Hämatologische Beobachtungen an Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdneri RICH.). V. Die Erythozytenverteilungskurve

Zusammenfassung Für die Fischpathologie wird als differentialdiagnostisches Verfahren die Erythozytenmessung vorgeschlagen. Zur Darstellung der Erythrozytenverteilungskurve wird wegen der elliptischen Form der Fisch-Erythrozyten die in der Humanmedizin übliche Technik modifiziert.An 102 Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdneri) beiderlei Geschlechts im Alter von 1 bis 3 Jahren wurde versucht, die Normalkurve für gesunde Tiere dieser Population zu ermitteln. Die Größenverteilung der Erythrozyten ergibt eine Gauss-Glockenkurve, deren Gipfel in die Größenklasse 30–35 µm²/ fällt, und deren Basis von 15–20 µm²/ bis 55–60 µm²/ reicht.Zwischen den Price-Jones-Kurven der Milchner (52 Individuen) und Rogner (50 Individuen) bestehen keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Ebenso konnte keine Beeinflussung dieser Normalkurve durch unterschiedliches Alter oder jahreszeitliche Einflüsse — untersucht wurden in dieser Hinsicht die F₂ — beobachtet werden.

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Summary As differential-diagnostic feature in the fish pathology it is suggested to measure the red blood cells. The normal technique used in human medicine for plotting the distribution curve of the red blood cells is modified, because the red blood cells of the fish are of elliptical shape.102 rainbow trouts (Salmo gairdneri), both, male and female, and 1–3 years of age, were examined to find the normal curve for healthy animals of this population. The size distribution of the red blood cells show a bell-shaped Gauss-curve, the peak of which is 30–35 µm²/, and the basis of which reaches from 15–20 µm²/ to 55–60 µm²/.The Price-Jones-curves show no significant differences between the milters (52 individuals) and the spawners (50 individuals). Besides, changes caused by different age or seasonal influences could not be observed on this normal curve. Analyzed were the F₂ individuals.

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Institut für Siedlungswasserbau und Wassergütewirtschaft der Universität Stuttgart Biologische Abteilung - Arbeitsgruppe Haider     

Pre-clinical studies of the negative pi-meson beam at TRIUMF

Summary The ^– flux from the biomedical channel at TRIUMF increases with increasing channel momentum, while the contaminating electron flux decreases. Since the electrons appear to result from conversion of the high energy-rays produced by ⁰ decay in the production target, the electron contamination can be reduced further by target configurations which minimize gamma conversion.The attenuation of ^– beams by in-flight interactions was found to decrease from an initial value of 1.67 ± 0.02 % per g/cm² at zero depth to 1.48 ± 0.02 % per g/cm² near the stopping peak.The inactivation of cultured CHO cells by an extended-peak ^– dose distribution has been measured using the gel technique. The survival data have been fitted by a model which characterizes the physical quality of the dose profile by means of measured star densities. This model provides a convenient method of analysis for large sets of survival data and may be useful for prediction of the biological effect of new ^– dose distributions.The RBE value for 50% survival measured at the centre of a 7 cm extended peak was found to be approximately 1.4, in reasonable agreement with recent values obtained at LAMPF and SIN.     

Fluorescence of 3-keto-steroids in aqueous solution

The physiologically important 3-keto-steroids are non-fluorescent or only weakly fluorescent in protic as well as in aprotic solvents. In contrast, the 4,6,8(14)-triene-3-one steroids are highly fluorescent in aqueous solution but they do not appreciably fluoresce in other solvents. Evidence is presented that the introduction of double bonds into the skeleton of the 3-keto-steroids leads to a decrease of the energy of the lowest – ^* state, bringing this level into the neighbourhood of the non-fluorescent n – ^* state. As a consequence, for two states of approximately the same energy, relatively small perturbations such as those due to solvent interactions, protein binding and micelle formation, will then determine whether a system will fluoresce ( – ^* state lowest) or not (n – ^* state lowest). When the fluorescent 3-keto-steroids, having three conjugated double bonds, bind to proteins, the fluorescence intensity becomes almost zero, making these compounds useful as probes for steroid-protein interactions. This quenching of the fluorescence is explained by a decrease in energy of the n – ^* state relative to the – ^* state of the steroids due to hydrophobic interactions with the proteins.Abbreviations 6,8-BDT 6,8-bisdehydrotestosterone; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide - HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography This work was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Chemie, September 26–29, 1983, in Göttingen. For an abstract see: Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. (1983) 364: 1151–1152Dedicated to Prof. Dr. F.-W. Zilliken on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

A method for the investigation of those transformations under which the visual recognition of a given object is invariant

An experiment is described which shows in operation the program set out in Foster (1972a) for the investigation of the invariance transformations of visual recognition. The concern in the present study is with the Lie group of rotations SO(2), and a certain centrally located foveal Landolt ring. By presenting to the visual system this Landolt ring and a rotated image in rapid succession, one attempted to induce a specified rotation-type phi-motion. Two subjects were employed. Both reported the existence of the required type of phi-motion for rotations ₀ of the Landolt ring about the visual axis with -2/72/7. By appealing to the basic Proposition 2 of Foster (1972 a), the conclusion is reached that the visual system appears capable of effecting upon a certain centrally located foveal annulus the local 1-parameter group of rotations about the visual axis ₀, [–2/7,2/7].     

Photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts and protoplasts under osmotic stress

1. Isolated intact spinach chloroplasts respond to changes of the sorbitol concentration of the suspending medium as near-perfect osmometers within a large range of osmotic potentials. Under isotonic conditions (=9–10 bar), their average osmotic volume is 24 m³ and the total volume 36 m³. The osmotic volume can be increased to 63 m³ by lowering the sorbitol concentration until a critical osmotic potential of =4 bar is reached. Below that value chloroplasts rupture. Between 10 bar and 4 bar, volume changes are reversible. 2. Increasing the chloroplast volume above 24 m³ causes inhibition of photosynthesis, with 50% inhibition occurring at an osmotic potential of =5–6 bar. This corresponds to an osmotic volume of 45–55 m³. Depending on the duration of hypotonic treatment, inhibition of photosynthesis is more or less reversible. 3. Between 4 and 10 bar, the chloroplast envelope exhibits a very low permeability for ferricyanide, many metabolites, and soluble stroma proteins. 4. Electron transport is not inhibited by swelling of chloroplasts. Also, the ATP/ADP-ratio remains unchanged. 5. The solute concentration in the chloroplasts appears to be optimal for photosynthesis at 10 bar. Increasing the chloroplast volume causes inhibition of photosynthesis by dilution effects.     

Identification of a glutathione-S-transferase effector domain for inhibition of jun kinase, by molecular dynamics

We have recently found that the glutathione-S-transferase -isozyme (GST-), a cellular detoxification enzyme, potently and selectively inhibits activation of jun protein by its upstream kinase, jun kinase (JNK). This newly identified regulatory activity of GST- is strongly inhibited by a group of agents that inhibit its enzymatic activity. Since loss of enzymatic activity in general does not correlate with loss of regulatory activity, it is likely that inhibitor binding induces changes in the structure of one or more domains of GST that block its interaction with JNK. To identify regions of GST that change conformation on the binding of inhibitors, we have performed molecular dynamics calculations on GST- to compute its average structure in the presence and absence of the inhibitor, glutathione sulfonate. Superposition of the two average structures reveals that several regions change local structure depending upon whether the inhibitor is bound or not bound. Two of these regions, residues 36–50 and 194–201, are highly exposed. We have synthesized peptides corresponding to these two segments and find that the 194–201 sequence strongly inhibits the ability of GST- to block the in vitro phosphorylation of jun by JNK. These results suggest that this region of GST- is critical to its functioning as a newly discovered regulator of signal transduction.     

Radial transport of water across cortical sleeves of excised roots ofZea mays L.

The stationary radial volume flows across maize (Zea mays L.) root segments without steles (sleeves) were measured under isobaric conditions. The driving force of the volume flow is an osmotic difference between the internal and external compartment of the root preparations. It is generated by differences in the concentrations of sucrose, raffinose or polyethylene glycol. The flows are linear functions of the corresponding osmotic differences ( ) up to osmotic values which cause plasmolysis. The straight lines obtained pass through the origin. No asymmetry of the osmotic barrier could be detected within the range of driving forces applied ( =±0.5 MPa), corresponding to volume-flow densities of j_{v, s}=±7·10^–8 m·s^–1. Using the literature values for the reflection coefficients of sucrose and polyethylene glycol in intact roots (E. Steudle et al. (1987) Plant Physiol.84, 1220–1234), values for the sleeve hydraulic conductivity of about 1·10^–7 m·s^–1 MPa^–1 were calculated. They are of the same order of magnitude as those reported in the literature for the hydraulic conductivity of intact root segments when hydrostatic pressure is applied.Abbreviations and symbols a _s outer surface of sleeve segment - c concentration of osmotically active solute - j _{v, s} radial volume flow density across sleeve segment - Lp_s hydraulic conductivity of sleeves - Lp_r hydraulic conductivity of intact roots - _N thickness of Nernst diffusion layer - reflection coefficient of root for solute - osmotic value of bulk phase - osmotic coefficient     

Observation of a distinct transition in the mode of interconversion of ring pucker conformers in non-crystalline d-ribose-2'-d from 2H NMR spin-alignment

Internal motions of d-ribose selectively ²H-labeled at the 2 position were measured using solid state ²H NMR experiments. A sample of d-ribose-2 -d was prepared in a hydrated, non-crystalline state to eliminate effects of crystal-packing. Between temperatures of –74 and –60°C the C2–H2 bond was observed to undergo two kinds of motions which were similar to those of C2–H2/H2 found previously in crystalline deoxythymidine (Hiyama et al. (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 8609–8613): (1) Nanosecond motion of small angular displacement with an apparent activation energy of 3.6 ± 0.7 kcal mol^–1, and (2) millisecond to microsecond motion of large amplitude with an apparent activation energy 4 kcal mol^–1. At –74°C, the slow, large-amplitude motion was best characterized as a two-site jump with a correlation time on the millisecond time scale, whereas at –60°C it was diffusive on the microsecond time scale. The slow, large-amplitude motions of the C2–H2 bond are most likely from interconversions between C2-endo and C3-endo by way of the O4-endo conformation, whereas the fast, small-amplitude motions are probably librations of the C2–H2 bond within the C2-endo and C3-endo potential energy minima.     

Interrelationships Between Nitrogen Supply and Photosynthetic Parameters in Vicia faba L.

We determined for Vicia faba L the influence of nitrogen uptake and accumulation on the values of photon saturated net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax), quantum yield efficiency (), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i), and carboxylation efficiency (C _e). As leaf nitrogen content (N_L) increased, the converged onto a maximum asymptotic value of 0.0664±0.0049 mol(CO₂) mol(quantum)^–1. Also, as N_L increased the C _i value fell to an asymptotic minimum of 115.80±1.59 mol mol^–1, and C _e converged onto a maximum asymptotic value of 1.645±0.054 mol(CO₂) m^–2 s^–1 Pa^–1 and declined to zero at a N_L-intercept equal to 0.596±0.096 g(N) m^–2. fell to zero for an N_L-intercept of 0.660±0.052 g(N) m^–2. As N_L increased, the value of P _Nmax converged onto a maximum asymptotic value of 33.400±2.563 mol(CO₂) m^–2 s^–1. P _N fell to zero for an N_L-intercept of 0.710±0.035 g(N) m^–2. Under variable daily meteorological conditions the values for N_L, specific leaf area (_L), root mass fraction (R_f), P _Nmax, and remained constant for a given N supply. A monotonic decline in the steady-state value of R_f occurred with increasing N supply. _L increased with increasing N supply or with increasing N_L.     

Efficient and precise measurement of H(alpha)-C(alpha), C(alpha)-C', C(alpha)-C(beta) and H(N)-N residual dipolar couplings from 2D H(N)-N correlation spectra

A suite of experiments are presented for the measurement of H–C, C–C, C–C and H^N–N couplings from uniformly ¹⁵N, ¹³C labeled proteins. Couplings are obtained from a series of intensity modulated two-dimensional H^N–N spectra equivalent to the common ¹H–¹⁵N–HSQC spectra, alleviating many overlap and assignment issues associated with other techniques. To illustrate the efficiency of this method, H–C, C–C, and H^N–N isotropic scalar couplings were determined for ubiquitin from data collected in less than 4.5 h, C–C data collection required 10 h. The resulting couplings were measured with an average error of ±0.06, ±0.05, ±0.04 and ±0.10 Hz, respectively. This study also shows H–C and C–C couplings, valuable because they provide orientation of bond vectors outside the peptide plane, can be measured in a uniform and precise way. Superior accuracy and precision to existing 3D measurements for C–C couplings and increased precision compared to IPAP measurements for H^N–N couplings are demonstrated. Minor modifications allow for acquisition of modulated H^N–C 2D spectra, which can yield additional well resolved peaks and significantly increase the number of measured RDCs for proteins with crowded ¹H–¹⁵N resonances.     

The quantitative analysis of chromosome pairing and chiasma formation based on the relative frequencies of M I configurations

Whilst reliable estimates of chiasma frequencies can usually not be obtained, the probability (b) of a chromosome arm to be bound by at least one chiasma can often be determined. In the absence of interference this probability equals (1–e ^–2), where 2 is the average chiasma frequency of the chromosome arm and the average crossover frequency or map length. In the presence of interference is shown to retain its genetic meaning as an additive metric that may describe the chromosome arm or other distinctive chromosome segment in terms of genetic recombination. It is a form of potential map length, comparable to, but numerically different from the regular map length. It is termed provisionally crossing-over potential.A chromosome with armsm andn with crossing-over potentials and will form ring bivalents with a frequency (1–e ^–2).(1–e ^–2); open bivalents with a frequency (1–e ^–2).e ^–2+(1–e ^–2).e ^–2; univalent pairs with a frequencye ^–2.e ^–2. Estimates of these frequencies yield equations from which and may be solved. In rye (Secale cereale) their ratio (q) is approximately two and differs from the mitotic arm length ratio of 1.4, indicating localization of chiasmata in the long arms.Graphs are given to show how, with constantq, the relation between the probabilitiesb _m andb _n of the two arms being bound changes with changing averageb.Data are presented on chiasma frequencies in M I, and compared with the frequencies expected in the absence of interference to give an impression of the degree of interference. Apparent fusion of chiasmata simulates interference.     

The effect of potassium application on leaf water relations characteristics of field grown barley plants (Hordeum distichum L.)

Leaf water relations characteristics were studied in spring barley fertilized at low (50 kg ha^-1) or high (200 kg ha^-1) levels of potassium applied as KCl. The leaf water relations characteristics were determined by the pressure volume (PV) technique.Seasonal analysis in fully irrigated plants showed that within 2 weeks from leaf emergence the leaf osmotic potential at full turgor ( ¹⁰⁰) decreased from about –0.9 to –1.6 MPa in leaf No 7 (counting the first leaf to emerge as number one) and from about –1.1 to –1.9 MPa in leaf No 8 (the flag leaf) due to solute accumulation. ¹⁰⁰ was 0.05 to 0.10 MPa lower in high K than in low K plants. Thus, an ontogenetically determined accumulation of solutes occurred in the leaves independent of K application. The ratio of leaf weight at full turgor to dry weight (TW/DW) decreased from about 5.5 in leaf No 6 to 4.5 in leaf No 7 and 3.8 in leaf No. 8. The TW/DW ratio was 4 to 10% higher in high K than in low K plants indicating larger leaf cell size in the former. The tissue modulus of elasticity () was increased in high K plants. The main effect of high K application on water relations was an increase in leaf water content and a slight decrease in leaf During drought limited osmotic adjustment and increase in elasticity of the leaf tissue mediated turgor maintenance. These effects were only slightly modified by high potassium application.     

Averaging methods in the delayed-logistic equation

The delayed logistic equation is analyzed using the averaging method. Using the transformation of coordinates v=ln N/K it is shown that the first order term in perturbation theory yields N=K exp(r ^* cos t/2) when the delay time T exceeds some critical value T _c. The amplitude r^* is equal to (40/3 – 2)^1/2 and is an expansion parameter that is proportional to (T – T_c). Comparison of the exponential solution of N and numerical results for the ratio N _maximum/N _minimum provides a good fit for values of larger than the results using the N coordinate as the perturbed coordinate.     

Visualization ofπ − andπ + stopping density distributions in one and two dimensions

Summary A technique suitable for mapping ^± stopping density distributions in patients or phantoms is described. As a position sensitive detector a multiwire proportional chamber with a slit or a hole collimator in front was applied. Results using a water and a Rando phantom are presented for various momenta and momentum band widths of the ^± beam. To our knowledge the two-dimensional visualization of a ^– stopping density distribution was realized for the first time.     

Structure and nonlinear optical properties of copper phthalocyanine thin films

This paper describes a joint study of the structure and nonlinear optical properties of vacuum evaporated thin films of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc for brevity). Film thickness ranges from 50 to 500 nm. The anisotropic paramagnetic resonance of Cu⁺⁺ ions reveals that the Pc rings lie almost parallel to the substrate plane with however a large angular distribution (30° FWHM). Third harmonic optical generation measurements performed at 1.064 m and 1.907 m fundamental wavelengths give respectively an average value of the cubic susceptibility ⁽³⁾(-3,)=(4±0.4)·10^–12 e.s.u. and (2.1+-0.2) · 10^-12 These values, although significantly higher than for a common ionic crystal, are about one order of magnitude lower than in conjugated 1-D systems, which shows that the 2-D -electron delocalization is less profitable than the 1-D one. Besides third harmonic, we have also observed second harmonic generation. Its polarization dependence is characteristic of a quadratic susceptibility enhanced in one direction, almost perpendicular to the substrate, withd _eff comprised between 30 and 60 · 10^-9 e.s.u. The possible origins ofd _eff are discussed.     

Osmotic potential and turgor maintenance in Spartina alterniflora Loisel.

Summary The dependence of leaf water potential (), osmotic potential () and turgor pressure (P) on relative water content (RWC) was determined for leaves of tall and short growth forms of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. from a site on Canary Creek marsh in Lewes, Delaware. Tall plants (ca. 1.5 m) occured along a drainage ditch where interstitial water salinity was approximately 20, and short plants (ca. 0.2 m) were 13 m away near a pan and exposed to 80 salinity during the most stressful period. Leaves were collected at dawn and pressure-volume measurements were made as they desiccated in the laboratory. Pressure equilibrium was used to measure , RWC was determined from weight loss and dry weight, was determined from the pressure volume curve, and P was calculated as the difference between and . Physical properties of the bulk leaf tissue that have a role in regulating water balance of the two growth forms were estimated: relative water content of apoplastic water (RWC_a) relative water content at zero turgor (RWC₀), the bulk modulus of elasticity (E), and water capacity (C _w). There were no detectable temporal trends in any of the parameters measured from Nune through September and no significant differences between the two growth forms when compared on the basis of RWC_a, RWC₀, E, and C _w. There was a clear difference between the two growth forms with respect to ; at RWC₀, was-4.5±0.40 MPa for short form plants and-3.3±0.40 MPa for tall form.Turgor pressure of plants in the field (P) was lower in leaves from short form than for the tall form plants with average difference of about 0.4 MPa. In July, P in short form leaves dropped to zero by mid-morning as expected for leaves experiencing water stress.These results show that S. alterniflora is capable of reducing osmotic potential in response to increased salinity and that turgor pressure was lower in short growth form than in tall forms.     

