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Damme Van Wilfried 《International Journal of Anthropology》2003,18(4):231-244
This paper discusses how different conceptions of the idea of ‘anthropology’ entail different views of the ‘anthropology of
art’. The prevailing notion of anthropology as the Western study of small-scale non-Western societies leads to a conception
of the anthropology of art as dealing with the visual arts of these societies or cultures. Anthropology is sometimes also
interpreted as referring to a particular approach that is applicable in examining sociocultural phenomena in whatever culture,
including its art forms. Both conceptions of anthropology may be considered subsidiary to a more encompassing view of anthropology
as the multidisciplinary study of humankind. Following this view, the anthropology of art becomes the comprehensive examination
of art in human existence. As such it would coincide with World Art Studies, conceived as the global and multidisciplinary
study of the visual arts. 相似文献
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We summarize the ethnographic literature illustrating that “abnormal birth” circumstances and “ill omens” operate as cues
to terminate parental investment. A review of the medical literature provides evidence to support our assertion that ill omens
serve as markers of biological conditions that will threaten the survival of infants. Daly and Wilson (1984) tested the prediction
that children of demonstrably poor phenotypic quality will be common victims of infanticide. We take this hypothesis one stage
further and argue that some children will be poor vehicles for parental investment yet are not of demonstrably poor quality
at birth. We conclude that when people dispose of infants due to “superstitious beliefs” they are pursuing an adaptive strategy
in eliminating infants who are poor vehicles for parental investment.
Catherine Hill lectures in biological anthropology/human sciences at Durham University’s University College, Stockton. She
trained in biological anthropology at University College, London. Her current research interests include human and nonhuman
primate socioecology and human resource ecology and development issues.
Helen Ball lectures in biological anthropology/human sciences at Durham University’s University College, Stockton. She trained
in biological anthropology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Her current research interests include nonhuman
primate behavior and socioecology, reproductive biology, and evolutionary issues. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT In this article, I aim to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the changing public role of anthropology by exploring the rise of branded ethnographic practices in consumer research. I argue that a juncture in the "New Economy"—the conjoining of corporate interest in branding, technology, and consumers, with vast social changes—may explain the rapid growth of ethnography for consumer research and predict its future direction. An analysis of branded propaganda from ethnographic vendors that claim their technology-enhanced methods innovate "classic" anthropological practices discloses the way corporations employ technologically mediated means to focus on the reflexive self in consumer research. In this analysis, I reveal that technological methodologies are central to the production of branded ethnographic practices, as forms of branding and technology legitimate consumer–corporate flows of interaction. The conclusion raises awareness to the ways in which modern branding practices reconstruct anthropology in public discourse. [Keywords: branding, consumer research, ethnography, reflexivity, technology] 相似文献
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Regarding the arts as something peopledo — as behaviors, rather than the residue or artifacts of behavior — makes possible a theoretical grounding about their nature
and importance, an endeavor that current anthropology of art has largely abandoned. A reconsideration of the suspect and largely
discarded terms “functionalism” and “evolutionism” is presented in light of current evolutionary thinking. It is suggested
that a contemporary reformulation of these concepts, illustrated by the author's Darwinian or “adaptationist” perspective
on art, supports aims and claims of current anthropology of art, and contributes new focus and direction to its endeavors. 相似文献
6.
A. Boskovic 《Dialectical Anthropology》2005,29(2):221-239
The paper describes the predicament of Brazilian anthropology through a personal experience of teaching and living in Brasilia.
Just like Brasilia, Brazil is many ways considered as “a work in progress” – and Brazilian anthropology as a lively and thriving
area, although frequently overlooked by non-Brazilian scholars. The situation in which Brazilian anthropologists find themselves
is put in the context of their own history, as well as the particular social conditions of the country – with special reference
to Brazil as invention, taking as an example celebration of “500 years of Brazil.” 相似文献
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Jess White Craig D. Tollini W. Aaron Collie Meredith B. Strueber Linda H. Strueber Jonathan W. Ward 《Evolution》2009,2(4):722-737
Although studies analyzing the content of evolution curriculum usually focus on courses within the context of a biological
sciences department or program, research must also address students and courses outside of the biological sciences. For example,
using data solely from biological courses will not fully represent the scope of coverage of evolution in university education,
as other fields, like anthropology, also utilize evolutionary principles. We analyzed the content of 31 university-level anthropology
textbooks for the following: (1) presence of a definition of evolution in various sections of the textbooks, (2) accuracy
and consistency of the definitions provided in the textbook sections, and (3) differences between textbooks for cultural and
physical anthropology. Results of this study suggest that anthropology textbooks do not necessarily (1) provide a single definition
of evolution or (2) provide an accurate, “baseline” definition of evolution when present. Additionally, substantive differences
were observed between definitions provided in different sections within a single textbook, as well as between textbooks written
for cultural anthropology and physical anthropology/archaeology courses. Given the inclusion of anthropology courses in general
education curriculum at the university-level, we conclude that this situation may further exacerbate the misunderstanding
of the basic tenets of evolution that university students have been repeatedly shown to demonstrate. We stress the role of
the instructor in choosing textbooks that provide accurate information for students, as well as the responsibility they hold
in providing a concise, accurate definition of evolution in social sciences courses. 相似文献
8.
