基于LC-MS/MS分析马缨杜鹃花代谢物的变化

为分析马缨杜鹃(Rhododendron delavayi)花开花至凋谢过程中的代谢产物差异及其通路,该文采用LC-MS/MS技术对其花苞期、开裂期、传粉期、盛开期、衰老期和凋谢期的化学成分进行非靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明:(1)共鉴定到973种代谢物,主要包含黄酮类、有机酸、酚酸类、氨基酸及其衍生物、脂类、生物碱等。(2)主成分分析(PCA)表明样本间代谢物存在差异,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)、t检验的P值和单变量分析的差异倍数(fold-change)筛选差异代谢物(VIP>1,P<0.05,Fc>2或Fc<0.5),涉及591种,在马缨杜鹃花期进入衰老期和凋谢期后差异代谢物数量和表达量显著上升,其中花苞期至开裂期差异代谢物的表达主要呈现下调,而进入衰老期和凋谢期后差异代谢物的表达主要呈现上调。(3)KEGG注释到68条代谢通路,其中差异代谢物极显著富集(P < 0.01)通路3条,包括苯丙素类生物合成、植物激素的生物合成和类黄酮生物合成。(4)结合苯丙素类、黄酮类等有效成分生物合成通路共筛选到10种代谢物包括苯丙氨酸(L-phenylalanine)、反式肉桂酸(trans-cinnamic acid)、查耳酮(chalcone)、柚皮素(naringenin)、对香豆酰基莽草酸(p-coumaroyl shikimic acid)、阿魏酸(ferulic acid)、松柏醇(coniferyl alcohol)、芥子酸(sinapic acid)、紫丁香苷(syringin)、槲皮素(quercetin)。此外,有效成分的差异代谢物表明苯丙素类生物合成代谢活动随马缨杜鹃花的发育逐渐增强,而黄酮类化合物生物合成逐渐减弱,这些关键差异代谢物可能对马缨杜鹃花的发育有重要的调控作用。该研究为马缨杜鹃花开花至凋谢进程中的有效成分代谢途径活性物质的研究提供了代谢组学基础,为进一步研究马缨杜鹃花花期调控的分子机理提供参考。     

基于UPLC-MS/MS技术的野生及栽培韭菜籽的代谢组学研究

多星韭为贵州省赫章县喀斯特地貌区重要的野生植物资源之一,具有较高的开发利用价值。为分析野生多星韭(Allium wallichii )籽与栽培韭菜(A. tuberosum)籽代谢产物差异及其通路,该研究利用UPLC-MS/MS物质分离鉴定技术,对2种韭籽化学成分进行广泛靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明:(1)共检测到782种代谢产物。(2)主成分分析(PCA)显示样本间存在差异,正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)共筛选出12类显著变化(P<0.05,VIP≥1)的差异代谢物,涉及492种,其中上调和下调幅度在前20的代谢物包括黄酮、甾体皂苷、黄酮醇、酚酸类、异黄酮、游离脂肪酸、三萜皂苷、生物碱、吲哚类生物碱、氨基酸及其衍生物等。(3)KEGG注释到84条差异代谢通路,其中差异代谢物显著富集(P<0.01)通路4条,此外还构建了未注释到的显著差异代谢物甾体皂苷的生物合成通路。该研究结果为韭籽有效成分代谢途径解析及药理活性物质研究提供了参考,也为赫章县野生多星韭的开发保护与多元化利用提供了新思路。     

全缘叶绿绒蒿的花内热量来源和温度调节功能

为探究全缘叶绿绒蒿( Meconopsis integrifolia )的花内热量来源和温度调节功能,该研究选择在全缘叶绿绒蒿的巴朗山居群,对其进行遮阴及去瓣处理,并采用红外热像仪监测全缘叶绿绒蒿的花内微环境温度日变化及花器官温度,用环境温度计监测环境温度。结果表明:(1)太阳照射显著提高全缘叶绿绒蒿花内微环境温度和花器官温度,全缘叶绿绒蒿的热量主要来源于太阳辐射。花内微环境昼夜温差显著低于环境昼夜温差,全缘叶绿绒蒿的花具有温度调节功能。(2)白天环境温度较高时,太阳照射显著提高全缘叶绿绒蒿花内微环境温度,花瓣会降低花内微环境温度; 夜间环境温度较低时,花瓣闭合会提高花内微环境温度; 花瓣闭合运动降低了花内微环境昼夜温差,产生了保温效果。(3)在太阳照射下,花器官温度差异显著,雌雄蕊温度显著高于花瓣温度,且花器官温度由雌蕊柱头中心点向外递减,全缘叶绿绒蒿能有效调控花器官各部位的温度。综上认为,全缘叶绿绒蒿的花内热量来源于太阳辐射,主要通过花瓣闭合运动降低花内微环境昼夜温差并能在太阳照射下调节各花器官的温度实现温度调节功能。     

不同抗逆性菠萝品种的差异基因和差异代谢物分析

该研究对2个不同抗逆性的菠萝品种PZ2(抗逆性较差)和PZ3(抗逆性强)进行转录组和代谢组比较分析,以探索品种间抗逆性差异的分子生理机制,为菠萝抗性育种提供理论依据。(1)转录组结果显示,以PZ2为对照,在2个品种间共筛选到1 667个差异表达基因,上调和下调的差异表达基因分别为770个和897个;其中筛选到20个与抗逆性相关的差异表达基因,包括WRKY和MYB转录因子基因以及ASR3、SOD1、POD48、HSP20、GSTF1、GSTU17等基因。(2)代谢组分析表明,以PZ2为对照,在2个品种间共筛选到208个差异代谢物,含量上调和下调的差异代谢物分别为98个和110个,其中22种差异代谢物与抗逆性相关,包括氨基酸及其衍生物、脂类、黄酮类、糖类和糖苷等。(3)qRT PCR分析验证表明,所选的8个差异表达基因在菠萝品种PZ2与PZ3中的差异表达趋势与转录组测序中差异基因表达水平变化趋势基本一致。(4)关联分析表明,差异表达基因和差异代谢物共同富集的通路有类黄酮生物合成,苯丙素生物合成,莨宕烷、哌啶和吡啶丙酸盐生物合成,半胱氨酸与蛋氨酸代谢等4条。研究发现,抗逆性强的菠萝品种的非生物逆境反应相关基因、抗氧化酶基因、逆境响应结构基因和调控基因的表达水平高于抗逆性较差的品种,且黄酮类、氨基酸衍生物类及木脂素、脂质等代谢物的含量也高于抗逆性较差的品种。     

灰树花菌丝体不同培养时期代谢组学分析

为了解不同生长时期灰树花(Grifola frondosa)菌丝体的代谢产物差异及其通路,该研究采用HPLC-MS/MS分析方法对培养10、20、30 d的灰树花菌丝体进行分析。结果表明:(1)共42类584种代谢物被鉴定出,其中159种、47种和165种代谢物在对照组(10 d vs 20 d、20 d vs 30 d、10 d vs 30 d)中表现出不同的积累模式,不同培养时间的代谢物成分差异显著。(2)培养10 d产生较多与促进菌丝体生长和氧化供能有关的物质,培养20 d产生或积累了多种对人体有益的次生代谢物,如橄榄苦甙、甘胆酸、N-甲基酪胺、Alprazolam,培养30 d菌丝体中含有多种与产生香气有关的物质。(3)KEGG代谢通路富集分析,10 d vs 20 d比较组、20 d vs 30 d比较组和10 d vs 30 d比较组分别富集到163条、81条、137条代谢通路,氨基酸代谢在菌丝体不同培养时间中的影响最大。该研究初步探索了灰树花菌丝体的差异代谢物及代谢通路,并发现不同培养时间灰树花菌丝体代谢产物具有明显的差异,以及菌丝体中部分成分含量与培养时间有关,对灰树花菌丝体的质量控制和机理研究具有一定的参考价值。     

珍珠芦荟失绿突变体‘MT-1’的农艺性状、解剖结构、光合特性和代谢组特征分析

为阐明珍珠芦荟叶色突变的变异机制, 以珍珠芦荟(Aristaloe aristata)叶色失绿突变体‘MT-1’及其叶色正常种质‘WT-18’为试材,对其表型特征、叶片超微结构、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、差异代谢产物等方面进行了对比研究。结果表明, 与‘WT-18’相比,突变体‘MT-1’从幼叶开始呈现出黄化条斑现象,且株型变小、生长缓慢;气孔数量少且小,形状由长方形变成正方形;叶绿体数量及内部片层数量变少、体积也明显变小;光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素)含量和叶绿素荧光动力参数(F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m、ФPSⅡ、qP、qN和ETR)均显著降低。‘MT-1’和‘WT-18’的代谢产物差异明显,KEGG代谢通路分析表明,大多数差异代谢物富集到氨基酸代谢、糖代谢、脂类代谢、核酸代谢、次级代谢产物生物合成等途径。因此,叶绿体相关基因的改变可能是发生叶色失绿突变的重要原因。     

