色氨酸操纵子研究进展

色氨酸只能由微生物和植物合成。催化色氨酸分支途径的酶由色氨酸操纵子编码。生物体内色氨酸合成受到严格调控,色氨酸操纵子发挥重要作用。本文综述色氨酸代谢途径及其调节,并对途径工程在色氨酸操纵子改造中的应用进行回顾。     

L-色氨酸对肝脏合成和酶诱导的作用

<正> 肝脏蛋白质合成及多核蛋白体聚集色氨酸是哺乳动物肝脏蛋白质中含量比较低的一种氨基酸。色氨酸在转录水平调节肝脏蛋白质合成。特别因饥饿不能合成蛋白质时,色氨酸就显得更为重要。Feigelson等观察到喂大白鼠色氨酸,肝脏合成蛋白质的速度加快,食物中没有色氨酸,氨基酸掺入蛋白质减少略喂大白鼠完全的混合氨基酸(即含有各种氨基酸),色氨酸在5-10分钟之内到达肝脏,并促进肝脏蛋白质合成。当肝脏中色氨酸的浓度比较高时,色氨酸促进蛋白质合成的作用就     

L-色氨酸的生产方法

专利要求的范围 用节杆菌属(?一丈。,夕夕一)中对一种或二种以上的色氨酸类似物具有抗性的LO色氨酸产生菌,在培养液中积累色氨酸,并从该培养液中提取L一色氨酸的发酵生产法。 本发明详细池叙述了节杆菌属中的L一色氨酸生产菌,通过培养,从发酵液中分离、回收L一色氨酸的方法,由于采用了生成L一色氨酸能力高的菌株,所以使必须氨基酸中的L-色氨酸达到了兼价工业生产的要求。 过去发酵法生产L一色氨酸,采用的是在培养基中添加叫噪或邻氨基苯甲酸的方法,此法因必须采用高价的引噪或邻氨基苯甲酸作前休物质,使色氨酸的生产存在着成本高的缺点…     

微生物发酵法生产L-色氨酸的代谢工程研究

L-色氨酸作为人体内的一种必需氨基酸,广泛应用于医药、食品与饲料等行业.工业上采用的色氨酸生产方法有化学合成法、转化法及微生物发酵法.近年来,随着代谢工程在色氨酸菌种选育中的成功运用,微生物发酵法逐渐成为主要的色氨酸生产方法.系统综述了微生物发酵法生产色氨酸所涉及的代谢工程策略,包括生物合成色氨酸的代谢调控机制以及途径...     

响应面分析优化L-色氨酸清液发酵培养基

L-色氨酸是八种必需氨基酸之一,随着L-色氨酸应用市场的不断扩大,进行发酵法生产L-色氨酸的研究具有重要的现实意义。为了提高L-色氨酸产量,本文利用响应面分析法对L-色氨酸清液发酵培养基进行优化。利用优化培养基进行发酵,考察清液发酵对L-色氨酸发酵过程中生物量、L-色氨酸产量、副产物生成量的影响。结果表明:在优化条件下利用清液发酵培养基发酵,乙酸含量与原工艺相比降低了(6.75±1.26)%,L-色氨酸产量提高了(16.54±1.15)%,实验值与响应面分析预测值基本相符。     

DL-5-甲基色氨酸的化学合成

<正> DL-5-甲基色氨酸是色氨酸的一种衍生物,它和其它衍生物一起(如DL-5-氟-色氨酸)主要用于处理色氨酸发酵产生菌,从而获得抗类似物高产菌株,在此基础上,利用重组DNA技术,进一步获得“工程菌株”,因此,它是色氨酸发酵科研中的一     

用日立835-50型氨基酸分析仪测定色氨酸方法的试验报告

<正> 色氨酸是蛋白质的重要成分,是人和各种动物生长发育不可缺少的必需氨基酸之一,在营养代谢中起着重要作用。因此,准确测定食品及饲料中的色氨酸含量有着重要意义。由于色氨酸在酸水解中破坏较大,所以酸水解法不适于色氨酸测定,须用碱水解法单独测定,因色氨酸在碱水解中比较稳定。但以往所采用的碱水解法是以淀粉作保护     

