)活力进行了测定,结果显示添加L-丙氨酸后,植物细胞培养液中总耗糖速度与对照相比无明显差异,丙酮酸激酶(PK)活力与对照(25.37 U·g~(-1))相比下降了29.10%,G6DPH活力是对照组(53.49 U·g~(-1))的1.33倍。以上结果说明,糖代谢途径中碳通量在一定程度上由EMP途径转向了HMP途径,三尖杉酯类碱合成的前体物PEP积累,E4P合成量增加,均有利于产物三尖杉酯类碱含量的增加。     

浙江中部地区野榧的调查

简述了浙江中部地区被称为"野榧"的植物,并非指一种植物,而是三尖杉、南方红豆杉、粗榧和野生榧树等几种植物.同时介绍了它们的叶与果实的主要区别;指出这些重要野生植物资源应加以保护.     

高三尖杉酯碱对HL_(60)细胞诱导分化与对细胞膜通道影响相互关系的研究

本实验显示,高三尖杉酯碱能使人白血病HL_(50)细胞诱导分化。随着药物浓度的增加。细胞诱导分化率亦明显增加。高三尖杉酯破能抑制细胞膜Na~ ,K~ ATP酶活性(IG_(50)值为156±27μm),并能增加胸腺嘧啶核苷([~3H]TdR)进入细胞。这些均可能是高三尖杉酯碱产生诱导分化的途径。     

沉默MDR1基因可增强三尖杉酯碱诱导的SGC7901/ADM细胞凋亡

为探讨沉默MDR1基因对三尖杉酯碱诱导SGC7901/ADM细胞凋亡的影响,将本实验室构建的靶向MDR1基因的RNAi干扰载体pSilencer 2.1-3,转染胃癌SGC7901/ADM细胞,经三尖杉酯碱处理后,通过MTT法检测细胞活力,激光共聚焦显微镜和DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡现象。研究发现,pSilencer 2.1-3稳定转染SGC7901/ADM细胞后,三尖杉酯碱对细胞的IC_950)值由(2.527±0.316)μg/m L降至(0.719±0.087)μg/mL,相对逆转率达到(72.435±2.921)%,从而提高了SGC7901/ADM细胞对三尖杉酯碱的敏感性。激光共聚焦显微镜下,细胞形态发生改变,染色质凝聚、边缘化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳DNA呈梯状条带,呈现明显的凋亡特征,结果表明,沉默MDR1基因增强了三尖杉酯碱诱导的SGC7901/ADM细胞凋亡。     

异养鞭毛虫原位生长研究进展

近年来,异养鞭毛虫随水体生态内浮游动物小型化进程的加剧,所占比重越来越,已成为当前生态学研究的重要对象,其研究方法也伴随着发生了革命性变化,通过简单介绍异养鞭毛虫的原位研究方法,并就近来研究成果进行了系统综述。     

Morphological and phenological comparisons of two Hopi maize varieties conserved in situ and ex situ

Over the last twenty-five years, crop genetic resources (CGR) have been preserved in genebanks around the world for use by formal plant breeders. Recently conservation of folk crop varieties for direct use by the farmer-breeders of traditional agricultural communities has been suggested as another purpose for CGR conservation. While both in and ex situ CGR conservation programs have been proposed to meet the needs of formal plant breeders and farming communities, the needs and goals of the two groups are different. Formal breeders seek maximum allelic diversity while farmer-breeders are interested in both diversity and population structure that provide local adaptation. Based on the morphological and phenological data analyzed for this study of two Hopi maize varieties conserved in and ex situ, it appears that both genetic shift and genetic drift have occurred ex situ, and that populations conserved ex situ are different from those maintained in situ. These findings suggest that CGR conservation strategies must be re-evaluated in light of the specific conservation goals that are sought.     

Conservation genetics of an ex situ population of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Primula reinii</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">rhodotricha</Emphasis>, an endangered primrose endemic to Japan on a limestone mountain

Primula reinii var. rhodotricha is a perennial herb endemic to the limestone slope of Mt. Buko, located approximately 50 km northwest of central Tokyo, Japan. In recent years, its natural population size has decreased markedly due to limestone mining, and this species has been assigned to the ‘Critically Endangered (CR)’ category on the latest Japanese Red List. Although a remnant population of this species has been protected by a mining company outside their historical distribution range on Mt. Buko, the ex situ conservation of this endangered plant has been difficult because of insufficient low seed production. The genetic status of ex situ P. reinii var. rhodotricha and related species were investigated to develop an effective conservation plan for this species. Microsatellite analysis indicated that the ex situ population harbors lower genetic diversity than sister taxa, providing molecular evidence for the recent critical status designation of the ex situ population, whereas the presence of rare alleles may imply further potential for seed reproduction by outcrossing. Therefore, an appropriate propagation strategy that considers genetic diversity is needed for restoration and recovery of this critically endangered ex situ primrose population.     

