中国东北西部地区沙质荒漠化过程与植被动态关系的生态学研究：植被的排序

根据东北沙质荒漠化地质呼伦贝尔沙地,科尔沁沙地的72个沙地植物群落样地,276种植物的调查数据进行DCA排序,排序结果充分反映了沙地植被与地理因子,气候因子,地形因子,水文因子,干扰因子的关系,DCA排序的第1轴反映沙地植被分布的水分梯度;第2轴反映土壤梯度;第4轴主要反映热量梯度;DCA的1、4轴排序图和1,2,4轴排序图,反映沙地植被与沙质荒漠化的生态规律,采用定性因子评价赋值与定量因子相结合的方法,经双重筛选逐步回归分析,建立了沙地植被DCA排序坐标与地理,气候,地形,水文,干扰等诸多生态因子的线性回归模型。     

Vegetation classification,mapping, and monitoring at Voyageurs National Park,Minnesota: An application of the U.S. National Vegetation Classification

Question: How can the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) serve as an effective tool for classifying and mapping vegetation, and inform assessments and monitoring? Location: Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, U.S.A and environs. The park contains 54 243 ha of terrestrial habitat in the sub-boreal region of North America. Methods: We classified and mapped the natural vegetation using the USNVC, with ‘alliance’and ‘association’as base units. We compiled 259 classification plots and 1251 accuracy assessment test plots. Both plot and type ordinations were used to analyse vegetation and environmental patterns. Color infrared aerial photography (1:15840 scale) was used for mapping. Polygons were manually drawn, then transferred into digital form. Classification and mapping products are stored in publicly available databases. Past fire and logging events were used to assess distribution of forest types. Results and Discussion: Ordination and cluster analyses confirmed 49 associations and 42 alliances, with three associations ranked as globally vulnerable to extirpation. Ordination provided a useful summary of vegetation and ecological gradients. Overall map accuracy was 82.4%. Pinus banksiana - Picea mariana forests were less frequent in areas unburned since the 1930s. Conclusion: The USNVC provides a consistent ecological tool for summarizing and mapping vegetation. The products provide a baseline for assessing forests and wetlands, including fire management. The standardized classification and map units provide local to continental perspectives on park resources through linkages to state, provincial, and national classifications in the U.S. and Canada, and to NatureServe's Ecological Systems classification.     

Vegetation,land use and management of the inner-dune zone in the North-Holland Dune Reserve,The Netherlands

The inner-dune zone between the villages of Bakkum and Egmond in the North-Holland Dune Reserve is one of the few remaining examples of the semi-natural boundary between the dunes and the polders. For several centuries this area has been used for various purposes, in particular for grazing. Large-scale excavating, especially after about 1900, has encroached upon the dunes. Vegetation and land-use history were studied and a provisional scheme on the vegetation development is presented. Management policies discussed are non-intervention, mowing in order to start natural processes such as rabbit grazing, and the continuation of traditional livestock grazing. Proposals for external management policies were made in order to maintain or enhance the original transition zone, based on comprehensive physical-geographical studies of the whole inner-dune zone.     

Vegetation Types,Community Species Diversity and Conservation of Southern Fildes Peninsula (King George Island,South Shetland Islands) Antarctic

The vegetation in Southern Peninsula (including Ardley Island) was classified according to the composition of species (especially dominant species), physiognomy and structure, and ecology factor, into tundra, meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation; among which the formation and association were described. The formation and distribution of these communities were dependent on the water supply and the stability of the substrata. The paper discusses also the distributional pattern of vegetation from coast to hill top, characteristics of communities, comparative study on the species number, evenness and diversity among each formation and among different habitat, and some suggestions on vegetation conservation was also attempted.     

Vegetation:environment relationships and water management in Shark Slough,Everglades National Park

The hydrologic regime of Shark Slough, the most extensive long hydroperiod marsh in Everglades National Park, is largely controlled by the location, volume, and timing of water delivered to it through several control structures from Water Conservation Areas north of the Park. Where natural or anthropogenic barriers to water flow are present, water management practices in this highly regulated system may result in an uneven distribution of water in the marsh, which may impact regional vegetation patterns. In this paper, we use data from 569 sampling locations along five cross-Slough transects to examine regional vegetation distribution, and to test and describe the association of marsh vegetation with several hydrologic and edaphic parameters. Analysis of vegetation:environment relationships yielded estimates of both mean and variance in soil depth, as well as annual hydroperiod, mean water depth, and 30-day maximum water depth within each cover type during the 1990's. We found that rank abundances of the three major marsh cover types (Tall Sawgrass, Sparse Sawgrass, and Spikerush Marsh) were identical in all portions of Shark Slough, but regional trends in the relative abundance of individual communities were present. Analysis also indicated clear and consistent differences in the hydrologic regime of three marsh cover types, with hydroperiod and water depths increasing in the order Tall Sawgrass < Sparse Sawgrass < Spikerush Marsh. In contrast, soil depth decreased in the same order. Locally, these differences were quite subtle; within a management unit of Shark Slough, mean annual values for the two water depth parameters varied less than 15 cm among types, and hydroperiods varied by 65 days or less. More significantly, regional variation in hydrology equaled or exceeded the variation attributable to cover type within a small area. For instance, estimated hydroperiods for Tall Sawgrass in Northern Shark Slough were longer than for Spikerush Marsh in any of the other regions. Although some of this regional variation may reflect a natural gradient within the Slough, a large proportion is the result of compartmentalization due to current water management practices within the marsh. We conclude that hydroperiod or water depth are the most important influences on vegetation within management units, and attribute larger scale differences in vegetation pattern to the interactions among soil development, hydrology and fire regime in this pivotal portion of Everglades.     

论滇南西双版纳的森林植被分类

本文基于多年研究成果的总结,对西双版纳森林植被的分类、主要植被类型及其特征进行了系统归纳,并讨论了它们与世界类似热带森林植被的关系。以群落的生态外貌与结构、种类组成和生境特征相结合作为植被分类的原则和依据,可以将西双版纳的热带森林植被分类为热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带季雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林四个主要的植被型,包括有至少二十个群系。热带雨林包括热带季节雨林和热带山地(低山)雨林二个植被亚型。热带季节雨林具有与赤道低地热带雨林几乎一样的群落结构和生态外貌特征,是亚洲热带雨林的一个类型,但由于发生在季风热带北缘纬度和海拔的极限条件下,受到季节性干旱和热量不足的影响,在其林冠层中有一定比例的落叶树种存在,大高位芽植物和附生植物较逊色而藤本植物和在叶级谱上的小叶型植物更丰富,这些特征又有别于赤道低地的热带雨林。热带山地雨林是热带雨林的山地亚型,是该地区热带山地较湿润生境的一种森林类型,它在植物区系组成和生态外貌特征上类似于热带亚洲的低山雨林,隶属于广义热带雨林植被型下的低山雨林亚型。热带季节性湿润林分布在石灰岩山坡中、上部,在群落外貌上类似热带山地常绿阔叶林但在植物区系组成上与后者不同,它是石灰岩山地垂直带上的一种植被类型。热带季雨林是分布在该地区开阔河谷盆地及河岸受季风影响强烈的生境的一种热带落叶森林,是介于热带雨林与萨王纳之间的植被类型。热带山地常绿阔叶林(季风常绿阔叶林)是西双版纳的主要山地植被类型,它分布在热带季节雨林带之上偏干的山地生境。它在植物区系组成上不同于该地区的热带季节雨林,在生态外貌特征上亦不同于热带山地雨林,是发育在受地区性季风气候强烈影响的热带山地的一种森林植被类型。     

Vegetation and soil properties in restored wetlands near Lake Taihu,China

Riparian wetlands are important components of the lake ecosystem, and they play essential roles in maintaining system health. Remediation of degraded lakeshore wetlands is an essential component of lake restoration. A study was conducted to investigate the restoration of lakeshore wetlands, which were converted to rice fields and then abandoned for 2, 5, 10 and 15 years, near Lake Taihu. Soil samples (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) were taken and plant species were investigated. The carbon content in the soil had increased significantly, rising from 0.71% to 1.85% between 2 and 15 years. Organic matter accumulation improved soil texture, and water stable aggregate content (>0.25 mm) and soil porosity increased. Total nitrogen in the soil increased from 0.06% to 0.13%, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen increased from 124.4 mg kg⁻¹ to 351.5 mg kg⁻¹. Total phosphorus in the soil increased from 0.045% to 0.071%, and the Olsen-P value increased from 5.13 mg kg⁻¹ to 16.0 mg kg⁻¹. Results showed that phosphorous did not increase as much as nitrogen. In the vegetation restoration process, plant species composition moved towards a natural wetland community, and spatial heterogeneity and landscape diversity increased. The richness of plant biodiversity increased rapidly in the first 2 years, then more slowly in later restoration stages. The wetlands recovery process may be complicated by interactions of biota and soil and hydrological conditions.     

On the Classification of Forest Vegetation in Xishuangbanna,Southern Yunnnan

Xishuangbanna of southern Yunnan is a region of extremely interest to biologists and also a hotspot for biodiversity conservation . It is located in a transitional zone from tropical Southeast Asia to temperate East Asia biogeographically. The present paper reviewed vegetation types of Xishuangbanna and suggested a revised classification system based on theupdated study results over the last two decades . By combining physiognomic and floristic characteristics with ecological performances and habitats , the primary forest vegetation in Xishuangbanna can be organized into four main vegetation types: tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal moist forest, tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest and tropical monsoon forest. The tropical rain forest can be classified into two subtypes , i. e. tropical seasonal rain forest in the lowlands and tropical montane rain forest on higher elevations. The tropical seasonal rain forest in this region shows similar forest profile and physiognomic characteristics to those of equatorial lowland rain forests and is a type of world tropical rain forest. Because of conspicuous similarity on floristic composition , the tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna is a type of tropical Asian rain forest . However , since the tropical seasonal rain forest occurs at the northern edge of tropical SE Asia, it differs from typical lowland rain forests in equatorial areas in maintaining some deciduous trees in the canopy layer , fewer megaphanerophytes and epiphytes but more abundant lianas and more plants with microphyll . It is a type of semi-evergreen rain forest at the northern edge of the tropical zone . The tropical montane rain forest occurs in wet montane habitats and is similar to the lower montane rain forests in equatorial Asia in floristic composition and physiognomy . It is a variety of lower montane rain forests at the northern tropical edges of tropical rain forests . The tropical seasonal moist forest occurs on middle and upper limestone mountains and is similar to the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest of the region in physiognomy, but it differs from the latter in floristic composition. The monsoon forest in Xishuangbanna is a tropical deciduous forest under the influence of a strong monsoon climate and is considered to be a transitional vegetation type between tropical rain forest and savanna in physiognomy and distribution. The tropical montane evergreen broad- leaved forest is the main vegetation type in mountain areas . It is dominated by the tree species of Fagaceae , Euphorbiaceae , Theaceae and Lauraceae in majority. It differs from the tropical montane rain forests in lack of epiphytes and having more abundant lianas and plants with compound leaves . It is considered to be a distinct vegetation type in the northern margin of mainland southeastern Asia controlling by a strong monsoon climate, based on its floristic and physiognomic characteristics.     

铜官山铜尾矿库植被及土壤酶活性研究

通过野外调查和实验分析,对铜官山铜尾矿库的植被状况和土壤酶活性进行了研究．结果表明,铜宫山铜尾矿库自然定居的高等植物有34种,隶属于16个科33个属,多为1—2年生草本植物,主要隶属于菊科、禾本科和豆科,蔗类植物节节草在尾矿库中也具有较大优势．尾矿库植被形成了节节草+白茅群落、狗牙根+白茅群落及芦苇群落等小群落,但仍以单种植物组成的斑块零散分布为主．对尾矿库土壤酶活性的研究表明,3种土壤酶活性和尾矿库的植被状况具有较强的相关性,且3种酶活性与其相关性表现为脲酶＞蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶．建议用脲酶活性作为废弃地复垦的一个指示指标。     

汾河河口湿地植被数量分类与排序

在群落样方调查基础上,采用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）对汾河入河口湿地植被群落进行了数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN将78个样方分为18个群丛,并论述了各群丛的群落学特征。DCA排序结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度水分之间的关系,表明影响群丛分布格局的主导生态因子为土壤水分。     

清澜港红树林保护区植物特点研究

清澜红树林保护区位于海南岛东北部文昌市境内,为全面了解其植物多样性,对其各类植被进行了调查。共记录到维管植物172种,隶属于62科148属。其中真红树植物24种,占全省真红树（26种）的92.31%,占全国（28种）的85.71%,占全世界（86种）的27.91%;在4040 m2样地内,共记录到高度1.5 m以上的红树植物29种3670株,其中重要值最高的为海桑Sonneratis caseolaris,其次是海莲Bruguiera sexangula,两者重要值依次是12.90和12.33;但在个体数量上,角果木Ceriops tagal和红海榄Rhizophora stylosa占优势。清澜港红树林保护区自然植被具体划分为1个植被类型组、1个植被类型、2个群系组和12个群系。经过19年的演变,木榄Bruguiera gymnorrhiza和水椰Nypa fruticans群落消失,瓶花木Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea群落也破碎成零星分布,新出现了木果楝Xylocarpus granatum群落,其他如海桑Sonneratia caseolaris等群落则继续保持稳定,变化很小。     

东莞大屏嶂森林公园的现状植被及林分改造对策

采用改进的线路调查方法对东莞大屏障森林公园植被进行调查。结果表明大屏障森林公园植物种类多样,植物资源丰富。公园的现状植被可以划分为5个类型,8个亚型。森林可分为次生常绿阔叶林、人工马占相思林Acacia mangium、油茶林Camellia oleifera等3个亚型。此外,还有荒草坡、农田植被以及其他类型的植被。据此探讨了对大屏障森林公园植被的改造对策,为森林公园的建设提供依据。     

Vegetation of trampled soil dominated by C4 plants in Europe

Abstract. Plant communities of trampled soil dominated by plants characterized by the C4-assimilation syndrome were investigated in Europe. These species, belonging to genera such as Chamaesyce, Amaranthus, Eleusine, Eragrostis and Setaria, are thermophilous, late-germinating, prostrate herbs or grasses. The centre of their distribution is in the (Sub)Tropics. A syntaxonomic revision of the phytosociological material from Europe (incl. the Macaronesian Archipelago) revealed three alliances: the Euphorbion prostratae from Spain, the Polycarpo-Eleusinion indicae from Italy, and Slovenian and Croatian Istria, and the Eragrostio-Polygonion arenastri from temperate regions of Europe. The latter two syntaxa are described as new. All three alliances belong to the order Eragrostietalia (class Stellarietea mediae). Vicarious (ecologically analogous) communities occur also in southern Africa, eastern Asia and North America. The communities studied in the present paper are considered to be an impoverished form of highly diversified trampled plant communities typical of (sub)tropical areas.     

Palaeoecological investigations towards the reconstruction of the history of forest clearances and coastal heathlands in south-western Norway

Palynological data collected over a period of 60 years have been compiled and re-interpreted in order to reveal the patterns of deforestation and health establishment in the south-western Norwegian coastal heathland. This heathland area has been divided into four sub-regions based on topography, bedrock and drift cover. The palynological investigations are from sites with pollen source areas of different sizes. The palynological signals are interpreted in terms of models that suggest an abrupt, gradual or stepwise deforestation which can be explained by terms of different pollen source areas. The deforestation seems to have been metachronous, leading to a regional mosaic pattern of different vegetation types. The deforestation process spanned more than 3600 calendar years (4000-400 B.C.), with three pronounced clearance periods at 4000-3600 B.C. (Mesolithic/Early Neolithic transition), 2500-2200 B.C. (Middle Neolithic II/Early Late Neolithic transition), and 1900-1400 B.C. (Late Neolithic to Bronze Age period II). The expansion of heathland has also been metachronous and took place over a period of ca. 4000 years between 4000-200 B.C., but was mainly completed by the end of the Bronze Age. Regional differences in the chronology of deforestation and heathland establishment are discussed. Deforestation with subsequent heathland expansion can best be explained in terms of the interaction between land-use history, topography and edaphic conditions under climatic conditions that favoured heathland development.     

九宫山自然保护区植被及其特征的初步研究

九宫山自然保护区位于中国中亚热带向北热带过渡区,植被构成以森林植被为主。通过调查和分析,将九宫山自然保护区植被划分为5个植被型组,11个植被型,32个群系。九宫山自然保护区的种子植物区系分布中温带性质和热带性质的属分别为384和302属;植被类型中主要森林植的构成为：暖温性、温性和寒温性针叶林群系数目依次是1、1、0,常绿阔叶林、落叶常绿阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林群系数目分别为3、7、7;森林植被中落叶常绿阔叶混交林的分布面积最大。与井冈山自然保护区、庐山、后河自然保护区、清凉峰自然保护区、神农架自然保护区以及董寨鸟类自然保护区等地植被相关特征的比较分析表明,该区植被种子植物的主要组成种类以及森林植被类型和分布等具有明显的地带性过渡特性。     

Phytosociological survey of the tundra vegetation of the Kola Peninsula,Russia

Abstract. A phytosociological survey of the tundra vegetation of the Kola Peninsula, Russia according to the Braun-Blanquet approach is presented. The areas examined comprise the treeless zones along the shores of the White Sea and the Barents Sea as well as mountain areas above the timberline. Plant communities were assigned to five alliances: Loiseleurio-Diapension on dry, wind-swept habitats on summits and wind-eroded sites in the lowland; Phyllodoco-Vaccinion myrtilli on well-drained soils with intermediate snow cover and moisture status, mostly in the lowlands and lower belts of mountain tundra; Nardo-Caricion bigelowii comprising early snowbed and Salicion herbaceae late snowbed communities; Adenostylion alliariae comprising mesophilous tall-herb communities along mountain springs and in wind-protected and well-drained sites near the sea shore. A DCA-ordination showed that two major gradients determine the varation in tundra vegetation, altitude and topography, which are connected to variation in snow cover. The syntaxa described are well-differentiated, although they form a syntaxonomical continuum.     

Vegetation structure and substrate of the northern part of the Great Dyke,Rhodesia environment and plant communities

Summary In the northern part of the Great Dyke, Rhodesia, the physiognomic and floristic differences between the vegetation types on serpentine and on non-serpentine substrates are very striking and the boundaries between these types are generally sharp. On either of the substrates there are also differences in the vegetation which correspond to differences in habitat. An outline of the Great Dyke environment is given. A number of plots, laid out in transects across the Great Dyke, were sampled according to the Braun-Blanquet approach. Six plant communities are distinguished and described in detail: one occurring on granite, two on pyroxenite and three on serpentine. The syntaxonomy of these communities is discussed. A riverine forest community which strongly differs from all these vegetation types is also described.Nomenclature is according to the present (1.1.1977) usage at the National Herbarium, Salisbury, Rhodesia.One of us (M. J. A. Werger) wishes to gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this study by the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO) and by the Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen.