栗背短脚鹎的种群分化与遗传多样性

栗背短脚鹎(Hemixos castanonotus)是我国南方山区常见的杂食性鸟类。为探明其遗传多样性及分化现状,采用线粒体Cyt b基因和7个核基因非编码区片段作为分子标记,对分布于广东、广西、海南、贵州和江西五省(自治区)的栗背短脚鹎11个地理种群进行了遗传分化及遗传多样性研究。基于所获得的Cyt b基因866 bp和7个核基因内含子序列6 808 bp进行分析。结果显示,在Cyt b基因中,共检测到37个单倍型,共享单倍型占单倍型总数的35.6%,推测这些共享单倍型可能属于祖先单倍型。分子方差分析结果显示,遗传变异主要来源于种群内部(79.77%)。Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs中性检验分析结果均支持栗背短脚鹎种群可能曾经历过种群扩张现象。基于7个核基因内含子联合序列的贝叶斯天际线(BSP)分析,推断其种群在大约5.3 ~ 3.7百万年前(Mya)和约0.7 ~ 0.3百万年前(Mya)发生过扩张。基于Cyt b基因的贝叶斯系统发育分析,11个地理种群共分为两支,一支为海南猴猕岭地理种群,属指名亚种(H. c. castanonotus),其他10个地理种群聚为另一支,属H. c. canipennis亚种,并且后者尚未形成显著的地理结构,单倍型网络图分析也获得相似的结果。本研究所用分子数据基本支持两个亚种的分化,对于存在争议的广西南部分布的指名亚种,其分子数据与形态学亚种归属不一致,有待更深入研究。     

鲢鲴混养对水体环境的影响

为评估鱼类混养及其排泄物对水体环境的潜在影响,采用室内受控实验研究了鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）和黄尾鲴（Xenocypris davidi）混养对水体鱼腥藻和水质的影响。实验设置鲢投放组、鲢鲴组合投放组和空白对照组,实验周期14 d。结果发现,鱼类的放养增加了实验水体的营养负荷,有鱼实验组水体中总氮、总磷、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数均高于对照组,且实验后期鲢组的营养盐浓度均高于鲢鲴组;有鱼实验组水体中叶绿素a浓度和藻密度均降低,且鲢鲴组较鲢组降低更为明显;黄尾鲴的加入可以减少水体中鱼类排泄物的积累,鲢鲴组鱼类生物量较鲢组多,但排泄物重量却低于鲢组;鲢鲴组对鱼腥藻的消化率更高,实验结束时达到79.33%,极显著高于鲢组（P<0.01）。即在鲢控藻的基础上,混养黄尾鲴可以减少鲢摄食鱼腥藻后的排泄物重量,减少因鱼类排泄物造成的二次污染。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的中国南方唇鱼骨(Hermibarbus labeo)和间鱼骨(Hermibarbus medius)种群分化及亲缘地理研究

为了解中国南方唇鱼骨（Hermibarbus labeo）和间鱼骨（Hermibarbus medius）的种群分化、亲缘地理格局及物种有效性,作者对唇鱼骨8个水系及间鱼骨9个水系共148尾样本的Cyt b基因全序列进行了测定。在所有序列中,共有128个变异位点,共检测出了41个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.954,核苷酸多样性为0.02153。基于Cyt b基因全序列构建的NJ树显示,中国南方的唇鱼骨与间鱼骨合聚为两大支,其中韩江和九龙江的全部唇鱼骨样本组成了Ⅰ支,而其他水系的唇鱼骨和间鱼骨样本则组成了Ⅱ支。两支系间的遗传距离为5.1%,而唇鱼骨和间鱼骨之间的遗传距离为3.2%。现有证据不支持间鱼骨与唇鱼骨达到种一级的分化。单倍型网络图显示,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系的种群分化较大;海南岛三大水系种群和漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与代表珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与其他地理区间种群的亲缘关系则相对较远;西江可能为珠江水系、漠阳江水系和海南岛三大水系间鱼骨种群的扩散中心,其中一支往东向北江和东江扩散;另一支往南向海南岛扩散,海南岛三大水系种群尔后在冰期海退时向北扩散至漠阳江水系及珠江水系。AMOVA分析表明,唇鱼骨和间鱼骨地理区之间变异约占54.50%,地理区内种群间变异约占18.64%,种群内的变异占26.86%,这说明,唇鱼骨和间鱼骨种群Cyt b的遗传分化主要是来自地理区之间。错配分析及中性检验显示,全部种群、唇鱼骨种群、间鱼骨种群在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张,两个mtDNA支系亦未发生过扩张,而海南岛的昌化江种群曾发生过种群扩张。     

