单侧前庭神经切断后猫运动方式的改变和补偿

本工作首次将一种运动分析系统,即视觉自动电视摄相信息处理系统（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃＴＶ－ｉｍａｇｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｒ,Ｅ．Ｌ．Ｉ．Ｔ．Ｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ）用于动物运动方式的定量分析,比较了猫一侧前庭神经切断前后在跨越转动横梁测试中运动方式的变化。结果如下：在横梁静止条件下,猫述后行走的初始身高明显下降,步距变短,步 频降低,呈缓慢的蹒中山步态,继而各参量逐渐增加,分别在术后４５和７０ｄ恢复     

前庭代偿：研究中枢神经系统可塑性的一个理想模型

前庭代偿是一个研究神经系统损伤后机制修复和替代的理想模型,这个模型在中枢神经系统可塑性和机能恢复的研究机具有普遍意义,本文综述了有关前庭代偿的电生理学,生物化学和分子神经生物学的研究现状,还特别讨论了在前庭代偿中神经生长相关蛋白（ＧＡＰ－４３）ｍＲＮＡ的表达以及银杏叶提取物在前庭代偿过程中的促进作用。     

迷路损伤增强大鼠前庭内侧核生长相关蛋白mRNA水平

前庭代偿是研究神经可塑性的一个理想模型。生长相关蛋白（ＧＡＰ－４３）在神经再生和突触重组中起重要作用。用ＤＩＧ标记的ＧＡＰ－４３ ｃＤＮＡ片段作探针进行原位杂交,检测了大鼠迷路损伤５、１２、２０和３０ｄ后前庭内侧核ＧＡＰ－ｍＲＮＡ表达的变化。结果表明,迷路损毁后两侧前庭内侧核ＧＡＰ－４３ｍＲＮＡ的水平以不同的幅度和时程明显升高。这一结果表示,ＧＡＰ－４３ｍＲＮＡ水平的提高可能与前庭代偿中突触重组和     

Acetyl-DL-leucine对猫单侧前庭神经切断后运动平衡能力和前庭外侧核神经元放电活动恢复的影响

本文观测了Ａｃｅｔｙｌ－ＤＬ－ｌｅｕｃｉｎｅ（ＡＬ、一种抗眩晕药）对猫单侧前庭神经切断后前庭代偿的影响。结果显示：ＡＬ加快术后猫在转动横梁测试中运动平衡能力的恢复,但抑制去传入前庭外侧核神经元（ｎ＝５０６）静息自发放电频率的恢复。ＡＬ促进放电活动与头部左右摆动体位相关的神经元数量和比例的恢复,从术后的第１周的１０％（ｎ＝４５４）,逐渐提高到术后第３周的６０％,第５周的７５％     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠前庭代偿过程中运动平衡能力恢复的影响

采用转动横梁装置定量观测银杏叶提取物（ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｏｆＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａ,ＥＧｂ）对前庭代偿中大鼠运动平衡能力恢复的影响。１材料和方法雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠１７只,体重约２００ｇ,单侧迷路损毁后分为２组：不给药对照组８只,给药组（ＥＧｂ,５０ｍ...     

单侧迷路破坏后大鼠前庭神经内侧核区氨基酸含量的变化

本实验用脑部微量透析法和高效液相色谱法观察单侧迷路破坏(unilateral labyrinthectomy,经利多卡因或对氨基苯胂酸盐预处理以阻断单侧外周前庭器官)后大鼠同侧及对侧前庭神经内侧核(medial vestibular nucleus,MVN)区部分氨基酸(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、牛磺酸和丙氨酸)含量的变化,以了解前庭代偿的部分神经化学机制.实验观察到,对照组大鼠MVN区天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、牛磺酸和丙氨酸浓度分别为(6.15±0.59),(18.13±1.21),(33.73±1.67),(9.26±0.65),(9.56±0.77)和(10.07±0.83)pmol/8 μL透析样本.左侧中耳内灌注2%利多卡因后10 min,同侧MVN区天冬氨酸、谷氨酸含量立即减少(P＜0.05),牛磺酸含量增加(P＜0.05);对侧MVN区谷氨酸含量立即增加(P＜0.05),甘氨酸和丙氨酸含量减少;双侧核团间谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸含量失衡.而用对氨基苯胂酸盐永久阻断单侧前庭器官2周后,同侧MVN区谷氨酸和丙氨酸含量减少,谷氨酰胺含量增高;对侧MVN区谷氨酸含量也减少;同侧MVN区谷氨酰胺含量明显高于对侧MVN区.结果提示,单侧迷路破坏后双侧MVN区氨基酸含量立即失去平衡,随着前庭代偿的进展,此差异减少,但是在前庭代偿后却出现双侧前庭核区谷氨酰氨的含量失衡,说明在前庭代偿过程中氨基酸含量变化起着重要作用.     

前庭—交感反应的中枢通路分析

用锋电位触发叠加(STA)技术对大鼠前庭内侧核(NVM)、下段脑干网状结构(RF)和前庭小脑进行了探查,观察了这些结构中对摆动旋转起反应的单位(PPU)与内脏大神经(SN)记录的交感反应之间的关系。发现用NVM的PPU进行STA,在SN可得一阳性反应,其潜伏期为33.28±3.1ms;用下段脑干RF的PPU进行STA,SN的峰反应潜伏期为11.3±0.91ms;用前庭小脑的PPU进行STA,SN的峰反应潜伏期为21.86±1.73ms。本结果提示前庭交感反应的最近的脊髓上中继站是下段脑干RF旁正中区核团,其下行冲动可能是由网状脊髓束中慢速传导的纤维传导的。根据三个脑区PPU引起的SN-STA潜伏期的不同,在前庭交感反应中前庭小脑所处的地位可能在NVM和下段脑干RF核团之间。     

前庭代偿中双侧前庭内侧核对输入刺激响应的敏感性变化及其离子机制

前庭代偿是研究前庭疾病防治策略和成年后由外周损伤导致的中枢神经系统可塑性的重要模型。脑干中的前庭内侧核(medial vestibular nucleus, MVN)是实现前庭代偿的重要中枢。MVN神经元的兴奋性和敏感性对前庭功能的正常执行十分关键,但先前的研究集中关注于单侧外周迷路切除(unilateral labyrinthectomy, UL)这一前庭代偿模型中患侧MVN中神经元兴奋性活动的变化,对双侧MVN神经元动态响应输入刺激的敏感性变化仍知之甚少。本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR、离体脑片全细胞膜片钳记录和行为学方法,观察到UL后6 h,大鼠表现出显著的自发运动障碍,且其患侧而非健侧MVN中B型神经元的兴奋性活动显著降低。但与之相反,健侧而非患侧MVN中的B型神经元对斜坡和阶跃电流刺激的敏感性则显著升高。UL后1周,大鼠基础运动行为得到代偿,其患侧MVN神经元的兴奋性和健侧MVN神经元的敏感性均恢复至正常水平。此外,参与B型MVN神经元敏感性调控的小电导钙激活钾通道(small conductance Ca2+-activated K+channel, SK) UL后6 h在健...     

前庭代偿中猫的头部和颈部姿势的改变

首次用视觉自动摄像信息处理系统记录了猫一侧前庭神经切断后在跨越转动横梁时头和颈运动的姿势,主要分析了头和颈在矢状面和水平面上的转动角度和高度和变化,结果显示,正常猫在各种转速和转向条件下头和颈均始终保持因有的稳定的姿势;前庭神经损伤后,头和颈偏于上仰并向患侧扭曲,其改变的幅度和恢复时程可因转速不同而异,且发现头上仰的恢复早于头向患侧扭曲的恢复。     

Microarray analysis of gene expression in the rat vestibular nucleus complex following unilateral vestibular deafferentation

To investigate the molecular background of vestibular compensation, a model of lesion-induced plasticity, we used a microarray analysis to examine genes that show asymmetrical expression between the bilateral vestibular nucleus complexes (VNCs) 6 h following unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD). Asymmetrical gene expression was then validated by a real-time quantitative PCR. Among the 88 genes for which the ipsilateral (ipsi) : contralateral (contra) was > 1.35, the number of known genes was 33 (38%), and the number of expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences was 55 (62%). Among the 130 genes for which the contra : ipsi was > 1.35, the number of known genes was 55 (42%), and the number of EST sequences was 75 (58%). Changes in some of the genes were consistent with previous studies; however, we found several new genes which could be functionally related to the molecular basis of the electrophysiological asymmetry between the VNCs following UVD. Ipsi > contra genes included the GABA(A) receptor rho subunit, regulatory proteins of G protein signaling, calcium signaling related molecules such as the voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha2/delta subunit 1, calcineurin subunit Abeta and Ca(2+) pump. Contra > ipsi genes included the neuronal high affinity glutamate transporter, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D, mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1.     

Identification of a histaminergic circuit in the caudal hypothalamus: An evidence for functional heterogeneity of histaminergic neurons

It is well established that histaminergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamus make connections with whole brain areas and regulate several functions. Recent evidence indicates that histaminergic neurons are heterogeneous cell group and organized into distinct circuits. However, functional circuits of histaminergic neurons have not been fully mapped so far. To address this issue, we have investigated antihistamine-sensitive neuronal activation in the hypothalamus to determine the hypothalamic region primarily innervated by histaminergic neurons. Here we review our recent findings showing the existence of the heterogeneous subpopulations of histaminergic neurons in the TMN that innervated distinct regions to regulate particular functions. We have identified the caudal part of the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (cARC) as a target region of histaminergic neurons in food-restricted rats by assessing suppression of c-Fos expression by pretreatment with antihistamines. Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) are morphologically subdivided into five groups (E1–E5). Among the subdivisions, the E3 group was found to be activated corresponding to the activation of cARC neurons. Our findings suggest that this subpopulation selectively innervate cARC neurons. Accumulating reports have also described c-Fos expression in other TMN subpopulations. Various stress challenge induced c-Fos expression primarily in E4 and E5 subpopulations. Motivation- and drug-induced arousal elicited in common activation of ventrolateral part of the TMN containing E1 and E2 subdivisions, which receive projections from wake-active orexin neurons and sleep-active GABA neurons. These lines of evidence support the hypothesis that there are heterogeneous subpopulations in the TMN that innervated distinct regions to regulate particular functions.     

Effects of development and altered gravity conditions on cytochrome oxidase activity in a vestibular nucleus of the larval teleost brain: A quantitative electronmicroscopical study

The mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome oxidase, was localized cytochemically in the nucleus magnocellularis, a primary relay nucleus of vestibular information within the area octavolateralis in the fish brain. Larvae of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus were analyzed at different developmental stages (4, 10, and 35 days posthatching) and after long-term exposure (8 days) to increased gravity (2–4 g). Quantification of highly reactive, moderately reactive, and nonreactive mitochondria reveals differences in the cytochrome oxidase activity of various cellular structures, for example, perikarya of neurons, presynaptic terminals, and myelinated and nonmyelinated cell profiles. Cytochrome oxidase activity in the mitochondria of neuronal perikarya increases during development which parallels the differentiation of the area octavolateralis. This possibly reflects the increasing energy demand during maturation and innervation of the magnocellular nucleus. Hyper-g-exposure of the larvae for 8 days (centrifuge) caused a further augmentation of cytochrome oxidase activity in the perikarya within the nucleus magnocellularis. This may reflect an increased oxidative metabolism resulting from the need for compensation of altered inputs from gravity-sensitive epithelia in the inner ear. Another possibility is that acceleration within a centrifuge causes physiological stress for the animals and, therefore, influences the cytochrome oxidase activity in neurons. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Existence of manserin, a secretogranin II-derived neuropeptide, in the rat inner ear: relevance to modulation of auditory and vestibular system

Manserin is a 40-amino acid neuropeptide derived from rat brain. Manserin has been shown to distribute in the neuroendocrine system, such as the pituitary and adrenal glands, but it has been little studied in other organs. In this study, the authors examined localization of manserin in the inner ear of the adult Wistar rat using immunohistochemical analyses. Manserin immunoreactivity was detected in the neuronal terminals of the organ of Corti and type II spiral ganglion cells. In addition to being identified in the auditory system, manserin was detected at the synapses of the vestibular system, such as saccule, utricle, and semicircular canal. These results suggest that inner ear manserin may be involved in the function of peripheral auditory and vestibular systems.     

Quantitative changes in mRNA expression of glutamate receptors in the rat peripheral and central vestibular systems following hypergravity

In order to investigate the mechanisms responsible for adaptation to altered gravity, we assessed the changes in mRNA expression of glutamate receptors in vestibular ganglion cells, medial vestibular nucleus, spinal vestibular nucleus/lateral vestibular nucleus, cerebellar flocculus, and uvula/nodulus from rats exposed to hypergravity for 2 h to 1 week using real-time quantitative RT-PCR methods. The mRNA expression of GluR2 and NR1 receptors in the uvula/nodulus and NR1 receptors in the medial vestibular nucleus increased in animals exposed to 2 h of hypergravity, and it decreased gradually to the control level. The mRNA expression of GluR2 receptors in vestibular ganglion cells decreased in animals exposed to 1 week of hypergravity. Neither the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 nor delta2 glutamate receptor in flocculus and uvula/nodulus was affected by a hypergravity load for 2 h to 1 week. It is suggested that the animals adapted to the hypergravity by enhancing the cerebellar inhibition of the vestibular nucleus neurons through activation of the NR1 and GluR2 receptors on the Purkinje cells in uvula/nodulus especially at the early phase following hypergravity. In the later phase following hypergravity, the animals adapted to the hypergravity by reducing the neurotransmission between the vestibular hair cells and the primary vestibular neurons via down-regulation of the postsynaptic GluR2 receptors in the vestibular periphery.     

急性低血压对前庭神经内侧核区谷氨酸和牛磺酸含量的影响

本实验用脑部微量透析法和高效液相色谱法观察急性失血诱发大鼠低血压时前庭神经内侧核(medial vestibular nucleus,MVN)内氨基酸类神经递质谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)和牛磺酸(tautine,Tau)含量的变化,以了解MVN内这些氨基酸类递质是否参与血压的调节。实验观察到,正常血压大鼠MVN内Glu和Tau浓度在透析探针植入90 min后趋于稳定,此时 Glu的平均含量为(18．96±0．27)pmol／8 μl透析液,Tau的平均含量为(7．73±0．05)pmol/8μl透析液。动脉抽血1．5 ml诱发急性低血压时,同侧MVN区Glu含量增加(P<0．05),Tau含量减少(P<0．05)。用利多卡因(lidocaine)短时阻断前庭传入及用化学方法永久破坏单侧前庭器官后,动脉抽血1.5 ml使血压降低30％,同侧MVN内氨基酸类神经递质无明显改变。结果提示,急性失血引起的低血压可通过前庭器官影响MVN的活动,该区内氨基酸类递质可能参与这一活动的调节。     

Twenty-four-hour variation of vestibular function in young and elderly adults

ABSTRACT

Animal and human studies demonstrate anatomical and functional links between the vestibular nuclei and the circadian timing system. This promotes the hypothesis of a circadian rhythm of vestibular function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vestibular function through the vestibulo-ocular reflex using a rotatory chair at different times of the day to assess circadian rhythmicity of vestibular function. Two identical studies evaluating temporal variation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were performed, the first in young adults (age: 22.4 ± 1.5 y), and the second in older adults (70.7 ± 4.7 y). The slow phase velocity and time constant of the VOR were evaluated in six separate test sessions, i.e., 02:00, 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h. In both studies, markers of circadian rhythmicity (temperature, fatigue, and sleepiness) displayed expected usual temporal variation. In young adults, the time constant of the VOR showed variation throughout the day (p < .005), being maximum 12:25 h (06:00 h test session) before the acrophase of temperature circadian rhythm. In older adults, the slow phase velocity and time constant also displayed temporal variation (p < .05). Maximum values were recorded at 10:35 h (06:00 h test session) before the acrophase of temperature circadian rhythm. The present study demonstrates that vestibular function is not constant throughout the day. The implication of the temporal variation in vestibular system in equilibrium potentially exposes the elderly, in particular, to differential risk during the 24 h of losing balance and falling.     

光学方法同步记录成群前庭神经节细胞膜电位

目的 :采用电压敏感染料和多位点光学成像系统研究前庭神经节细胞 (vestibularganglioncells ,VGCs)电生理特性。方法 :自新生小鼠内耳分离并培养的VGCs ,用吸光性电压敏感染料RH15 5染色后 ,多个或成群VGCs被同时成像于 16× 16记录单元Photodiodearrays (PDA)光学成像系统。 结果 :用高钾溶液灌流刺激时发现当VGCs膜电位变化时 ,膜表面的光吸收增强 ,光吸收度为 0 .2 3%± 0 .0 8%。并且所记录的光学反应具有波长特性。另外 ,在本实验条件下 ,光损伤和染料的药毒性副作用不明显或者可忽略不计。结论 :光学记录可以同步观测多个和成群VGCs膜电位变化 ,是电生理研究的新方法