The protective action of interferon type I in experimental Salmonella infection

The effect of interferon, type 1, on the course of Salmonella infection in mice has been studied. The study has shown that the injection of homologous interferon of type 1 leads to the rapid elimination of the infective agent from the blood and organs of infected mice. Morphological study has shown that the injection of the preparations of interferon of type 1 may diminish pathological changes in the organs of the infected animals and the coagulation system of their blood.     

L-NAME、G-CSF对急性胆道感染大鼠生存率和肺脏影响

目的 :了解大鼠在急性胆道感染时应用 L- NAME、G- csf后 ,其肺脏和生存率的影响。方法 :72只 SD大鼠随机分为 4组 ,即 :假手术组、急性胆道感染组、L- NAME处理组、G- csf处理组。采用胆总管注入大肠埃希菌 0 .2 m l(菌型 :2 5 92 2 ,浓度 4× 10 9CFU/ ml) ,双重结扎制成胆总管的急性胆道感染模型 ,观察肺组织光镜下的一般结构。 72只 SD大鼠随机分为 4组 ,分组方法如上 ,观察每组大鼠在 2 4、48、72 h的存活率。结果 :G- csf处理组与急性胆道感染组比较 ,肺脏病理损害减轻 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,存活率则显著增高 ((P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 )。L- NAME处理组肺脏病理改变有加重趋势。结论 :外源性细胞因子 L- NAME及 G- csf可影响感染中某些炎性介质的分泌和释放 ,L - NAME加重脏器损害 ,G- csf可减轻脏器损害 ,提高存活率。     

Cross infection of guinea pigs with different pneumococcal serotypes in the presence of the carrier state

The possibility of the pneumococcal cross infection of guinea pigs in experimental conditions, the time course of the distribution of pneumococci in their organs, and the duration, within the time limits of the experiment, of persistence of the given infective agent were studied. Normal animals placed in the same room with infected ones were shown to become the carriers of definite pneumococcal serotypes. As a result, these studies revealed that nasopharyngeal carriership and infection of different organs were not directly interrelated and the method of infection of guinea pigs did not influence the time course of distribution of pneumococci in their organs. The data on the duration of persistence of the infective agent, as well as on the importance of this phenomenon for determination of the relationship between pneumococcal carriership and disease, are presented.     

Prevention of the chronic persistence of typhoid microbes in rabbits with thymostimulin

Typhoid infection was reproduced by introducing the infective agent into the bone marrow of noninbred rabbits. After the injection of thymostimulin on the first day of infection the release of typhoid bacilli continued for 1-3 weeks; when thymostimulin was injected on day 20, the release of typhoid bacilli stopped in two weeks. In the control group the release of typhoid bacilli continued during the whole term of observation. The injection of thymostimulin at an early period after infection was thus found to prevent the development of chronic typhoid infection with the elimination of the infective agent from the body of rabbits.     

In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of (18)F-labeled human C-peptide: evaluation in monkeys using positron emission tomography

The recently observed beneficial effects exerted by C-peptide in insulin-dependent diabetes patients (IDDM) have instigated research into the mechanisms of C-peptide action as well as the location for it. Here we report in vivo biodistribution studies performed in monkeys using positron emission tomography (PET) and C-peptide labeled in the N-terminal with fluorine-18. Following iv injection of the radiotracer, dynamic decay data were collected over the chest and/or abdomens of the monkeys. The radioactivity distributed mainly to the kidneys, less to the heart and to some extent to the liver. Excretion of radioactivity into the urinary bladder was observed. Brain uptake was not detected in a static emission scan of the head performed at late times. Accumulation of radioactivity in the skeleton as a result of in vivo defluorination was not observed. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the regional concentrations of radioactivity over time resulted, for most organs, in two-compartment models. The organs with the highest radioactivity concentrations have been identified, enabling dose estimations for studies in humans with low or no C-peptide.     

Interferon type I in protective body reactions in an experimental Klebsiella infection]

The study on mice with experimental generalized Klebsiella infection, carried out with the use of microbiologic, immunologic and pathomorphologic methods, revealed that the intraperitoneal injection of type I interferon into the animals prevented their death and led to the rapid elimination of the infective agent from their body, enhanced the phagocytic and metabolic activity of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes of their peritoneal exudate, decreased the manifestation of microcirculatory and dystrophic changes in the parenchyma of their internal organs.     

The efficacy of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophage in the therapy of experimental Klebsiella infection

The effectiveness of specific phage therapy was studied on Klebsiella experimental sepsis in noninbred white mice, caused by the intraperitoneal injection of K. pneumoniae highly virulent strain K2 5055 into the animals. For treatment, Klebsiella polyvalent bacteriophage administered on day 2 after the infection of the animals with Klebsiella was used. The study revealed that bacteriophage could be detected in the blood and internal organs of the animals within 24 hours irrespective of the route of its administration: intraperitoneal, intravenous or intranasal. The bacteriophage preparation, introduced intraperitoneally, was shown to be effective in the treatment of generalized Klebsiella infection. One daily intraperitoneal injection of Klebsiella bacteriophage for 15-20 days proved to be the optimum scheme of treatment. In contrast to chemotherapeutic preparations, bacteriophages had no effect on normal microflora and did not aggravate dysbiotic disturbances. For this reason, bacteriophages may become one of alternative antimicrobial remedies, selectively affecting infective agents.     

