不同养分条件下和不同生境类型中根茎草本黄帚橐吾的克隆生长

 对多年生植物黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)在不同氮肥梯度和不同生境类型中的克隆生长行为进行研究。结果表明：1)资源水平与群落性质影响着间隔子(Spacer)长度的变化,氮肥处理使之明显变短;自然群落中的间隔子长度远远长于人工群落,说明黄帚橐吾间隔子具有很强的形态可塑性,能对资源水平和生境优劣作出反应。2)分枝强度(Branching intensity)具有随资源水平的增高而上升的趋势,表明无性系分株(Ramet)的形成和生长受环境资源状况和源株(Genet)生长状况的影响;3)黄帚橐吾的分枝角度为0˚或180˚,资源水平与环境差异对其影响不大,可塑性低;4)环境资源贫乏或植株比较拥挤时,黄帚橐吾个体根系资源分配比例加大,说明黄帚橐吾的资源分配(Resource allocation)模式更多地受环境资源条件和群落性质的影响。     

黄帚橐吾对高寒草甸凋落物分解及氮释放的影响

受过度放牧等干扰因素的影响,黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)在高寒草甸逐渐扩张成为优势种而被称为“退化指示种”,从而威胁生态系统功能和养分循环。然而,黄帚橐吾扩张引起的凋落物比例增多,对分解及养分释放的影响尚不清晰。凋落物分解连结着生态系统碳、氮循环,对于系统功能维持具有重要意义。本试验在三江源区黄帚橐吾为优势种的高寒草甸中,设置黄帚橐吾和其他物种凋落物的多梯度混合分解试验,测定黄帚橐吾和其他物种凋落物的重量损失和氮释放,分析黄帚橐吾生物量增多对凋落物分解的影响。结果表明：(1)分解1年后,黄帚橐吾重量损失及氮素释放较其他物种更缓慢;(2)随着黄帚橐吾生物量比例的增加,凋落物整体重量损失及氮素释放显著降低;(3)混合凋落物中黄帚橐吾能限制其他物种的分解,这种拮抗效应进一步延缓了混合凋落物的分解。综上,高寒草甸黄帚橐吾扩张引起的凋落物生物量增多通过延缓凋落物分解及氮释放,阻碍土壤养分输入,进而对草地碳氮循环过程产生不利影响。     

典型黄帚橐吾型退化草地形成过程中土壤和植被特征

为深入了解典型毒草型退化草地形成的过程，本文对青藏高原原生草地上黄帚橐吾逐渐扩张形成典型毒草型退化草地过程中植被和土壤特征进行研究。结果表明：黄帚橐吾型退化草地形成过程中，黄帚橐吾种群密度、株高、盖度和生物量均增加；相比原生草地，退化草地的总地上生物量增加113.9%,土壤全氮、铵态氮、有机碳和速效磷含量分别增加61.0%、77.9%、45.3%和78.8%,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮分别增加42.1%和47.4%,而土壤硝态氮含量和物种丰富度分别减少40.1%和28.5%,除黄帚橐吾以外其他植物的生物量减少45.7%。黄帚橐吾极强的种间抑制能力、形态可塑性、高效的养分蓄积能力和利用效率是其成功扩张的关键，促进了黄帚橐吾型退化草地的形成。     

Effects of the spreading of Ligularia virgaurea on soil physicochemical property and microbial functional diversity

黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)是高寒草甸退化的指示物种, 其种群扩张已严重影响了草地生态系统的经济服务功能, 但目前仍不明确土壤微生物是否参与了黄帚橐吾的种群扩张。该研究依托兰州大学高寒草甸试验站, 选择了4个不同密度的黄帚橐吾斑块, 分析了黄帚橐吾种群扩张对该草甸土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果显示: 黄帚橐吾种群扩张虽然提高了土壤微生物活性, 但降低了土壤速效氮浓度。各斑块间土壤微生物Shannon指数、碳源利用种类、均一度指数均无显著差异, 但高密度斑块的土壤微生物碳源利用结构与对照斑块有显著差异。表明黄帚橐吾分布地土壤微生物功能多样性的改变所引起的土壤氮素限制是黄帚橐吾种群数量急剧增加的机制之一。     

高寒草场优势杂草黄帚橐吾水浸液对牧草的化感作用

研究了高寒草场中主要毒杂草——黄帚橐吾水浸液对同域分布的5种牧草的化感作用.将反应指数(RI)相加平均后分为一、二、三级敏感指数,分别评价不同测定指标、不同发育期和物种水平对化感作用的敏感性;从供体角度对相应RI值做同样处理,以综合评价不同水浸液及其不同浓度的化感效应.结果表明,5种牧草对黄帚橐吾化感作用的敏感性从强到弱依次为早熟禾>大雀麦>中华羊茅>羊茅>垂穗披碱草;牧草种子萌发期的敏感性强于幼苗生长期,尤以萌发指数受化感作用的影响明显.黄帚橐吾根、叶水浸液对牧草生物测定结果大多达到显著差异水平,物种水平的化感效应均表现为抑制作用,说明雨水淋溶是黄帚橐吾向环境中释放化感物质的途径之一.黄帚橐吾根部化感效应强于叶片,可能与其地下种间激烈的资源竞争有关.化感作用在增强黄帚橐吾生存竞争力、扩大种群和入侵草场中起着不容忽视的作用,可能是黄帚橐吾单优势种群落形成和草场退化的原因之一.     

黄帚橐吾种群扩张对土壤理化特性与微生物功能多样性的影响

黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)是高寒草甸退化的指示物种, 其种群扩张已严重影响了草地生态系统的经济服务功能, 但目前仍不明确土壤微生物是否参与了黄帚橐吾的种群扩张。该研究依托兰州大学高寒草甸试验站, 选择了4个不同密度的黄帚橐吾斑块, 分析了黄帚橐吾种群扩张对该草甸土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果显示: 黄帚橐吾种群扩张虽然提高了土壤微生物活性, 但降低了土壤速效氮浓度。各斑块间土壤微生物Shannon指数、碳源利用种类、均一度指数均无显著差异, 但高密度斑块的土壤微生物碳源利用结构与对照斑块有显著差异。表明黄帚橐吾分布地土壤微生物功能多样性的改变所引起的土壤氮素限制是黄帚橐吾种群数量急剧增加的机制之一。     

土著入侵种黄帚橐吾的替代防控展望

黄帚橐吾是青藏高原高寒草场中分布最广、危害极大的优势毒草,严重影响了该地区群落结构和草地畜牧业的发展。在介绍土著入侵种和替代防控概念及相关研究进展的基础上,针对黄帚橐吾目前缺乏高效经济生态防控措施的现状,结合国内外对入侵植物进行替代防控的经验与原则,提出了对黄帚橐吾进行替代防控的生态防控设想和黄帚橐吾替代植物选用的基本原则,初步划定了防控黄帚橐吾的替代植物范围。通过引种或者驯化乡土草种,在青藏高原培育禾本科、豆科植物或者建植禾豆混播人工草地,使其具备替代防控黄帚橐吾的潜力。     

密度制约下尕海湿地黄帚橐吾叶绿素与叶面积、叶厚度间的关系

密度制约下植物叶性状间的关系,对于认识植物叶片的物理构建与生理代谢的关系具有重要的意义。本研究采用标准化主轴估计分析方法,按黄帚橐吾(Liguaria virgaurea)种群数设置I(171～240株·m~(-2))、II(101～170株·m~(-2))和III(30～100株·m~(-2))3个密度,分析了尕海湿地不同种群密度黄帚橐吾叶绿素含量与叶面积、叶厚度的关系。结果表明:随着黄帚橐吾种群密度的降低,湿地群落的密度呈先减小后增大的U型趋势、盖度逐渐降低、高度和土壤水分逐渐增加,黄帚橐吾的叶面积和叶绿素含量逐渐增加、叶厚度和群落内部光合有效辐射逐渐减小、净光合速率和蒸腾速率呈先减小后增大的U型趋势;叶绿素含量与叶面积呈显著负相关(P0.05)、与叶厚度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。生长在高密度湿地的黄帚橐吾选择增加叶绿素含量且构建小而厚的叶片,在低密度湿地选择减少叶绿素含量且构建大而薄的叶片,反映了植物适应光照条件等异质性环境因子的资源利用策略和光合产物积累模式。     

黄帚橐吾不同密度斑块植物、土壤和微生物碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

植物-土壤作为构成生态系统养分循环的连续体,在某种程度上决定了草地生态系统的养分平衡和系统稳定性。碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)是生态系统中三种主要的营养元素,它们参与了生态系统的养分循环,在生态系统结构功能维持中起着基础性作用,且生态系统内部的C、N、P循环在植物、土壤和微生物之间相互转换。为了探究黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)在扩散过程中对草地生态系统养分循环的影响,以黄帚橐吾微斑块为研究对象,根据斑块密度界定6个密度梯度,分别为D0(0 株/m²)、D1(43 株/m²)、D2(99 株/m²)、D3(163 株/m²)、D4(332 株/m²)和D5(621 株/m²),分析了不同密度斑块的草地植物、土壤和土壤微生物生物量C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量的变化情况。结果表明,随着黄帚橐吾密度的增大,草地植物群落的C含量呈增加趋势,植物N含量略微上升后显著下降,且当黄帚橐吾密度 ≥ 160株/m²时,植物N含量显著降低,植物P含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,C∶N比呈逐渐上升趋势,C∶P比呈先上升后降低趋势,N∶P比呈先上升后降低趋势;土壤C、N、P含量均呈先增加后降低趋势,其中C含量在D2达到最大值,N含量为D1-D4高于D0和D5,但各斑块差异不显著,P含量为D3显著高于其余斑块,C∶N在D5达到最大值,C∶P在D2达到最大值,土壤N∶P呈略微降低后又有所增加,土壤养分主要受N限制;MBC随着黄帚橐吾密度的增加有降低趋势,而MBN和MBP变化均表现为”N”字型,MBN∶MBP呈先增加后降低趋势。通过相关性分析和RDA分析得到,黄帚橐吾密度与植物C、N、MBN以及MBP显著相关,植物C含量和土壤C含量与MBN呈显著正相关,土壤养分与微生物量的关系更为密切。     

不同生境下黄帚橐吾（Ligularia Virgaurea）个体大小依赖的繁殖分配

 研究了不同生境和密度下黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)个体大小依赖的繁殖分配。结果表明无论在种群水平还是在个体水平上,黄帚橐吾都表现出：1) 在不同的生境和种群密度中,个体大小与繁殖体大小均不相同,其排列顺序依次为沙地＞坡地＞滩地、裸地＞非裸地、低密度＞高密度;2) 繁殖分配和单株种子均重在不同生境和种群密度中,其差异程度均从不显著(p>0.05)到极显著(p<0.01)不等;3) 繁殖体大小与个体大小在不同生境和种群密度中均呈极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01);4) 单株种子均重与个体     

狮牙草状风毛菊果期资源分配对海拔的响应

植物资源分配是目前植物生态学研究的热点问题, 主要集中在性分配和繁殖分配两个方面。该研究以分布在青藏高原的狮牙草状风毛菊(Saussurea leontodontoides)作为研究材料, 研究了6个海拔高度上果期植株的繁殖特征及资源分配的差异, 并用异速模型分析了繁殖性状及资源分配与个体大小的关系。结果显示: 1)狮牙草状风毛菊的个体大小、繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、种子数和营养分配均与海拔存在极显著负相关关系, 百粒质量和繁殖分配与海拔存在极显著正相关关系。2)在不同海拔高度下, 百粒质量、种子数、繁殖器官生物量及营养分配与植株个体大小呈正相关关系; 繁殖分配与植株个体大小呈负相关关系; 而营养器官生物量与植株个体大小呈极显著正相关关系。这表明海拔和个体大小对狮牙草状风毛菊的繁殖对策有不同程度的影响, 狮牙草状风毛菊通过增加繁殖部分的生物量和百粒质量来适应高海拔的胁迫环境。     

Response of resource allocation of Saussurea leontodontoides during its fruiting stage to the elevation

植物资源分配是目前植物生态学研究的热点问题, 主要集中在性分配和繁殖分配两个方面。该研究以分布在青藏高原的狮牙草状风毛菊(Saussurea leontodontoides)作为研究材料, 研究了6个海拔高度上果期植株的繁殖特征及资源分配的差异, 并用异速模型分析了繁殖性状及资源分配与个体大小的关系。结果显示: 1)狮牙草状风毛菊的个体大小、繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、种子数和营养分配均与海拔存在极显著负相关关系, 百粒质量和繁殖分配与海拔存在极显著正相关关系。2)在不同海拔高度下, 百粒质量、种子数、繁殖器官生物量及营养分配与植株个体大小呈正相关关系; 繁殖分配与植株个体大小呈负相关关系; 而营养器官生物量与植株个体大小呈极显著正相关关系。这表明海拔和个体大小对狮牙草状风毛菊的繁殖对策有不同程度的影响, 狮牙草状风毛菊通过增加繁殖部分的生物量和百粒质量来适应高海拔的胁迫环境。     

Effects of light on the growth and clonal reproduction of Ligularia virgaurea

Ligularia virgaurea is a perennial herb that is widely distributed in the alpine meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau.We investigated the patterns of growth and reproduction of L.virgaurea under two contrasting levels of light conditions for two continuous growing seasons.Our results showed that the light affects on the maximum relative growth rate,the shoot weight ratio and the root weight ratio differed between the two growing seasons.L.virgaurea reproduced initially through rhizome in the second growing season,rather than sexual reproduction.The proportion of genets with clonal reproduction decreased under shaded conditions.A minimum genet size should be attained for clonal reproduction to begin under the shaded conditions.There was a positive linear relationship between clonal reproduction and genet size.Light level affected the allocation of total biomass to clonal structures,with less allocation under the full natural irradiance than under the shaded conditions.There seemed to be a trade-off between vegetative growth and clonal reproduction under the full natural irradiance,in terms of smaller relative growth rates of genets with clonal reproduction than those without clonal reproduction.L.virgaurea emphasized clonal reproduction under the full natural irradiance,while the plant emphasized vegetative growth under the shaded conditions.     

Effects of the spreading of ligularia virgaurea on soil physicochemical property and microbial functional diversity北大核心CSCD

Aims Ligularia virgaurea is an indicator species of alpine meadow degradation. Recently, the vast spreading of L. virgaurea has brought the serious economic loss of grassland ecosystem, but it remains unclear whether soil microbes involve in the spreading of L. virgaurea. Methods We chose four patches with different density of L. virgaurea to measure the influence of spreading of L. virgaurea on the functional diversity of soil microbial community in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Important findings The spreading of L. virgaurea increased soil microbial activity, but reduced soil available nitrogen concentration. The Shannon index, utilization number of carbon resource and evenness index of soil microbial community displayed no significant differences among patches, but the utilization structure of carbon resource in high density patch was significantly different from control patch. Our findings indicate that the limitation of soil nitrogen caused by the changing functional diversity of soil microbial community in the distributed sites is one of the mechanisms for the vast spreading of L. virgaurea in alpine meadow ecosystem. © 2018 Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. All rights reserved.     

Variation in floral sex allocation, female success, and seed predation within racemiform synflorescence in the gynomonoecious Ligularia virgaurea (Asteraceae)

Studies of diclinous species have showed that floral sex allocation and female reproductive success were quite variable within inflorescences. However, little attention has been paid to gynomonoecious species, in which individuals produce both female and bisexual flowers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations in reproductive patterns at different capitulum positions within racemiform synflorescence in Ligularia virgaurea, and to determine selective mechanisms of variations in reproductive patterns. We conducted observational and experimental studies in natural populations of the gynomonoecious composite L. virgaurea. Floral sex allocation, seed production and pre-dispersal seed predation were quantified in the field. The results showed several patterns of variation from top to bottom capitula, including an increase in bisexual flowers and flower number per capitulum, but a decrease in seed set and size. Removing earlier capitula during bud stage did not change floral sex allocation in later capitula. And no effect was found on seed set under supplemental pollination. Thus, although it has been reported many times in previous studies, the variation of floral sex allocation in L. virgaurea may not result from architectural effect or mating environment, and the variation of seed production could not be fully explained by pollination success. Additionally, our results showed that L. virgaurea was susceptible to high levels of bisexual biased predation, which was greater for top capitula. We therefore suggest that these variations may help to enhance reproductive success of L. virgaurea in the face of bisexual-biased seed predation.     

黄帚橐吾花序结构的资源配置与环境的关系

 为了系统地了解黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea) 自然种群的繁殖对策,在其繁殖分配研究的基础上,通过统计不同部位头状花序的生物量投入,进一步分析了存在于总状花序内资源分配上的结构效应及其对不同生境条件的反应。结果表明：1）总状花序、不同部位头状花序在资源投入上受其栖息生境各种生态因子的影响而在不同生境和平均种群密度间存在着差异,并表现出一定的趋势;2）可代表个体水平的总状花序大小、头状花序大小、头状花序数量和头状花序平均重量等特征,都与种群密度呈现出程度不同的负相关关系,而总状花序内不同部位的头状花序大小则与种群密度变化无关;3）总状花序内的资源分配存在着位置依赖性,这种显著差异表现为顶部头状花序比基部和中部头状花序有较大的资源分配;4）总状花序顶部、中部和基部头状花序的资源分配与总状花序大小表现出极显著或显著的负相关关系。     

放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域草地群落植物茎叶生物量资源分配的影响

以内蒙古锡林河流域沿水分梯度分布的灰脉苔草(Carex appendiculata)、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和冷蒿(Artemisia frigida) 6个草地群落为对象, 研究了围封禁牧与放牧样地中144个共有植物种的高度、丛幅面积、茎、叶和株(丛)生物量、茎叶比等性状。结果表明: 1)在个体水平上, 放牧样地中植物的生殖枝高度、营养枝高度、丛幅面积、单株(丛)生物量、茎、叶生物量和茎叶比均显著低于围封禁牧样地, 植物在放牧干扰下表现出明显的小型化现象; 2)在群落水平上, 放牧亦显著降低了群落总生物量和茎、叶生物量; 3)过度放牧显著改变了物种的资源分配策略, 使生物量向叶的分配比例增加, 向茎的分配比例减少。资源优先向同化器官分配可能是植物对长期放牧干扰的一种重要适应对策; 4)轻度放牧对物种的资源分配没有显著影响, 单株(丛)生物量和群落茎、叶及总生物量均表现出增加趋势, 这与过度放牧的影响正好相反。过度放牧引起的植物个体小型化改变了生态系统中物种的资源分配策略, 进而对生态系统功能产生重要的影响。     

川西风毛菊果期资源分配对海拔的响应

以分布于青藏高原东缘的川西风毛菊为试验材料,研究了其不同海拔高度16个居群的果期资源分配。结果显示:1)随着海拔的升高,个体大小、繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、根系质量、茎叶质量以及每株植物种子总数量均不断减小,但种子百粒重不断增加;2)繁殖分配和根系分配与海拔呈正相关关系,营养分配和茎叶分配与海拔呈负相关关系;3)果期繁殖分配和营养分配、根系分配和茎叶分配以及种子数量与百粒重之间均存在资源分配上的权衡。研究结论:1)海拔作为外界因子对川西风毛菊果期各生物量及资源分配有显著的影响;2)随着海拔的升高,川西风毛菊通过增加繁殖分配,根系分配以及种子百粒重来适应胁迫环境,提高自身的适合度。     

Altitudinal Variations in Reproductive Allocation of Bergenia purpurascens (Saxifragaceae)

The strategy of resource allocation between vegetative and reproductive functions, quantitative relationship between size and reproductive output are central aspects of plant life history. To test the tactics of resource allocation and its altitudinal trend, we examined the reproductive allocation (RA) of Bergenia purpurascens (Saxifragaceae), in six populations along a shady slope in Sejila Mountain of southeast Tibet, at an altitude gradient from 4 200 m to 4 640 m. Our results showed that (1) with increasing altitude, vegetative biomass, reproductive biomass, total aboveground biomass, flower number per plant and length of flower stalk decreased significantly, but the number of leaves did not change greatly. However, the change of RA did not show a monotonic trend when altitude increased, shifting from significantly decreasing below the tree line to slightly increasing above it; (2) vegetative biomass was positively correlated with reproductive biomass, but negatively correlated with RA in all populations, but the level of significance was different among the populations; (3) RA decreased with individual size in all populations, whereas the relationship between absolute resource allocated to reproduction and individual size was allometric; (4) reproductive allometry and a size threshold for reproduction did exist in this alpine perennial, but the obvious altitudinal trend was only found along the populations below the tree line, not above it. We then concluded the altitude could not fully explain the change of resource allocation strategy of this alpine perennial, and different effects of size and habitat on RA may result from various environmental constraints along the altitudinal gradient or genetic background. Therefore, each individual within a population will follow its own developmental trajectory shaped by its genotype and the habitats. The most innovative finding was plant adaptation and resource trade off might be sharply altered at the tree line, which is a sensitive area in alpine mountains. Further investigations are needed to better understand the relationship between the reproductive allocation and changing environmental conditions.