James F. Weiner 《The Australian journal of anthropology》2003,14(1):97-110
This is a review article of the book Native Title Corporations: A Legal and Anthropological Analysis from the point of view of anthropology. I begin by highlighting the development of Anglo‐Australian social anthropology from such figures as Radcliffe‐Brown and Fortes, who were heavily influenced by regulatory and normative models from the domain of legal and judicial scholarship and speculate on the contemporary conditions by which this original social anthropological metaphor has apparently achieved a new literalisation. I criticise the legalistic appropriation of anthropological and ethnographic methodology that this book makes explicit, and finally, I express scepticism for the future success of the prescribed body corporate, as described in the Native Title Act (1993), as a model for the possession, transmission and elaboration of indigenous rights to country. 相似文献
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Ivar Paulson 《Ethnos》2013,78(3-4):213-221
A key element of the self‐critique in contemporary anthropology centres on the idea that categories such as culture and society have exaggerated human differences. This paper argues that the work of Anthony Cohen, which has attempted to frame “localities” as a new anthropological object, can be criticized on similar grounds. A close reading of Cohen's theoretical and ethnographic writings shows that the “anthropology of locality”, while claiming to be a critique of nationalhomogenization, in fact replicates ata lower level of scale features of the national units. Consideration of this particular example of the exaggeration of (local) difference, moreover, occasions reflection on the wider critique of generalization within anthropology. 相似文献
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Svilicić N 《Collegium antropologicum》2011,35(1):187-192
Visual recording of communication processes between communities or individuals by means of filming of photographing is of significant importance in anthropology, as it documents on site the specific features of various social communities in their encounter with the researcher. In terms of film industry, it is a sort of ethno-documentary pursuing originality and objectivity in recording the given subject, thus fulfilling the research mission. However, the potential of visual anthropology significantly exceeds the mere audiovisual recording of ethnologic realities. Modern methods of analysing and evaluating the role of visual anthropology suggest that it is a technical research service aimed at documenting the status quo. If the direction of proactive approach were taken, then the term ,visual anthropology' could be changed to ,anthropology of the visual,. This apparently cosmetic change of name is actually significantly more accurate, suggesting the denoted proactive swift in perceiving visual anthropology, where visual methods are employed to ,provoke< the reaction of an individual or of the community. In this way the "anthropology of the visual, is promoted to a new scientific sub-anthropological discipline. 相似文献
11.
Christopher Boehm 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1999,10(3):205-252
Proponents of the standard evolutionary biology paradigm explain human “altruism” in terms of either nepotism or strict reciprocity.
On that basis our underlying nature is reduced to a function of inclusive fitness: human nature has to be totally selfish
or nepotistic. Proposed here are three possible paths to giving costly aid to nonrelatives, paths that are controversial because
they involve assumed pleiotropic effects or group selection. One path is pleiotropic subsidies that help to extend nepotistic
helping behavior from close family to nonrelatives. Another is “warfare”—if and only if warfare recurred in the Paleolithic.
The third and most plausible hypothesis is based on the morally based egalitarian syndrome of prehistoric hunter-gatherers,
which reduced phenotypic variation at the within-group level, increased it at the between-group level, and drastically curtailed
the advantages of free riders. In an analysis consistent with the fundamental tenets of evolutionary biology, these three
paths are evaluated as explanations for the evolutionary development of a rather complicated human social nature.
This paper (in a series of drafts) has profited from comments by Michael Boehm, Donald T. Campbell, Bruce Knauft, Jane Lancaster,
Martin Muller, Peter J. Richerson, Gary Seaman, Craig Stanford, George Williams, Edward O. Wilson, David Sloan Wilson, and
two reviewers for Human Nature.
Christopher Boehm is a professor of anthropology and the director of the Jane Goodall Research Center, University of Southern
California. His research interests in political anthropology concern egalitarianism, feuding, warfare, and conflict resolution
(humans and chimpanzees). In biosocial anthropology he is interested in altruism, group selection, and decisions. 相似文献
12.
The concept of cooperative communities that enforce norm conformity through reward, as well as shaming, ridicule, and ostracism,
has been central to anthropology since the work of Durkheim. Prevailing approaches from evolutionary theory explain the willingness
to exert sanctions to enforce norms as self-interested behavior, while recent experimental studies suggest that altruistic
rewarding and punishing—“strong reciprocity”—play an important role in promoting cooperation. This paper will use data from
308 conversations among the Ju/’hoansi (!Kung) Bushmen (a) to examine the dynamics of norm enforcement, (b) to evaluate the costs of punishment in a forager society and understand how they are reduced, and (c) to determine whether hypotheses that center on individual self-interest provide sufficient explanations for bearing the
costs of norm enforcement, or whether there is evidence for strong reciprocity.
Polly Wiessner is a professor of anthropology at the University of Utah. She has carried out fieldwork with the Ju/’hoansi
of the Kalahari for the past 30 years on social networks, style in artifacts, economy, population, nutrition, and social change.
She has also worked among the Enga of Papua New Guinea since 1985 on the oral history of exchange, ritual, and warfare. 相似文献
13.
T. S. Eliot (1888–1965), a poet of genius, closely followed developments in the social sciences. From the viewpoint of early modern anthropology, important features of his poems resemble the qualities of the "primitive mentality" conjectured by Lévy-Bruhl, whose work (along with Tylor's, Frazer's, Wundt's, Durkheim's, and Rivers') Eliot carefully and critically studied. To recover fundamental cultural unities, Eliot became, in effect, a philosophical anthropologist and, in poetry, a quasi-primitive as well . [anthropology and literature, history of anthropology, T. S. Eliot, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl] 相似文献
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Unsurprisingly, survey results indicate that Texas biology and biological anthropology faculty with expertise in an evolutionary
area strongly support teaching “just evolution” (100%; N = 54) and not creationism/intelligent design. Importantly, they do not think that religious faith is incompatible with acceptance
of evolutionary biology (91%; N = 55), even though 50% (N = 52) describe themselves as “not at all religious.” As school boards nationwide debate science standards, it is important
that faculty with relevant expertise have a voice. Biological anthropologists should not be overlooked as a public resource
in these debates. 相似文献
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Since the early 1970s, the French public health system has been accorded considerable responsibility for immigrants identified
by the educational, judicial or social service authorities as psychologically distressed or socially disruptive. In this paper
we discuss three models of healing embedded in constructs of “cultural difference” and addressed at specialized mental health-care
centers catering to immigrants in Paris: “cultural mediation,” transcultural psychiatry/ethnopsychiatry and clinical medical
anthropology. Based on observations and interviews at three specialized mental health centers in Paris, we explore how these
clinical approaches address migrant wellbeing and seek to resolve crises in migrant families, especially those of West African
origin. We suggest that the prevalent approaches to therapy creatively blend concepts and practices of anthropology, psychiatry
and psychology but, at the same time, confront challenges inherent in the use of a generic “African” healing modality. Cases
studies demonstrate that in order for such interventions to be perceived as effective by patients, “cultural difference” must
be acknowledged but also situated in broader social, political and economic contexts.
相似文献
Carolyn SargentEmail: |
16.
College students do not come to biological sciences classes, including biological anthropology, as “blank slates.” Rather,
these students have complex and strongly held scientific misconceptions that often interfere with their ability to understand
accurate explanations that are presented in class. Research indicates that a scientific misconception cannot be corrected
by simply presenting accurate information; the misconception must be made explicit, and the student must decide for him or
herself that it is inaccurate. The first step in helping to facilitate such conceptual change among college students is to
understand the nature of the scientific misconceptions. We surveyed 547 undergraduate students at the University of Missouri-Columbia
on their understanding of the nature and language of science, the mechanisms of evolution, and their support for both Lamarckian
inheritance and teleological evolution. We found few significant sex differences among the respondents and identified some
common themes in the students’ misconceptions. Our survey results show that student understanding of evolutionary processes
is limited, even among students who accept the validity of biological evolution. We also found that confidence in one’s knowledge
of science is not related to actual understanding. We advise instructors in biological anthropology courses to survey their
students in order to identify the class-specific scientific misconceptions, and we urge faculty members to incorporate active
learning strategies in their courses in order to facilitate conceptual change among the students. 相似文献
17.
Towards Justice and Peace is a splendid title for a symposium and book to honour Professor Sunderland. It is also a very difficult
title for a biological anthropologist. I make the distinction from social anthropology with some apology. There are of course
many subdisciplines and traditions within Anthropology and I most associate Professor Sunderland's support of my university
and myself with our attempts to foster cross-disciplinary discussion, towards a “Biosocial Anthropology”, as it were. So,
while for specialists in fossilization of bones, sequences of DNA molecules or analysis of urine, the title, Towards Justice
and Peace might cause problems, I should like to discuss some biosocial anthropology on an international frontier, which,
after centuries of military aggression and defence, is now a peaceful line on a map within the European Community. HMM. 相似文献
18.
Lee Xenakis Blonder 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1991,2(2):83-116
American anthropology is distinguished by a four-fields approach in which biological, cultural, archaeological, and linguistic
dimensions of behavior are examined in evolutionary and cross-cultural perspective. Nevertheless, assumptions of mind-body
dualism pervade scholarly thinking in anthropology and have prevented the development of a truly integrated science of human
experience. This dualism is most exemplified by the lack of consideration of the role of the brain in both “physical” and
“mental” processes, including phenomena labeled as cultural. In this paper, I review neural mechanisms of learning, communication,
and emotion, and discuss the implications of these findings for culture theory.
Lee Xenakis Blonder is an assistant professor in the Department of Behavioral Science and the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging,
University of Kentucky Medical School, Lexington. She is currently examining the effects of stroke in different regions of
the brain on language, nonverbal communication, and emotional processing in an attempt to better understand human brain and
behavior relations. Recent publications include “Neuropsychological Functioning in Hemiparkinsonism” (with R. E. Gur, R. C.
Gur, A. J. Saykin, and H. I. Hurtig),Brain and Cognition 9:244–257 (1989). 相似文献
19.
Yuqin Fu Chengzhi Xie Han Zhao Xuelian Xu Yinqiu Cui Quanchao Zhang Hui Zhou Hong Zhu 《Frontiers of Biology in China》2008,3(1):9-12
The mtDNA hypervariable region I (HVR-I) of 10 ancient individuals from Dongzhou-period ancient human populations in Helingeer
county of Inner Mongolia were amplified and sequenced to investigate the genetic structure. The relationships between the
ancient population and related extant populations, as well as its possible origin at the molecular level, were also studied.
Moreover, phylogenetic analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis were also performed based on the mtDNA data of the ancient
population in Helingeer and the related Eurasian population. The results showed that the ancient population in Helingeer were
closer to the northern Asian populations than to the other compared populations in matrilineal lineage. Combining the research
results of archaeology and anthropology as well as molecular biology, we inferred that they were nomads who migrated from
Mongolia plateau and cis-Baikal region to Helingeer in Inner Mongolia, China.
__________
Translated from Journal of Jilin University (Science Edition), 2006, 44 (5): 824–828 [译自: 吉林大学学报(理学版)] 相似文献
20.
C. Sauvain-Dugerdil G. Boëtsch C. Serrano-Sanchez 《International Journal of Anthropology》1996,11(2-4):3-11
this first paper introduces the topic of the volume, outcomes of a symposium organised at the 13th ICAES held in Mexico in
August 1993. It briefly reminds of the convergence between anthropology and demography up to date and stresses on the need
of real transdisciplinary work in this challenging domain. The aim of the symposium was to make a contribution on the central
theme chosen by the congress — the cultural and biological dimensions of global change — while examining the place of demographic
anthropology in the study of change. The papers presented at the symposium have been organised in three parts which form the
present volume: the composition of population, the choice of spouse and mobility, the reproduction and dynamics of populations.
The basic mechanisms of change are considered through examples at the level of local populations. This also leads to question
the definitions of human groups and to make a “declaration” stressing on the importance of individual heterogeneity and the
arbitrariness and reductive nature of any grouping of individuals, stating therefore the misapprehension of the most recent
scientific work inherent to the rationale of programs of “ethnic cleasing”.
Translated from the french by prof. Derek F. Roberts 相似文献