The development of exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium inui shortti in New World monkeys

Attempts are being made to adapt Old World monkey malarial parasites to New World monkeys for vaccine and molecular studies. Several of these (Plasmodium cynomolgi Berok, Plasmodium fragile, and Plasmodium knowlesi) grow readily but have failed to produce infective gametocytes. Plasmodium gonderi and Plasmodium fieldi develop in the liver after sporozoite inoculation but have failed to establish infection in the erythrocyte. Anopheles dirus mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium inui shortti by feeding on infected macaques transmitted the infection to Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Infective gametocytes were produced, and sporozoite transmission from Saimiri to Saimiri monkey was obtained. Exoerythrocytic stages have also been observed in the liver tissue of Saimiri monkeys. The availability of the complete transmission cycle provides an additional resource for immunologic and vaccine studies.     

Distribution of lipofuscin in the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciurea

Synopsis The body-wide distribution of a pigment present in many organs of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciurea) is described. The pigment, which was identified by histochemical techniques as lipofuscin, occurred intracellularly in some organs, and extracellularly in others.     

实验猴主要细菌性感染疾病的病理特点分析

目的通过对实验猴细菌性感染疾病脏器病理改变的观察和分析,完善实验猴病理检测资料,为实验动物病理检测标准的制定提供依据。方法选取86例实验猴按5种必检细菌性感染疾病（沙门菌病;志贺菌病;结核杆菌病;小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌病;空肠弯曲菌病）病原种类分组,对脏器标本进行病理剖检,HE染色观察记录病变,建立实验猴必检细菌性疾病病理检测资料。结果病理检测结果显示：沙门菌病表现为伤寒肉芽肿,结核杆菌病表现为结核肉芽肿,小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌病表现为纵行溃疡、急性炎及化脓性肉芽肿;志贺菌病、空肠弯曲菌病表现为急性炎和表浅溃疡。结论感染5种必检细菌的实验猴分别表现出不同的病理变化,病理检测对疾病的分析诊断有重要价值,检测结果补充了实验猴细菌性疾病病理检测资料,为制定实验动物病理检测指南提供了相关依据。     

The Peruvian III strain of Plasmodium brasilianum in Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys

A strain of Plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from a naturally infected Saimiri monkey from Peru and subsequently passaged to 21 splenectomized Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. Nine of 12 attempts to transmit infection by sporozoite inoculation were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 23 to 41 days. Gametocytes were infective to Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles dirus, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. The strain demonstrated a high level of resistance to cure with chloroquine.     

Experience in using P. hamadryas for assessing the effectiveness of a peroral vaccination method against plague]

For the first time P. hamadryas were used for studying the effectiveness of oral immunization with dried live plague vaccine. Oral immunization was shown to produce morphological changes in the organs and tissues of the monkeys, which indicated the immune transformation of the organism. The challenge of the immunized animals with the infective agent introduced in aerosol showed the effectiveness of the inhalation and oral methods of immunization. P. hamadryas proved to be a suitable model for the evaluation of the effectiveness of oral vaccination. A more precise quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of oral vaccination against plague requires further research.     

The Three Subtypes of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Induce Encephalitis in a Natural Host,the Bank Vole (Myodes glareolus)

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infects bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in nature, but the relevance of rodents for TBEV transmission and maintenance is unclear. We infected colonized bank voles subcutaneously to study and compare the infection kinetics, acute infection, and potential viral persistence of the three known TBEV subtypes: European (TBEV-Eur), Siberian (TBEV-Sib) and Far Eastern (TBEV-FE). All strains representing the three subtypes were infective and highly neurotropic. They induced (meningo)encephalitis in some of the animals, however most of the cases did not present with apparent clinical symptoms. TBEV-RNA was cleared significantly slower from the brain as compared to other organs studied. Supporting our earlier findings in natural rodent populations, TBEV-RNA could be detected in the brain for up to 168 days post infection, but we could not demonstrate infectivity by cell culture isolation. Throughout all time points post infection, RNA of the TBEV-FE was detected significantly more often than RNA of the other two strains in all organs studied. TBEV-FE also induced prolonged viremia, indicating distinctive kinetics in rodents in comparison to the other two subtypes. This study shows that bank voles can develop a neuroinvasive TBEV infection with persistence of viral RNA in brain, and mount an anti-TBEV IgG response. The findings also provide further evidence that bank voles can serve as sentinels for TBEV endemicity.     

SHIV-KB9感染中国恒河猴动物模型的建立

目的为了进一步确证SHIV-KB9感染中国恒河猴的病毒浓度范围,测试动物对病毒的适应性,明确该动物模型的可重复性。方法实验前采集猴血清并进行血清学检查。选出4只无SIV、STLV、SRV/D和B病毒感染的恒河猴,分别用10倍系列稀释的病毒液静脉感染实验猴,使用流氏细胞术、血常规、病毒分离、DNA-PCR和RT-PCR等方法确定实验猴是否被感染,以及感染后恒河猴体内病毒复制和免疫细胞损伤情况。结果实验猴的血浆病毒载量、病毒分离结果、CD4＋/CD8＋比值和CD4＋T细胞数等证实,4.8×105 copies/mL以上浓度的SHIV-KB9病毒液能成功感染中国恒河猴。结论本研究进一步明确了SHIV-KB9感染中国恒河猴的有效病毒浓度范围,确定了SHIV-KB9病毒感染中国恒河猴的病毒学、免疫学的测定指标,成功的建立了SHIV-KB9/中国恒河猴动物模型。     

Suppression of parasitemia in rodent filariasis (Litomosoides carinii) by immunization with BCG and microfilaria. I. Intracutaneous inoculation of BCG

After intracutaneous inoculation of BCG and challenge by subcutaneous injection of infective larvae of Litomosoides carinii, the parasitaemia of the filarial infection in cotton rats remains significantly lower when BCG and larvae are applied in the region of the same popliteal and ileal lymph nodes. However, when the infective larvae are directed to other regional lymph nodes (Ln cubitales and axillares), the depression of microfilaraemia is missed. The worm load (recovery rate) and the expulsion of microfilariae by the adult worms are not influenced by the BCG inoculation. Obviously BCG stimulates the lymphatic tissue unspecifically, and the infective larvae produce the first antigen contact, which is boostered by the microfilariae at the onset of patency. When the intracutaneous BCG inoculation is combined with specific antigen stimulation by simultaneous injection of blood microfilariae in the region of the same lymph nodes, the microfilaraemia of the challenge infection disappears completely or remains extremely low.     

Pathologic anatomy of experimental diseases of small laboratory animals caused by encephalomyocarditis virus (strain EMK-70)]

The results of pathomorphological investigation of the disease in small laboratory animals experimentally induced by the EMC-70 strain of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from monkeys are presented. Irrespective of the mode of virus injection, the newborn and juvenile mice developed some lesions in the brown fat, transverse-striated muscles, as well as in the brain and heart. In guinea pigs the changes were characterized by the development of severe myocarditis and encephalitis accompanied by viral antigen accumulation. The disease induced by the EMC-70 strain could not be differentiated from the Coxsackie infection by the pathomorphological data. This fact should be taken into consideration in solving some problems pertinent to pathoanatomical diagnosis of viral diseases.     

The pathogenesis of simian varicella virus in cynomolgus monkeys.

The MLM herpesvirus is infectious for cynomolgus monkeys. The disease in this species, possibly modulated by preinoculation antibody resembles human varicella. Virus has been recovered from blood during the early incubation period, and from liver, lymph nodes, kidney, bladder and urine during the eruptive period of infection. The major target organs were skin and liver; specific pathological changes developed in both. Appropriate antibody responses, including those to Herpesvirus varicellae followed infections mounted by parenteral inoculation of cynomolgus monkeys.     

Monocyte/macrophage giant cell disease in SIV-infected cynomolgus monkeys

A non-opportunistic, generalized giant cell disease (GCD) was found in 12 out of 25 (48%) cynomolgus monkeys infected with SIVsm. Most organs were affected notably the lymph nodes (LN), spleen, gut, liver, lungs and CNS. The multinucleated GC varied considerably in cell size and in the number and cytoplasmic distribution of the nuclei. Immunohistochemically most GC expressed SIV antigens and markers of mononuclear phagocytes (CD68), CD4 and also occasionally the T-cell markers CD45RO, CD43 and CD2. Monkeys with GCD had more pronounced immunosuppression with lower CD4-cell counts, more often demonstrable SIV antigen in the blood and LN and had been infected for a longer time oeriod, as compared to monkeys without GCD.These findings show that SIV infection in cynomolgus monkeys is frequently associated with extensive formation of multinucleated GC of macrophage origin, which appears to be related to the pathogenesis of the infection and the degree of immunosuppression.     

利用恒河婴猴模型对肠道病毒71型传播感染特征的生物学分析

本文在前期工作基础上,进一步对肠道病毒71型(EV71)从恒河婴猴的感染个体向其他未感染个体传播的可能性及相关生物学特性做了初步分析.通过喷雾形式经呼吸道感染1~2月龄恒河婴猴(A组);在观察临床症状同时,于感染后第7天,取该组动物粪便处理后,将上清液以喷雾形式经呼吸道感染新的婴猴个体(B组),随后对该次代感染个体进行...