Hypo-osmotic stimulation of active Na+ transport in frog muscle: Apparent upregulation of Na+ pumps

Summary The purpose of this work was to determine if hypotonicity, in addition to the stimulation of active Na⁺ transport (Venosa, R.A., 1978,Biochim. Biophys. Acta 510:378–383), promoted changes in (i) active K⁺ influx, (ii) passive Na^– and K⁺ fluxes, and (iii) the number of³H-ouabain binding sites.The results indicate that a reduction of external osmotic pressure () to one-half of its normal value (=0.5) produced the following effects: (i) an increase in active K⁺ influx on the order of 160%, (ii) a 20% reduction in Na⁺ influx and K⁺ permeability (P _K), and (iii) a 40% increase in the apparent density of ouabain binding sites. These data suggest that the hypotonic stimulation of the Na⁺ pump is not caused by an increased leak of either Na⁺ (inward) or K⁺ (outward). It is unlikely that the stimulation of active Na⁺ extrusion and the rise in the apparent number of pump sites produced by hypotonicity were due to a reduction of the intracellular ionic strength. It appears that, at least in part, the stimulation of active Na⁺ transport takes place whenever muscles are transferred from one medium to another of lower tonicity even if neither one was hypotonic (for instance =2 to =1 transfer). Comparison of the present results with those previously reported indicate that in addition to the number of pump sites, the cycling rate of the pump is increased by hypotonicity. Active Na⁺ and K⁺ fluxes were not significantly altered by hypertonicity (=2).     

Anionradicals from 5-halouracil substituted oriented DNA after X-irradiation at low temperatures

Conclusions The model of two initial radiation - induced radical components in oriented fibers of DNA,T ^– andG ⁺ [1], should be amended, for 5-halouracil substituted DNA by the finding that the primary anion is formed on the 5-halouracil base specifically but differentiates, depending on the halogen substituent, into*- and*-forms. The occurrence of the latter appears, from theoretical calculations, to be connected with a C-halogen bond elongation. The DNA matrix apparently allows for this whereas in the corresponding single crystals of 5-bromodeoxyuridine [1] or 5-iododeoxyuridine [4] the crystal packing prevents the elongation thus allowing for*-anion formation only.     

On the formation of rho - petites in yeast. III. Effects of temperature on transmission and recombination of mitochondrial markers and on rho - cell formation in temperature sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Summary The -factor stability is shown to be affected by four conditional mutations, tsm-8 (mitochondrial), tsp-20, tsp-25 and tsp-30 (nuclear). Growth of mutant cells at high temperature (35°C) results in the rapid production of ^– cells and concomittantly in the decrease of the ability to transmit mitochondrial genetic information to the ⁺ progeny of crosses. Kinetics of ^– cell formation during growth at 35°C have been compared with variations in transmission and recombination of mitochondrial markers in crosses. In all cases the transmission of mitochondrial markers of the ts-parent decreases as the number of cell generations increases. The frequencies of recombinants between mitochondrial markers either increase or decrease depending on the markers considered and the alleles of the -locus involved in the crosses.The results of all crosses performed have been compared with the predictions of the model for recombination and segregation of mitochondrial genes proposed by Dujon et al. (1974). This comparison indicates that the main result of high temperature treatment is a diminution of the input of mitochondrial information from the ts-parent into zygotes. Consequences of the induced variations of input follow the predictions of the model. The correlation found in ts-strains between the reduction of input in crosses and the formation of ^– cells is discussed in terms of molecular events occurring in mitDNA molecules during high temperature induction of ⁺ to ^– mutation.This paper is dedicated to Professor Dr. A. Butenandt on the occasion of his 75th birthday