鄱阳湖及邻近水系银鲴的种群分化研究

以2010 ～2011年采自鄱阳湖及邻近水系(赣江和洞庭湖)的7个地理种群的228例银鲴样本为研究对象,结合形态和线粒体Cyt b数据,研究了银鲴种群的分化情况.主成分分析显示,银鲴地理种群间已具有一定的形态差异,尤其是赣江种群与其他种群间形态差异显著,能够明显区分.判别分析显示各地理种群间判别率较高,尤其是赣江种群高达100％.综合形态分析结果,银鲴各地理种群间形态差异明显.分子分析中,获得长度为1131 bp的Cyt b基因部分序列,共检测到107个单倍型.各地理种群单倍型多样性均较高(0.96471 ～ 0.99310),核苷酸多样性均较低(0.00419～0.00560).分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,银鲴群体的遗传变异主要发生在地理种群内,地理种群间分化程度很低,相互间存在着广泛的基因交流.结合形态和分子分析结果,认为银鲴不同地理种群间的形态差异主要是其对特定环境适应的结果,而不是遗传分化所产生的.     

鲴类寄生六鞭毛虫系统发育的研究

利用分支系统学（Ｃｌａｄｉｓｔｉｃｓ）的原理和方法,选取光镜下的２４个性状,对鲴亚科１７种寄生六鞭毛虫进行了系统发育分析,初步阐明了这１７种六鞭毛虫相互间的亲缘关系。结果还表明,鲴亚科寄生六鞭毛虫的分化较晚;一些明显特征：如杆状条纹,是进化适应的结果,具有系统学意义。还通过对寄生六鞭毛虫在鲴亚科鱼类中的区系分布特点分析,探讨了宿主相互间的亲缘关系。结果表明：寄生六鞭毛虫的区系分布能够反映宿主相互间     

银鲴自然群体线粒体DNA的遗传分化

运用２１种限制性内切酶对银鲴自然群体进行了ｍｔＤＮＡ的限制性片断长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析。发现银鲴自然群体存在丰富的ｍｔＤＮＡ多态性,从４个群体３９个个体中,共检测到１２种单倍型,对这一现象的成成因进行了探讨。依据单倍型和群体的系统发育关系,结合地理分布的资料,对其现今分布区相互间的历史联系及其对银鲴起源和分化的影响进行了分析。     

鲴亚科分子系统学研究

为探讨鲴亚科(Xenocyprinae)鱼类系统发育关系,研究基于2种线粒体基因和5种核基因序列对鲴亚科各物种的系统发育关系和分化时间进行评估。结果显示:不同方法和数据类型获得了基本一致的拓扑结构。3个属的单系性都得到了很好地支撑;但是,它们之间的进化关系却随着分子标记的不同而改变。这一结果可能是由于早期的基因流或谱系的随机分选所致。此外,银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、云南鲴(Xenocypris yunnanensis)和黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)之间呈现出嵌套型的谱系关系,暗示它们之间存在基因交流的可能性。基于化石地层年代校正的分子钟估算结果显示,鲴亚科主要类群的分化发生在中新世晚期,约15—12百万年前(Millions of years ago, Ma),这与东亚季风强盛时期的时间相吻合。     

梁子湖密鲴的生物学

密鲴(Xenocypris davidi Bleeker),广泛分布于珠江、长江、黄河诸流域是我国习见鱼类之一,属鲤科的密鲴亚科,密鲴属。     

异鲴的骨骼形态及其属的分类位置

对异鲴的骨骼形态进行了详细的描述并与丹亚科及鲴亚科代表种的骨骼特征进行了比较。结果显示异鲴与丹亚科在骨骼学性状缺乏共同离征,一系列的离征却表明它与再生鲴亚科鱼类紧密相关。这些离征包括：咽骨形态独特,前臂略长或与后臂等长;下咽齿侧扁,有明显的咀嚼面;基枕骨具有向下弯曲的基枕骨突,咽突而发达,椭圆形且向前突出;穿行于基枕骨的背大动脉通道接近咽突长;副蝶骨具有发达的龙骨突;前上颌骨短宽,下边缘为软骨;上颌骨外侧具突起;齿骨前背缘有外侧等。异鲴之置于丹亚科仅依据他们在围眶骨系的形态及排列上的相似性,而它和鲴亚科鱼类具有的一些共同离征表明它们可以形成姐妹群。因此,异鲴属在鲤科中的分类位置应该更加接近鲴亚科。     

西南地区6种魔芋属植物基于cpDNA序列的遗传多样性研究

研究野生作物资源的遗传变异及分化机制对种质资源的收集与改良具有重要意义。魔芋是我国西南地区的特色经济作物,但由于受到人为活动干扰,野生种群不断衰退。为评估西南地区魔芋属(Amorphophallus)野生群体的遗传多样性,探究代表性物种的系统发育地位,该研究利用3个叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)片段,分析了魔芋6个物种的遗传多样性,重建了种间系统发育关系。结果表明:(1)西南地区野生魔芋群体的遗传多样性普遍较低,虽然单倍型多样性(H_d)均值为0.428,但近一半群体只有1个单倍型,6个物种整体水平上的单倍型多样性在0.704到0.983之间。(2)在6个物种间检测到高水平的遗传分化,遗传分化系数(F_ST)值在0.481到0.967之间。(3)系统发育分析表明,选取的27个魔芋种主要聚成3个分支:非洲分支、东南亚分支和东亚大陆分支。疣柄魔芋(A. paeoniifolius)隶属于东南亚分支,而东亚大陆分支A包含花魔芋(A. konjac)和西盟魔芋(A. krausei),东亚大陆分支B由东亚魔芋(A. kiusianus)、滇魔芋(A. yunnanensis)和东京魔芋(A. tonkinensis)构成。生境隔离与人为干扰造成了西南地区野生魔芋群体较低的遗传多样性,魔芋属东亚大陆分支的分化可能与早期的快速扩张和生态适应有关。该研究为西南地区魔芋资源的合理保护、可持续利用和杂交育种提供了参考资料。     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Elucidation of Structure of Lipid A from the Marine Gram-Negative Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T

The chemical structure of lipid A, from the marine -proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 14393, a main product of lipopolysaccharide hydrolysis (1% AcOH), was determined using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A was shown to be -1,6-glucosaminobiose 1,4-diphosphate acylated with two (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid residues at C3 and C3 and amidated with one (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl and one (R)-3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoyl residue at N2 and N2, respectively.     

The evolution of the Hox cluster: insights from outgroups

Two burgeoning research trends are helping to reconstruct the evolution of the Hox cluster with greater detail and clarity. First, Hox genes are being studied in a broader phylogenetic sampling of taxa: the past year has witnessed important new data from teleost fishes, onychophorans, myriapods, polychaetes, glossiphoniid leeches, ribbon worms, and sea anemones. Second, commonly accepted notions of animal relationships are being challenged by alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that are causing us to rethink the evolutionary relationships of important metazoan lineages, especially arthropods, annelids, nematodes, and platyhelminthes.     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus