海南黎药接骨草质量标准研究

为制定海南黎药接骨草质量标准,以《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版质量检定的基本原则为指导,采用性状观察法、显微观察法、薄层色谱法、烘干法、总灰分测定法、醇溶性热浸法分别研究接骨草的性状和显微结构特征、薄层色谱鉴别、水分、总灰分以及醇溶性浸出物。本研究明确了接骨草药材性状和显微结构特征;建立了薄层鉴别方法;接骨草药材质量标准规定水分不得超过10.0%、总灰分不得超过10.0%以及醇溶性浸出物不得少于8.0%。因此,研究制定的接骨草药材质量标准,可为该药材的质量控制提供依据。     

血叶兰药材质量标准研究

为制定血叶兰药材质量标准以控制血叶兰药材质量,依据《中国药典》2020年版附录相关方法,对血叶兰的药材性状、显微特征进行观察,并对其水分、总灰分、醇溶性浸出物及多糖含量进行测定.明确了血叶兰药材性状和显微结构特征,并建立了其专属性薄层色谱鉴别方法,拟规定血叶兰药材水分含量不得超过13.0％、总灰分含量不得超过17.5％、醇溶性浸出物含量不得少于19.0％、多糖含量不得少于10.0％.本研究制定出血叶兰药材质量标准,可为血叶兰药材的原料生产、市场流通及其产品开发提供检验检测依据.     

海南习用药材无柄灵芝质量标准研究

为建立海南习用药材无柄灵芝的质量标准,依据《中国药典》2015年版中药质量标准研制的要求,对无柄灵芝药材的性状、鉴别、检查、浸出物、灰分、含量测定等项目进行研究。本研究明确了无柄灵芝药材的性状和显微结构特征,建立了专属的薄层鉴别方法;规定无柄灵芝多糖含量不得低于0.40%、三萜与甾醇含量不得低于0.40%、水分不得超过18.0%、总灰分不得超过4.0%、浸出物不得低于2.0%,为无柄灵芝药材质量控制及资源开发利用提供科学依据。     

华山矾药材质量标准研究

制定华山矾药材质量标准,为华山矾的开发利用提供技术支持。分别对华山矾药材的药材性状、显微特征进行观察;按照《中国药典》方法对10个不同产地药材中浸出物、灰分和水分进行测定;采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对其进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷的含量。研究结果对华山矾药材的性状、显微特征进行了描述。暂定华山矾药材中总灰分不得过8%,不溶性灰分不得过3%,醇浸出物不得少于4%,水分不得过14%。TLC中斑点清晰、分离度好。槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷的精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于2%。该研究所建标准可用于华山矾药材的质量控制。     

水团花药材鉴定方法的研究

目的:建立中药水团花的药材鉴定方法.方法:通过对主产地六批药材的研究,从薄层定性检查、水份测定、浸出物检查和灰分测定4个方面,建立了水团花的药材鉴定方法.结果:运用TLC法,定性鉴别了水团花中的2种化学成分;药材的含水量不得过9.6%;药材的水溶性浸出物不得少于31%;药材的醇溶性浸出物不得少于35%;药材的总灰分不得过5.0%.结论:该方法可用于控制水团花的质量.     

鞘柄菝葜药材质量标准研究

对鞘柄菝葜药材根及根茎进行性状和显微鉴别,以及对薯蓣皂苷元和白藜芦醇进行定性、定量分析,按2015年版《中国药典(四部)》相关通则对水分、总灰分、浸出物进行检查,初步建立鞘柄菝葜药材的质量标准。结果表明：鞘柄菝葜药材性状与显微特征性强;薄层色谱(TLC)分离度好,薯蓣皂苷元和白藜芦醇在对应的斑点清晰;药材水分、总灰分、醇溶性浸出物的含量范围分别为3.72%～7.91%、1.54%～4.74%、5.08%～7.31%;薯蓣皂苷元在0.10～0.70 mg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为93.32%(RSD 2.69%);白藜芦醇在6.375～255μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为96.45%(RSD 2.94%)。该研究建立的方法专属性强、重复性好,为其物种鉴别、质量控制及临床合理用药提供依据。     

博落回果实药材质量标准研究

目的:制定博落回果实药材质量标准,为该药用植物资源的开发利用提供科学依据.方法:生药学研究,理化鉴别,醇浸出物测定法,紫外/可见分光光度法,薄层色谱法及HPLC色谱法.结果:对博落回果实的性状、显微特征进行了描述;对6个不同产地及收集时间博落回果实的醇浸出物进行了测定;同时对其活性成分血根碱和白屈菜红碱进行了薄层定性鉴别和HPLC定量研究.结论:通过研究制定了博落回果实的质量控制标准.     

陕西产杜仲子药材质量标准研究

为陕西产杜仲子药材制订质量标准。采用生药学研究方法,包括:种子比率测定法、水分测定法、灰分测定法、酸败度测定法、油脂含量测定法、薄层色谱法及HPLC法,对不同产地样品的性状、显微特征进行了描述。在对5批样品的种子比率、水分、灰分、酸败度、油脂测定以及指标成分桃叶珊瑚苷TLC定性鉴别和HPLC定量分析的基础上,制订了陕西杜仲子药材质量评价方法,初步规定了各项指标的限度,确定了质量标准。本文建立的方法专属性好,操作简便,是一种能全面、有效地控制陕西产杜仲子药材质量的较理想方法。为陕西省杜仲子的科学利用和杜仲资源的综合开发提供了依据。     

川牛膝不同产地药材质量综合评价研究

为了建立更全面的川牛膝药材质量评价方法,按照2015版《中华人民共和国药典》方法测定水分、总灰分、水冷浸物和乙醇冷浸物;新建HPLC法测定川牛膝中杯苋甾酮、前杯苋甾酮和齐墩果酸3种成分的含量,并通过SPSS 20.0软件进行聚类分析和主成分分析。本研究较全面地评价了全国54个产地川牛膝药材的质量,54批川牛膝样品的水分、总灰分、浸出物、含量均符合药典标准,为川牛膝药材的进一步开发提供了依据。     

粗茎秦艽根茎品质与栽培土壤化学因子的相关性分析

对云南丽江鲁店乡18个样点粗茎秦艽（Gentiana crassicaulis Duth.ex Burk.）的根茎品质指标以及栽培土壤基本养分和矿质元素含量进行了测定;在此基础上,分析了根茎品质指标与土壤化学指标的相关性,并采用逐步回归分析方法筛选出影响粗茎秦艽根茎品质的主要土壤化学因子。测定结果表明：各样点间粗茎秦艽根茎的总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、水分、醇溶性浸出物、马钱苷酸和龙胆苦苷含量的差异较大,平均值分别为2.84%、0.28%、6.21%、28.57%、1.53%和4.70%,均符合相关的药材标准。土壤p H值为p H 4.67~p H 6.83,平均值为p H 5.51;土壤中有机质、速效N、速效P和速效K含量差异明显,平均值分别为7.38%、128.09μg·g-1、86.85μg·g-1和232.33μg·g-1;土壤中交换性Ca、交换性Mg、有效Zn、有效Mn、有效Fe和有效Cu含量也有较大差异,平均值分别为1 391.16、91.87、2.81、56.18、51.07和0.92μg·g-1。相关性分析结果表明：土壤速效P含量与粗茎秦艽根茎中醇溶性浸出物和龙胆苦苷含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关;土壤有效Fe含量与根茎中总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、醇溶性浸出物和龙胆苦苷含量呈极显著或显著正相关;土壤有效Cu含量与根茎中总灰分含量呈极显著正相关。逐步回归分析结果表明：影响粗茎秦艽根茎中总灰分含量的土壤化学因子是有效Zn、有效Fe和有效Cu含量,影响根茎中酸不溶性灰分和龙胆苦苷含量的土壤化学因子是有效Fe含量,影响根茎中醇溶性浸出物含量的土壤化学因子是速效P含量;而根茎中水分和马钱苷酸含量与各土壤化学因子均无明显的回归关系。综合分析结果显示：云南丽江粗茎秦艽种植区域的土壤均呈弱酸性,基本养分充足、矿质元素含量丰富,适宜于粗茎秦艽的生长;土壤有效Fe含量对粗茎秦艽根茎的品质指标影响最大,在实际生产中应适当喷施含Fe的微肥。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.