大肠杆菌色氨酸生物合成途径关键酶的调控

为了通过基因工程手段提高大肠杆菌色氨酸产量, 对色氨酸生物合成途径中的关键基因trpR、tnaA、aroG和trpED进行了改造。首先通过敲除trpR基因解除了基因组上色氨酸合成和转运关键酶受到的反馈阻遏调控, 进而又敲除了tnaA基因, 阻断了色氨酸的分解代谢。然后, 将色氨酸合成途径的关键酶aroGfbr和trpEDfbr基因串联表达, 以去除色氨酸生物合成途径的瓶颈。与对照MG1655相比, trpR基因单敲菌色氨酸浓度提高了10倍, 双敲菌色氨酸浓度提高了约20倍。pZE12-trpEDfbr转入双敲菌后色氨酸浓度提高到168 mg/L, 而将aroGfbr和trpEDfbr转入双敲菌后, 色氨酸浓度提高到820 mg/L。为构建色氨酸高产菌奠定了基础。     

大肠杆菌色氨酸生物合成途径关键酶的调控

为了通过基因工程手段提高大肠杆菌色氨酸产量, 对色氨酸生物合成途径中的关键基因trpR、tnaA、aroG和trpED进行了改造.首先通过敲除trpR基因解除了基因组上色氨酸合成和转运关键酶受到的反馈阻遏调控, 进而又敲除了tnaA基因, 阻断了色氨酸的分解代谢.然后, 将色氨酸合成途径的关键酶aroGfbr和trpEDfbr基因串联表达, 以去除色氨酸生物合成途径的瓶颈.与对照MG1655相比, trpR基因单敲菌色氨酸浓度提高了10倍, 双敲菌色氨酸浓度提高了约20倍.pZE12-trpEDfbr转入双敲菌后色氨酸浓度提高到168 mg/L, 而将aroGfbr和trpEDfbr转入双敲菌后, 色氨酸浓度提高到820 mg/L.为构建色氨酸高产菌奠定了基础.     

发酵液中色氨酸含量高通量快速测定

为了高通量筛选色氨酸工程菌,利用色氨酸与MAA在酸性条件下产生荧光物质(激发波长253 nm,发射波长450nm),荧光强度与色氨酸含量在一定范围内成正比的原理,建立了96孔微孔板中高通量测定发酵液色氨酸含量的方法。反应液80℃反应15 min后,测量荧光强度。线性范围为1 mg.L-1~100 mg.L-1,为大规模筛选色氨酸基因工程菌打下了基础。     

Effect of Adding the Limiting Amino Acids to an Amino Acid Diet Simulating Rice Protein on the Conversion of Tryptophan to Nicotinamide in Rats

The effect of amino acid composition on the conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide was investigated. The ratio in the group fed with an amino acid diet simulating rice protein was around 2.5%. This ratio was statistically decreased by the addition of the limiting amino acids, except for tryptophan, and increased by the addition of all the limiting amino acids, including tryptophan. The composition of amino acids proved to greatly affect the conversion ratio.     

Effects of Albumin, Amino Acids and Clofibrate on the Uptake of Tryptophan by the Rat Brain

Abstract: The influences of total tryptophan concentration, albumin binding and amino acid competition on the rate of tryptophan influx into rat brain were compared using a single-pass injection technique with tritiated water as a freely diffusible reference. Omission of 3% bovine albumin from a bolus containing tryptophan in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate buffer injected into the carotid artery increased non-albumin bound (free) tryptophan concentration threefold but tryptophan uptake by only 35% and 30% into forebrain and hypothalamus, respectively. However, tryptophan uptake from injected rat plasma was more markedly elevated when free tryptophan concentration was raised. Thus, when free tryptophan was doubled, but total tryptophan unchanged, by in vitro addition of clofibrate to a plasma bolus, uptake was increased by 53% and 28% into forebrain and hypothalamus respectively. When clofibrate was injected in vivo so that plasma total tryptophan concentration was decreased by 45% but neither free tryptophan nor competing amino acid concentrations were altered, then uptake from a bolus of the rat's own plasma was unchanged. Addition of competing amino acids at physiological concentrations to tryptophan in Krebs-Ringer buffer significantly reduced tryptophan influx into both brain regions, but did not increase the effect of albumin binding. The results indicate that tryptophan uptake into rat forebrain is substantially influenced by albumin binding and competition from other amino acids, but that hypothalamic uptake is less influenced by these factors.     