Flow cytometric measurement of telomere length

The regulation of telomere length may be involved in the cellular physiology of senescence, reproduction, cancer, immune response to infection, and possibly immune deficiency. The measurement of telomere length, critical to research in this area, has traditionally been performed by Southern blot analysis, which is cumbersome and time consuming. Several alternative methods have been described in recent years. Some, such as pulsed-field electrophoresis, slot blots, and centromere-to-telomere ratio measurements are essentially improvements to the Southern blot technique. However, other methods such as fluorescent in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosome spreads and flow cytometry-based fluorescent in situ hybridization represent a completely new technical approach to the problem. In this review, we compare methods, with particular emphasis placed on flow cytometric techniques for measuring telomere length in situ and identifying potential areas where improvements may still be made.     

Use of in situ solid-phase adsorption in microbial natural product fermentation development

It has been half a century since investigators first began experimenting with adding ion exchange resins during the fermentation of microbial natural products. With the development of nonionic polymeric adsorbents in the 1970s, the application of in situ product adsorption in bioprocessing has grown slowly, but steadily. To date, in situ product adsorption strategies have been used in biotransformations, plant cell culture, the production of biofuels, and selected bulk chemicals, such as butanol and lactic acid, as well as in more traditional natural product fermentation within the pharmaceutical industry. Apart from the operational gains in efficiency from the integration of fermentation and primary recovery, the addition of adsorbents during fermentation has repeatedly demonstrated the capacity to significantly increase titers by sequestering the product and preventing or mitigating degradation, feedback inhibition and/or cytotoxic effects. Adoption of in situ product adsorption has been particularly valuable in the early stages of natural product-based drug discovery programs, where quickly and cost-effectively generating multigram quantities of a lead compound can be challenging when using a wild-type strain and fermentation conditions that have not been optimized. While much of the literature involving in situ adsorption describes its application early in the drug development process, this does not imply that the potential for scale-up is limited. To date, commercial-scale processes utilizing in situ product adsorption have reached batch sizes of at least 30,000 l. Here we present examples where in situ product adsorption has been used to improve product titers or alter the ratios among biosynthetically related natural products, examine some of the relevant variables to consider, and discuss the mechanisms by which in situ adsorption may impact the biosynthesis of microbial natural products.     

Methods for identifying extracellular ligands of RPTPs

The transmembrane forms of the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are evolutionarily conserved and have been implicated in diverse cellular and developmental functions. Due to their structure, these enzymes are known as "receptor-like" PTPs (RPTPs), yet most remain as orphan receptors with no proven ligands yet. The question of whether or not such ligands exist is critical, because RPTP regulation by extracellular cues could be central to their signal transduction mechanisms. Identification of ligands has therefore been an important goal in the field. However, even with powerful genetic and molecular techniques at our disposal, this goal has frequently been met with frustration. This review focuses on methods used in the search for such ligands and primarily on a commonly employed technique named RAP in situ. RAP in situ has been used with some success in recent years and relies on the ability of isolated extracellular domains of receptors to still recognise their cognate ligand partners in vitro. For this technique, fusion proteins are made between RPTP ectodomains and placental alkaline phosphatase and these fusion proteins are used to probe tissue sections, live cultured cells or whole tissues. The binding sites of the proteins are visualised by alkaline phosphatase histochemistry, directly pinpointing the location of potential ligands. RAP in situ has helped to identify ligands for PTPzeta/beta and PTPsigma, as well as locating several other putative ligand sites in tissues. We provide troubleshooting details for RAP in situ and describe some other complementary techniques that can be used.     

植物染色体原位杂交技术的发展与现状

本文主要介绍植物染色体原位杂交技术的发展历史,评述适用于不同研究目的的各种主要原位杂交技术的基本原理和方法,并介绍该技术在植物细胞遗传学领域的应用和发展。 Abstract：In this paper,we briefly introduce the development of in situ hybridization of plant chromosome. The fundamental principle and method of many main kinds of in situ hybridization have been reviewed for different research purposes,and their application and development on plant cytogenetics also been recommended.     

Chromosomal localization of the human oncogene ERBA2

The human ERBA2 gene has been mapped to chromosome 17q21.3 by in situ hybridization. A second hybridization site at 17q25 was greatly reduced by high stringency washes, indicating the presence of an additional member of the ERBA2 family at this location. Southern blot hybridization using identical conditions did not reveal additional bands, and hybridizations done at sufficiently low stringency to reveal further bands produced multiple bands rather than the single additional band expected from the in situ results. Direct comparisons of in situ and Southern hybridizations should therefore be treated with caution. The location of these two oncogenes may be significant in cases of acute promyelocytic leukaemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia.