从人胚胎干细胞畸胎瘤中有效获取间充质干细胞和神经前体细胞

通过人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells,hESC)体外分化方法和畸胎瘤形成可以分化获得多种成体细胞．但目前尚不清楚是否可以从hESCs畸胎瘤中分离某些特异性细胞．通过体外筛选方法,有效地从hESCs畸胎瘤中分离出神经前体细胞(neural progenitor cells,NPCs)和间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)．这种hESCs畸胎瘤来源的NPCs和MSCs与体内神经前体细胞和间充质干细胞有着相似的分子标记和特性,并具有进一步的分化潜能——分别可以诱导成为神经元、神经胶质细胞、脂肪细胞和骨骼细胞等．根据人胚胎干细胞畸胎瘤中含有不同分化阶段的外胚层、中胚层和内胚层的组织或细胞,认为人胚胎干细胞畸胎瘤可以作为另一个细胞来源以获取多种(包括人胚胎干细胞体外分化难以得到的)各种前体/干细胞和终末分化细胞．     

人胚胎干细胞定向诱导分化为内胚层细胞的研究进展

人胚胎干细胞具有多向分化潜能,由人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells,hESCs)诱导分化的各种目的细胞产生的阶段性成果,为hESCs的临床应用积累了丰富的实验数据,并为细胞移植治疗临床疾病奠定了基础。内胚层细胞由于其构成器官的复杂性和hESCs诱导分化的难度及临床迫切需要的矛盾尚未解决,仍然是hESCs诱导分化方向的研究热点。本文对hESCs向内胚层细胞诱导分化的方式、信号通路、研究成果、问题及展望等作一综述。     

人胚胎干细胞在3种培养体系中的生长

人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells.hESCs)的培养一直是干细胞研究的重要内容.用本实验室独立建系的两株hESCs,建立3种不同的培养体系:小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs)做饲养层,永生化人成纤维细胞(immortalized human adult fibroblasts,HAFi)做饲养层,无饲养层条件培养基培养体系(condition medium,CM),观察在3种培养体系中,干细胞的增殖和分化情况.发现3种培养体系中的hESCs都可以表达一致的生物学特性,但也有不同之处,相对于CM干细胞在MEFs和HAFi饲养层体系的分化率低,增殖快;但MEFs来源于鼠类是异源细胞,HAFi虽不舍鼠源性成分却繁殖很慢;无饲养层的体系便于操作,无外源细胞存在.实验所得出的结果可以引导研究人员针对于临床、科研不同的需要,选择最适合的培养体系.     

以人皮肤成纤维细胞作为饲养层细胞培养人胚胎干细胞

目的：比较人皮肤成纤维细胞（humandermalfibroblasts,HDFs）与小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞（Mouseembryonicfibroblasts,MEFs）的增殖能力及研究人皮肤成纤维细胞作为饲养层支持人胚胎干细胞（humanembryonicstemcells,hESCs）未分化生长的能力。方法：利用组织贴壁法从人皮肤中分离出HDFs,通过细胞形态的观察和生长曲线的绘制比较HDFs与MEFs的体外增殖能力。将HDFs作为饲养层细胞与hESCs共培养,传代12代后,检测hESCs碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、表面特异性标志及胚胎干细胞特异性转录因子。结果：HDFs可连续传代培养15代以上,10代以下的HDFs增殖迅速,而MEFs自第4代起,增殖能力就明显下降;hESCs在HDFs饲养层上可传代培养12代以上,克隆边界清晰,细胞排列紧密,碱性磷酸酶、表面标志物检测均呈阳性,表达了hESCs特异性转录因子。结论：HDFs比MEFs具有更强的增殖能力;HDFs可作为培养hEscs的饲养层细胞。     

胚胎干细胞向造血细胞分化研究

胚胎干（embryonic stem,ES）细胞是来源于囊胚的内细胞团（inner cell mass,ICM）,具有发育的全能性或多能性,能嵌合到早期胚胎,在体内可以参与各种组织发育甚至包括生殖细胞;在体外分化培养条件下,可以顺序分化出各种组织细胞,与体内完整胚胎发育过程相符合,而且可以通过调节ES细胞某些基因的表达而调节其分化。因此,ES细胞是研究哺乳动物早期胚胎发育、细胞分化及其关键基因鉴定的理想模型。另外,胚胎生殖脊（embryonic germ,EG）细胞系也具有同样的生物学特性,它是由早期胚胎的原始生殖脊（primordial germ,PG）细胞建株而来。最近研究显示：ES细胞在体外不但可以分化为所有造血细胞系,而且还可以分化为具有长期增殖能力的造血干细胞。作者就胚胎干细胞向造血细胞和造血干细胞分化及其诱导因子和调控基因的表达作一综述。     

临床研究用人胚胎干细胞“种子细胞”的质量评价

人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells,h ESCs)具有自我更新和三胚层细胞分化的潜能,在特定代次处于未分化状态的hESCs可作为"种子细胞",在体外诱导分化成不同的功能细胞以适用于不同的临床适应症。为确保hESCs诱导分化的功能细胞在临床应用的安全性及有效性,hESCs作为"种子细胞"需具备明确的鉴别特征、多能性、分化潜能和微生物学安全性等质量属性,现就这些质量属性进行讨论,目的是为在我国建立hESCs"种子细胞"质量控制标准提供参考。     

兔和小鼠早期胚胎ICM在ES培养系统中行为的比较

比较了兔和小鼠早期胚胎在小鼠ＥＳ培养系统中生长和发育和特点。结果发现,“两者在体外的早期发育程序和时间表”基本一致。但两者的生长方式不同：（１）小鼠胚胎的滋胚层（ＴＢ）能推开饲养层（ｆｅｅｄｅｒ）直接铺展在培养皿上;兔胚的ＴＢ推开饲养层的力量较小,大多数胚胎铺展在饲养之上;（２）小鼠胚外内胚层（ＥｘＥｎ）分化后紧紧包裹在ＩＣＭ（ｉｎｎｅｒ ｃｅｌｌ ｍａｓｓ）之外,而兔胚ＥｘＥｎⅠ和Ⅱ依次从ＩＣＭ     

人诱导多能干细胞与人胚胎干细胞分化过程中Oct4/Nanog基因表达的比较

目的：比较通过慢病毒方法获得的人诱导多能性干细胞（iPSCs）与人胚胎干细胞（hESCs）分化过程中全能性基因Oct4、Nanog的表达变化。方法：收集分化不同时间点的拟胚体（EBs）,检测三胚层分化基因以及全能性基因Oct4/Nanog的表达,并通过畸胎瘤组织切片的荧光染色分析Oct4的表达。结果：iPSCs获得的EB中内外三胚层分化基因表达的出现明显晚于hESCs来源的EB。不同于hESCs,iPSCs悬浮培养获得的EBs在体外培养18天未见内源性Oct4、Nanog基因表达的下调。未分化的iPSCs注射严重联合免疫缺陷（SCID）小鼠培养10周后获得的畸胎瘤中仍存在Oct4阳性的细胞,但iPS-#2中明显少于iPS-#5。结论：通过慢病毒方法获得的iPSCs虽然具有向三胚层分化的能力,但在分化过程中仍维持较高水平的全能性基因Oct4、Nanog的表达。     

人胚胎干细胞建株与维持培养条件的优化

人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cell,hESCs)是早期胚胎或原始性腺中分离出来的一类细胞,它具有无限增殖、自我更新和全能分化的特性。无论在体内还是体外环境,人胚胎干细胞都能分化为机体几乎所有类型的细胞。基于其全能分化性,胚胎干细胞成为治疗各种退行性疾病的理想细胞来源。然而,在目前培养条件下所建立的胚胎干细胞株,仍然存在动物源性物质潜在污染的问题。因此,更优化的建株及培养条件十分重要。     

人类及小鼠胚胎干细胞的不同多能性状态

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)是来源于早期胚胎的全能性细胞,在合适条件下具有分化为任何一类成体细胞的潜力。在小鼠中,根据细胞来源的胚胎发育时间,ESCs可以被分为原始态多能性(na(?)ve pluripotency)和始发态多能性(primed pluripotency)两种状态。这两种状态的细胞在发育上相互联系,具有不同的形态、信号依赖、发育性质、基因表达及表观遗传学性质,并且在特定的条件下可以相互转化。人类胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells,hESCs)的发育潜能曾一度被认为低于小鼠胚胎干细胞(mouse embryonic stem cells,mESCs),直到人类原始态胚胎干细胞的发现证明了hESCs可以表现出与mESCs相似的性质。这对于人类胚胎发育的研究及ESCs在临床治疗上的实际应用都具有重要的意义。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.