多刺绿绒蒿WD40基因家族的鉴定及生物信息学分析

WD40转录因子家族广泛参与调节植物生长、发育、次生代谢物积累和环境适应等过程。为了探究WD40家族在多刺绿绒蒿生长、发育和次生代谢物积累以及抗逆方面的作用,该研究基于全长转录组测序数据,鉴定了多刺绿绒蒿WD40基因家族成员,并对这些基因及其编码的蛋白进行了生物信息学分析。结果表明:(1)共鉴定到19个WD40基因,编码的蛋白均具有WD40结构域,氨基酸数目为109～758 aa,分子量介于11 830～84 130 Da之间,预测大多数蛋白定位在细胞核中且都为亲水性蛋白;(2)系统进化树分析表明多刺绿绒蒿与罂粟、博落回亲缘关系较近;(3)WD40基因启动子区域均存在数量不等的激素或逆境响应元件,表明该家族基因可能参与植物生长、发育和次生代谢物积累等多种生物学进程的调节;(4)蛋白三级结构显示这些蛋白在进化过程中发生了不同程度的进化。这些结果可为深入研究多刺绿绒蒿WD40基因家族在其响应逆境胁迫和次生代谢物积累等方面的具体机制提供前期基础。     

濒危植物秦岭石蝴蝶花瓣数量变异机理研究

为了探明秦岭石蝴蝶花瓣数量变异原因,该研究采用Illumina HiSeq 2500高通量测序技术对秦岭石蝴蝶两种花型发育的早期和晚期进行转录组测序,挖掘参与其花发育相关的差异基因,并探讨花器变异的可能机制。结果显示：(1)与NR数据库进行比对,共有52 677个Unigene注释到NR库,占Unigene总数的46.25%,与旋蒴苣苔(Dorcoceras hygrometricum)的序列同源性最高(54.29%)。(2)GO富集分析结果显示,正常2 3型和变异2 4型差异基因富集最显著的GO条目为：细胞组分类的细胞膜、分子功能类的反转运蛋白活性和酶抑制剂活性、生物过程类的跨膜转运和催化活性的负调控等;KEGG富集分析结果显示,正常2 3型和变异2 4型差异基因富集最显著的KEGG通路为：植物激素信号转导、脂肪酸延长、戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸酯的相互转化、苯丙烷生物合成、硫代谢、类黄酮生物合成、玉米素的生物合成等途径。(3)对表达差异基因进行筛选并进一步对4个比较组进行交叉比对分析,确定了6个可能与秦岭石蝴蝶花器官发育相关的基因,分别为PqMIF2、PqMYB340、PqMYB305、PqGATA12、PqCCD4和PqZBED;qRT PCR验证发现,其表达趋势和转录组测序分析结果一致。该研究结果为秦岭石蝴蝶的花器官发育和系统进化及其濒危机制方面研究提供了重要的信息。     

中国绿绒蒿属新资料

吉隆沟是喜马拉雅西部最大的水汽通道,水热条件好,地形地貌多样,孕育了丰富的植物多样性。该文报道了在西藏吉隆县发现的中国绿绒蒿属2个中国新记录种——秋花绿绒蒿(Meconopsis autumnalis P. Egan)、美花绿绒蒿(Meconopsis bella Prain)以及1个发表后再次记录到的物种——心叶绿绒蒿［Meconopsis polygonoides (Prain) Prain］。文中提供了形态特征描述、分布及生境,并简要说明了与近似种的区别。该发现丰富了中国西藏植物区系,为中国绿绒蒿属研究提供了新资料。结合过往的调查,作者认为吉隆县的植物多样性调查应减少传统吉隆县沿吉隆藏布到吉隆镇的过度采集,建议向吉隆口岸及两侧深入采集。     

六种绿绒蒿植物元素聚类分析和DCA分析

本文利用湿法消解结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定了六种绿绒蒿属药用植物中元素组成及含量,采用PC-ORD数据分析软件对数据进行聚类分析和DCA分析。结果显示,同一元素在不同绿绒蒿样品中显示出不同的含量水平,以含量排序,前6种元素均依次为KCaMgFeAlNa;聚类分析将六种绿绒蒿植物聚为三个类群,即五脉、川西、红花和全缘叶绿绒蒿为第一类群,多刺和总状绿绒蒿分别为第二和第三类群;DCA分析则显示采样点海拔与六种绿绒蒿植物中各元素的富集呈负相关影响,经纬度土壤pH值则与其呈正相关影响。本实验结果可为绿绒蒿属植物资源的深入研究和开发利用提供一定的科学依据。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchi...