中国驼背蚱属的分类研究及二新种记述（直翅目:枝背蚱科）（英文）

记述分布于中国的驼背蚱属Gibbotettix昆虫9种, 其中包括2新种, 即宽顶驼背蚱Gibbotettix lativertex sp. nov. 及贵州驼背蚱Gibbotettix guizhouensis sp. nov., 提供了驼背蚱属分种检索表及种类分布。宽顶驼背蚱近似于红河驼背蚱G. hongheensis Zheng, 1992及壶瓶山驼背蚱G. hupingshanensis Fu et Zheng, 2003, 贵州驼背蚱近似于宽顶驼背蚱, 模式产地分别为湖南桑植和贵州道真。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。根据新种特征, 对该属属征进行了修订。     

中国驼背蚱属的订正(直翅目：枝背蚱科)

记述了驼背蚱属已知种共7种, 其中有2新种: 圆肩驼背蚱Gibbotettix circinihumerus sp.nov., 壶瓶山驼背蚱Gibbotettix hupingshanensis sp.nov.,并有1新组合: 冠驼背蚱Gibbotettix cristata(Liang,1995),comb. Nov.。模式标本分别保存在中国科学院动物研究所及湖南师范大学生命科学学院标本室。     

中国四川省无翅蚱属二新种(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自四川省无翅蚱属Aalatettix 2新种,即驼背无翅蚱Aakatettix gibbosasp.nov.和乐山无翅蚱Aalatettix leshanensis sp.nov.。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。     

川,滇蚱科的新属和新种：（直翅目：蚱科）

本文记载采自四川、云南二省蚱科2新属3新种。驼背蚱属Gibbotettix,新属,近似于Cladonotella Hanc.及Potua Bol.,其区别于后两属为前胸背板后突顶端平截,中央略凹;触角细长,中段节长为宽的7～9倍。峨嵋驼背蚱Gibbotettix emeiensis,新种,体暗褐色。红河驼背蚱G.hongheensis,新种,近似于峨嵋驼背蚱G.emeiensi,主要区别为头顶宽为一眼宽的2倍;头顶侧缘隆线明显片状突出;触角着生于眼下缘之下不远;前胸背板前缘平截;背板驼背向后渐低。二齿蚱属Bidentatettix,新属,近似于Falconis Bol.,其区别为头顶前缘具2向前的锐齿;前胸背板侧片后角具5个锐齿;各足股节下、上缘均具1列大刺突。云南二齿蚱B.yunnanensis,新种,体暗黄褐色。     

峨眉驼背蚱雄性记述

根据采自四川峨眉山的标本,首次记述了峨眉驼背蚱Gibbotettix emeiensis Zheng的雄性.     

中国蚱属二新种记述(蚱总科:蚱科)

记述采自云南省蚱属昆虫二新种,即南贡山蚱（Tetrix nangongshanensis sp．nov．）及大理蚱（Tetrix daliensis sp．nov）。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。     

中国蟾蚱属分类研究(蚱总科,短翼蚱科)

系统研究了分布于我国的蟾蚱属种类,共计10种,其中有2新种,即贵州蟾蚱Hyboella guizhouensis sp.nov.及长翅蟾蚱Hyboella longipennis sp.nov.,并列出我国蟾蚱属分种检索表.模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所.     

中国南部蚱属二新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自中国南部地区蚱属2新种,即马关蚱Tetrix maguanensis sp.nov.和六万山蚱 Tetrix liuwanshanensis sp.nov..模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室.     

云南柯蚱属二新种记述(蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自云南省苍山地区柯蚱属昆虫2新种,即波缘柯蚱Coptotettix undulatimarginis sp.nov.,及苍山柯蚱Coptotettix cangshanensis sp.nov.,模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室.     

云南省蚱属四新种记述(直翅目,蚱科)

记述采自云南省无量山及丽江地区蚱属昆虫4新种,即拟二斑蚱Tetrix parabipunctata sp.nov.、拟毛股蚱Tetrix parabarbifemura sp.nov.、黑缘蚱Tetrix nigrimarginis sp.nov.及无斑蚱Tetrix nonmaculata sp.nov..模式标本保存于西南林学院保护生物学学院昆虫标本室.     

江西武夷山河岸带阔叶林群落的物种组成和多样性分析

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区河岸带阔叶林群落为研究对象,对其物种组成进行调查,并采用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数分析物种多样性。结果表明,保护区河岸带物种极丰富,三条水系10个样方中共调查到维管束植物93科174属304种,群落建群种和灌木层优势种均以常绿阔叶树种为主,物种组成具有典型的亚热带植被特色,以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科物种最多。保护区不同海拔河岸带物种丰富度指数、多样性指数的变化规律基本一致。     

The effect of developmental variation on hybridization and rarity in Stipoid grasses

Developmental variation in some Achnatherum species was evaluated for two kinds of groups, (1) species pairs that do or do not hybridize and (2) rare and common species. Variation was assessed in two different ways, one that captures developmental events expressed in an individual and one reflecting developmental events that are part of the information systems of a species. The former captures the effect of the environment on development; the latter expresses developmental variation without the information controlling ontogenetic events being filtered through the environment. Development variation is lower for species pair that hybridizes when the effect of development in an individual is expressed. When that variation is of the species information system, the non-hybridizing species pair shows a lower level of developmental variation, likely the effect of greater similarity between those species. It is lower for rare species when variation in development is that of the information system of a species. The lower level of developmental variation seen in species pairs that hybridize likely reflects the necessity of compatible developmental programs in order for a hybrid to appear. Lower variation in development in rare species is expected. Here, though, the lower variation is a property of the species and not of the environment.     

Co-occurrence of species with various geographical ranges, and correlation between area size and number of species in geographical scale

Co-occurrence of species of various geographical ranges is important to correct endemism evaluation. This co-occurrence is shown as non-hazardous. Influence of area size on species richness is assumed to be different with respect to endemic and non-endemic species. The territory of Israel and Sinai is subdivided into twenty biotic provinces. We segregated three hundred and twenty-five tenebrionid species inhabiting this territory into endemic, regional and ubiquitous species. Regression of the number of endemic species on the number of regional species is non-linear. Two distinct regression lines correspond to hot and cool areas. The number of ubiquitous species depends positively on numbers of both endemic and regional species, and negatively on their product. Ubiquitous species are predominantly synanthropic, and inability to tolerate competition with other tenebrionids is assumed as the basis of numerical relationships with other species. Correlation between numbers of endemic and non-endemic species of bird and mammal and size of area is analysed at the broad geographical scale. Relationships between area size evaluation and the numbers of endemic and non-endemic species are always different. The square root of the area km² is always more important in species richness determination than area itself. This variable is a linear characteristic of the area and its significance is discussed. Possible ecological interactions between species of various geographical ranges are also considered. A new method of evaluation of the level of faunal endemism is proposed.     

Exploring taxonomic filtering in urban environments

Question: Several mechanisms have been proposed that control the spatio‐temporal pattern of species coexistence. Among others, the species pool hypothesis states that the large‐scale species pool is an important factor in controlling small‐scale species richness through filtering of species that can persist within a species assemblage on the basis of their tolerance of the abiotic environment. Because of the process of environmental filtering, co‐occurring species that experience similar environmental conditions are likely to be more taxonomically similar than ecologically distant species. This is because, due to the conservatism of many species traits during evolutionary diversification, the ability of species to colonize the same ecological space is thought to depend at least partially on their taxonomic similarity. The question for this study is: Under the assumption of trait conservatism, does environmental filtering lead to nonrandom species assemblages with respect to their taxonomic structure? Methods: The significance of taxonomic filtering in regulating species coexistence is tested using data from 15 local species assemblages from the urban flora of Rome (Italy). To find out whether the taxonomic structure of the selected’ local’ species assemblages was significantly different from random, we used a Monte Carlo simulation in which for each local species assemblage, the actual taxonomic diversity was compared to the taxonomic diversity of 1000 virtual species lists of the same size extracted at random from a larger ‘regional’ species pool. Results: We found that in most cases the local species assemblages have a higher degree of taxonomic similarity than would be expected by chance showing a phenomenon of ‘species condensation’ in a small number of higher‐level taxa. Conclusions: Our observations support the species pool hypothesis and imply that environmental filtering is an important mechanism in shaping the taxonomic structure of species assemblages. Therefore, the incorporation of taxonomic diversity into landscape and community ecology may be beneficial for a better understanding of the processes that regulate species coexistence.     

Infusing considerations of trophic dependencies into species distribution modelling

Community ecology involves studying the interdependence of species with each other and their environment to predict their geographical distribution and abundance. Modern species distribution analyses characterise species‐environment dependency well, but offer only crude approximations of species interdependency. Typically, the dependency between focal species and other species is characterised using other species’ point occurrences as spatial covariates to constrain the focal species’ predicted range. This implicitly assumes that the strength of interdependency is homogeneous across space, which is not generally supported by analyses of species interactions. This discrepancy has an important bearing on the accuracy of inferences about habitat suitability for species. We introduce a framework that integrates principles from consumer–resource analyses, resource selection theory and species distribution modelling to enhance quantitative prediction of species geographical distributions. We show how to apply the framework using a case study of lynx and snowshoe hare interactions with each other and their environment. The analysis shows how the framework offers a spatially refined understanding of species distribution that is sensitive to nuances in biophysical attributes of the environment that determine the location and strength of species interactions.     

稀有种和常见种对植物群落物种丰富度格局的相对贡献

物种丰富度格局的形成不仅依赖于群落的构建过程, 同样也依赖于群落中的物种组成(如稀有种和常见种)。本文以黄土高原子午岭林区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林为研究对象, 根据频度大小对物种进行排序, 形成稀有-常见种和常见-稀有种两条物种序列, 通过逐一添加(去除)物种, 分析引起的总体物种丰富度及其成分(α多样性和β多样性)的变化, 确定稀有种和常见种对物种丰富度格局的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)常见-稀有种序列与群落总体物种丰富度的相关性呈先剧增后平稳的对数增长曲线, 而稀有-常见种序列与群落总体的相关性与前者刚好相反, 呈先平稳后剧增的指数增长曲线; (2) α多样性在常见-稀有种序列中呈明显的对数变化曲线, 而在稀有-常见种序列中呈指数增长曲线; (3)与α多样性变化相反, β多样性在常见-稀有种序列中随物种的进入先迅速降低后逐渐平稳, 而在稀有-常见种序列中先平稳后急剧降低。可以看出, 常见种不仅主导群落的总体物种丰富度格局, 同时也是α多样性和β多样性格局的重要贡献者。因此, 常见种是群落物种丰富度格局的指示者, 也应该是优先保护的物种。     

Correlated Non-native Species Richness of Birds, Mammals, Herptiles and Plants: Scale Effects of Area, Human Population and Native Plants

Several extrinsic factors (area, native species diversity, human population size and latitude) significantly influence the non-native species richness of plants, over several orders of magnitude. Using several data sets, I examine the role of these factors in non-native species richness of several animal groups: birds, mammals and herptiles (amphibians, reptiles). I also examine if non-native species richness is correlated among these groups. I find, in agreement with Sax [2001, Journal of Biogeography 28: 139–150], that latitude is inversely correlated with non-native species richness of many groups. Once latitude is accounted for, area, human population size and native plant species richness are shown to be important extrinsic factors influencing non-native animal species. Of these extrinsic factors, human population size and native plant species richness are the best predictors of non-native animal species richness. Area, human population size and native plant species richness are highly intercorrelated, along with non-native species richness of all taxa. Indeed a factor analysis shows that a single multivariate axis explains over half of the variation for all variables among the groups. One reason for this covariation is that humans tend to most densely occupy the most productive and diverse habitats where native plant species richness is very high. It is thus difficult to disentangle the effects of human population size and native species richness on non-native species richness. However, it seems likely that these two factors may combine to increase non-native species richness in a synergistic way: high native species richness reflects greater habitat variety available for non-native species, and dense human populations (that preferentially occupy areas rich in native species) increase non-native species importation and disturbance of local habitats.