CORRELATION OF PLASMA AND BRAIN AMINO ACID AND PUTATIVE NEUROTRANSMITTER ALTERATIONS DURING ACUTE HEPATIC COMA IN THE RAT

During acute hepatic coma following two-stage hepatic devascularization in the rat, profound changes occurred in plasma and whole-brain amino acids and putative neurotransmitters. Brain ammonia, glutamine and GABA were increased, aspartate was decreased, while glutamate was unchanged. An increase in brain tryptophan was accompanied by a similar increase in plasma unbound tryptophan but decreased plasma total tryptophan. These changes occurred in the presence of high plasma levels of the other neutral amino acids, including the branched chain amino acids. Plasma insulin was unchanged while glucagon levels rose, resulting in a decreased insulin to glucagon ratio. These results suggest that while plasma unbound tryptophan may influence brain tryptophan levels, altered plasma concentrations of neutral amino acids which compete with tryptophan for transport into the brain do not contribute to the increase in brain tryptophan observed during acute hepatic coma.     

Effect of Amino Acid Supplementation to a Rice Diet on Niacin Requirement of Rats

The effect of amino acid supplementation to a rice diet on the niacin requirement of rats was studied in relation to the phenomenon of niacin or tryptophan deficiency caused by the addition of threonine or gelatin to a low casein diet. Supplementation of a mixture of all limiting amino acids other than tryptophan to a 90% rice diet stimulated the growth of rats only temporarily without additional supplementation of niacin. However, the supplementation of the same mixture of limiting amino acids to a diet containing an amino acid mixture simulating rice protein, clearly decreased the growth of rats after a temporary increase. The growth was then remarkably improved by the further addition of niacin or niacin plus tryptophan. This result supports the hypothesis that the addition of all limiting amino acids other than tryptophan, increases the use of tryptophan for protein synthesis and may lead to niacin deficiency.     

Characteristics of Tryptophan Accumulation by Isolated Rat Forebrain Synaptosomes

Uptake of 10 microM L-tryptophan into isolated rat brain synaptosomes was studied to assess its effect on the rate of serotonin synthesis from tryptophan. The initial rate of uptake was rapid, being two orders of magnitude above the rate of tryptophan hydroxylation. Uptake was highly concentrative, the concentration ratio across the plasma membrane at equilibrium being approximately 9. This concentration ratio was decreased to about 1 in the presence of high concentrations of amino acids transported by the L-type neutral amino acid uptake system. A mixture of the large neutral amino acids at physiological concentrations decreased the internal tryptophan concentration to 58% of that in their absence. Large tryptophan concentration ratios were observed in experiments in which Na+ in the medium was replaced with choline+. The concentrative uptake of tryptophan was energy-dependent, being decreased by inclusion of cyanide and omission of glucose. The concentration gradient was abolished by veratridine or rotenone. Time courses of the changes in ATP content and tryptophan concentration ratio on addition of these and other agents established that tryptophan uptake is probably not driven by ATP hydrolysis or efflux of other amino acids, but by the plasma membrane potential.     

Double mechanism for apical tryptophan depletion in polarized human bronchial epithelium

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is an enzyme that catabolizes tryptophan to kynurenine. We investigated the consequences of IDO induction by IFN-gamma in polarized human bronchial epithelium. IDO mRNA expression was undetectable in resting conditions, but strongly induced by IFN-gamma. We determined the concentration of tryptophan and kynurenine in the extracellular medium, and we found that apical tryptophan concentration was lower than the basolateral in resting cells. IFN-gamma caused a decrease in tryptophan concentration on both sides of the epithelium. Kynurenine was absent in control conditions, but increased in the basolateral medium after IFN-gamma treatment. The asymmetric distribution of tryptophan and kynurenine suggested the presence of a transepithelial amino acid transport. Uptake experiments with radiolabeled amino acids demonstrated the presence of a Na(+)-dependent amino acid transporter with broad specificity that was responsible for the tryptophan/kynurenine transport. We confirmed these data by measuring the short-circuit currents elicited by direct application of tryptophan or kynurenine to the apical surface. The rate of amino acid transport was dependent on the transepithelial potential, and we established that in cystic fibrosis epithelia, in which the transepithelial potential is significantly more negative than in noncystic fibrosis epithelia, amino acid uptake was reduced. This work suggests that human airway epithelial cells maintain low apical tryptophan concentrations by two mechanisms, a removal through a Na(+)-dependent amino acid transporter and an IFN-gamma-inducible degradation by IDO.     

Tryptophan degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characterization of two aromatic aminotransferases

Tryptophan was found to be degraded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mainly to tryptophol. Upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose two aminotransferases were identified: Aromatic aminotransferase I was constitutively synthesized and was active in vitro with tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine as amino donors and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptors. The enzyme was six times less active with and had a twenty times lower affinity for tryptophan (K _m=6 mM) than phenylalanine or tyrosine. It was postulated thus that aromatic aminotransferase I is involved in vivo in the last step of tyrosine and phenylalanine biosynthesis. Aromatic aminotransferase II was inducible with tryptophan but also with the other two aromatic amino acids either alone or in combinations. With tryptophan as amino donor the enzyme was most active with phenylpyruvate and not active with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor; its affinity for tryptophan was similar as for the other aromatic amino acids (K _m=0.2–0.4 mM). Aromatic aminotransferase II was postulated to be involved in vivo mainly in the degradation of tryptophan, but may play also a role in the degradation of the other aromatic amino acids.A mutant strain defective in the aromatic aminotransferase II (aat2) was isolated and its influence on tryptophan accumulation and pool was studied. In combination with mutations trp2 ^fbr, aro7 and cdr1-1, mutation aat2 led to a threefold increase of the tryptophan pool as compared to a strain with an intact aromatic aminotransferase II.     

Rat blood and brain amino acid pattern in short term experimental diabetes

Some serum and brain amino acid variations occurring in animals with short term streptozotocin-diabetes (24 h) are studied in this work. Diabetic animals showed an increase in serum of the three branched-chain amino acids as well as an increase in free tryptophan, besides a decrease in total serum tryptophan and in the tryptophan/competitor amino acids ratio. In brain, the three branched-chain amino acids increased, but there were no variation in whole brain tryptophan. Nevertheless, by studying levels of tryptophan in different brain regions, an increase in medulla-pons was recorded. This circumstance could be explained by the increase in free serum tryptophan levels, in agreement with several authors who assign this reason for brain tryptophan.     

Correlation between brain tryptophan and plasma neutral amino acid levels following food consumption in rats

Brain tryptophan increases significantly within two hr of the time that rats begin to consume a diet containing carbohydrate and fat, but fails to rise if the diet also contains 18–24% protein. The effects of particular diets on brain tryptophan are not well correlated with plasma tryptophan concentrations alone, but do correlate well with the ratio of plasma tryptophan to individual neutral amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine) or to their sums. (These amino acids compete with tryptophan for uptake into the brain.) Carbohydrate ingestion raises brain tryptophan by elevating plasma tryptophan and depressing the plasma levels of the competing neutral amino acids; protein consumption prevents an increase in brain tryptophan by raising the plasma concentrations of the competing amino acids more than of tryptophan.     

Variables Influencing the Effect of a Meal on Brain Tryptophan

Previous work from our laboratory points to plasma free tryptophan being a useful predictor of brain tryptophan concentration in many circumstances. Other work, in particular various studies on the acute effects of food intake, has emphasized the roles of plasma total tryptophan and of plasma large neutral amino acids that compete with tryptophan for transport to the brain. We have now studied associations between the above variables under different dietary conditions. Rats were allowed to feed for restricted periods during a 12-h light-12-h dark cycle. In the first study, rats were given access to a carbohydrate diet for 2 h midway through the light cycle and following an 18-h fast. The resultant rise of brain tryptophan was explicable largely by the associated fall in large neutral amino acids. In a second study, rats were adapted to a regimen whereby they were allowed access to the standard laboratory diet for 4 h during the dark cycle for 3 weeks. A postprandial decrease in brain tryptophan was associated with a fall in free tryptophan and of its ratio to competing amino acids. The brain change could be attributed neither to changes in plasma total tryptophan (which increased) nor to changes of its ratio to the competers (which remained unchanged). Results as a whole are thus consistent with changes of plasma free tryptophan and large neutral amino acid concentrations affecting brain tryptophan concentration under different dietary circumstances. It is suggested that these influences serve to maintain brain tryptophan when dietary supplies are defective.