星形胶质细胞调控少突胶质前体细胞增殖机制研究

为了探讨星形胶质细胞(AST)与少突胶质前体细胞(OPC)在共培养环境中鞘氨醇激酶1(SPHK1)对少突胶质前体细胞增殖的影响及作用机制。试验采用新生(P0~P3)SD大鼠,培养AST与OPC并建立共培养体系,分为AST与OPC共培养组、SPHK1拮抗剂组。流式检测细胞周期;RT-PCR验证转录组测序结果 SPHK1差异基因表达的准确性及SPHK1抑制后下游p21基因表达;Western blotting检测p21蛋白水平的变化;Ed U检测SPHK1拮抗后OPC增殖能力。试验证明RT-PCR与转录组测序结果一致,SPHK1拮抗后p21蛋白与基因表达均升高,OPC增殖能力下降。因此,我们认为AST主要上调SPHK1表达诱导OPC增殖。     

缺血缺氧对体外培养星形胶质细胞细胞活化和细胞周期的影响

目的观察缺血缺氧损伤对星形胶质细胞细胞活化和细胞周期的影响。方法用流式细胞仪及BrdU掺入法检测缺血缺氧后不同时间点星形胶质细胞细胞周期变化和细胞的增殖活力;用荧光免疫细胞化学技术测定胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及细胞周期蛋白cyclinD1的表达水平。结果体外缺血缺氧损伤后星形胶质细胞S期较正常组明显增高,6h达高峰,BrdU掺入法显示损伤后6h星形胶质细胞的增殖活力最高,而随后S期细胞数目及细胞增殖活力都呈下降趋势。在缺血缺氧早期,GFAP阳性染色增强,6h最高;缺血缺氧12h后GFAP阳性染色变弱,而cyclinD1的表达在损伤后逐渐增加,在24h时达高峰。结论缺血缺氧损伤激活星形胶质细胞,使其进入新的细胞周期,出现细胞的增殖反应;cyclinD1参与了损伤后星形胶质细胞的修复和增殖;细胞周期事件与星形胶质细胞的增殖活化密切相关。     

IL-1β对星形胶质细胞的激活作用

目的研究IL-1β对体外原代培养的星形胶质细胞中的激活及增殖作用,并探讨IL-1β对星形胶质细胞细胞周期的影响.方法将单层培养于盖玻片上的纯化的星形胶质细胞分为4组,分别采取血清培养和血清剥夺培养,加入不同浓度IL-1β,其浓度依次为0ng/ml、1ng/ml、10ng/ml、100ng/ml,作用24小时.采用免疫细胞化学观察GFAP和PCNA的表达.并且采用流式细胞术观察其对星形胶质细胞周期的影响.结果血清培养时不同浓度IL-1β组的星形胶质细胞GFAP表达和细胞指数无明显改变,PCNA表达较对照组明显增强,但是1ng/ml和10ng/ml IL-1β时星形胶质细胞PCNA表达无明显变化.而血清剥夺时不同浓度IL-1β组的星形胶质细胞GFAP和PCNA表达较对照组明显增强,S和G2/M期的细胞指数较对照组增多.结论 IL-1β激活星形胶质细胞,上调GFAP和PCNA的表达,并启动细胞周期进程,促使星形胶质细胞进入增殖周期.这对中枢神经系统损伤和疾病时反应性胶质增生及胶质瘢痕的形成机制起着重要作用.     

胶质细胞干细胞/前体细胞特性的研究进展

胶质细胞是脑内数量最多的神经细胞,包括星形胶质细胞、少突胶质前体细胞、NG2胶质细胞等多种类型,具有维持神经系统内环境稳态、支持和营养神经元、调控神经信号传导等多种重要功能。近年来,随着研究的深入,越来越多的证据表明某些特定的胶质细胞在一定条件下表现出干细胞的特性,发挥干细胞的功能。例如,在病理损伤条件下,星形胶质细胞和少突胶质前体细胞均会被活化而出现增殖、分化,体外分离培养可自我更新形成神经球。这些活化的星形胶质细胞和少突胶质前体细胞形成的神经球能够被诱导分化为星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和神经元。此外,通过强制性表达外源基因能将星形胶质细胞和NG2胶质细胞转分化为神经元,这可能也是其干细胞特性的一种体现。本文在已有研究的基础上,总结了放射状胶质细胞、少突胶质前体细胞、星形胶质细胞、NG2胶质细胞与其它类型胶质细胞的干细胞特性、干细胞特性形成的条件、它们可能产生的子代细胞以及涉及的分子信号调控通路。深入探讨胶质细胞的干细胞特性及生理功能,有利于促进其在神经系统损伤修复领域的临床应用。     

睫状神经营养因子对体外培养星形胶质细胞的激活作用

目的 观察睫状神经营养因子(CNIF)对体外培养星形胶质细胞的细胞激活作用。方法分别给予不同浓度(0、2、20、200ng／ml)的CNTF孵育有血清培养和无血清培养的星形胶质细胞,采用免疫细胞化学技术及流式细胞术,观察星形胶质细胞形态及细胞周期的变化。结果有血清培养和无血清培养时CNTF均使星形胶质细胞GFAP表达增强,胞核肥大。有血清培养时CNTF还可以促进星形胶质细胞进入细胞周期进行增殖;无血清培养时CNTF无此效应。结论无血清培养时CNTF可以刺激星形胶质细胞进入活化状态,但不刺激其增殖;有血清培养时CNTF可以协助血清中的丝裂原引起星形胶质细胞增殖。     

小鼠不同脑区星形胶质细胞小分子诱导转分化和基因表达差异的研究

该文旨在比较小分子化合物诱导小鼠不同脑区星形胶质细胞向神经元转分化的特性,并利用转录组测序技术分析小鼠不同脑区星形胶质细胞的基因表达差异。以新生小鼠皮层和海马的星形胶质细胞作为起始细胞,通过小分子化合物VCR诱导其向神经元转分化,利用免疫荧光染色检测转分化过程中细胞形态的变化以及神经元的比例,通过转录组测序比较两种星形胶质细胞的基因表达差异,并对差异基因进行荧光定量PCR验证及GO富集分析。结果表明,皮层星形胶质细胞经VCR诱导转分化为神经元的能力要显著优于海马星形胶质细胞;转录组测序发现,两种星形胶质细胞有12 658个基因存在差异表达,GO分析结果表明,在皮层星形胶质细胞中高表达的基因更多地参与细胞分裂的过程,推测差异显著基因GAD2、EYA2、GSX2、INSM1以及GNG3是与转分化相关的基因。该研究对星形胶质细胞向神经元转分化的机制研究具有借鉴意义。     

二甲双胍(Metformin)在少突胶质前体细胞分化中的作用和机制*

目的：研究二甲双胍(metformin)在少突胶质前体细胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cell, OPC)分化过程中的作用,并对其分子机制进行初步探讨。方法：使用免疫吸附法直接分离纯化OPC后诱导培养,通过免疫荧光染色对细胞进行鉴定。在不同浓度二甲双胍处理OPC后,使用CCK8检测细胞活性;通过免疫荧光染色、流式细胞分析、实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质印迹检测二甲双胍对OPC分化中细胞数量、mRNA和蛋白质水平的影响。结果：使用免疫吸附法可分离出高纯度OPC;CCK8检测结果显示在100 μmol/L浓度以内,二甲双胍对细胞无毒性;免疫荧光染色结果显示,二甲双胍处理OPC后,PDGFRα ⁺ OLIG2⁺阳性细胞数明显增加,且MBP⁺细胞数显著增加;流式细胞分析结果显示,PDGFRα⁺细胞数显著增加;实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,OPC分化相关基因Mag、Mbp等的mRNA水平显著增加;蛋白质印迹结果显示,分化相关蛋白OLIG2和MBP表达增加。机制上,少突胶质细胞系Oli-neu、OPC分别经二甲双胍处理5 min后,RAS、p-MEK、p-ERK蛋白量显著增加。结论：二甲双胍通过RAS-MEK-ERK信号通路促进少突胶质前体细胞的分化。     

脑缺血后大鼠神经元和星形胶质细胞P21cip1表达的研究

目的研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子P21cip1在神经元和星形胶质细胞的表达。方法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAo)再灌注模型,应用流式细胞术检测各组MCAo再灌注后不同时期神经元和星形胶质细胞中的P21cip1的表达。结果缺血侧皮层区星形胶质细胞和神经元中的P21cip1的表达在再灌注3d、7d、14d后表达下调,与假手术组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);神经元中的P21cip1的表达和星形胶质细胞中的P21cip1的表达无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后,缺血侧皮层区星形胶质细胞和神经元的p21cip1表达下调。     

成年大鼠神经元和星形胶质细胞细胞周期蛋白表达的差异研究

目的比较研究成年大鼠细胞周期蛋白在神经元和星形胶质细胞的表达差异。方法应用免疫荧光和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察成年大鼠生理状态下大脑皮层或海马CA1区神经元和星形胶质细胞细胞周期素D1、E、A、B1、(CyclinD1、E、A、B1)的表达。结果成年大鼠海马CA1区和大脑皮层的神经元有Cyclin D1、E、A和B1的表达,细胞核和细胞浆均有表达,以胞核为主;星形胶质细胞也有上述细胞周期蛋白的表达但细胞数目较少,并且表达这些指标的星形胶质细胞多聚集在海马CA1区。结论成年大鼠大脑皮层和海马区的神经元和星形胶质细胞均表达细胞周期蛋白,而其在神经元的表达较星形胶质细胞更为普遍。     

胶质细胞生长因子的研究进展

胶质细胞生长因子(glial growth factor,GGF)是neuregulin基因的产物。GGF与erbB受体的异二聚体或同二聚体结合,催化多肽链中的酪氨酸磷酸化,激活下游信号分子而发挥其生理作用。GGF及其受体在发育及成熟神经系统中广泛分布。GGF限定神经嵴细胞,使其向雪旺氏细胞分化,并在雷旺氏细胞发育过程中发挥重要作用。GGF能够刺激少突胶质细胞前体细胞、少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞增殖,抑制少突胶质细胞前体细胞分化成少突胶质细胞,抑制O-2A细胞分化成星形胶质细胞。GGF能够促进神经元沿着放射状的胶质细胞迁移,促进培养的视网膜神经元存活和突触生长。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.