长爪沙鼠脑底前后交通动脉变异类型分析

目的解剖观察成年长爪沙鼠脑底动脉前后交通支的缺失变异类型。方法选用128只成年长爪沙鼠,脑缺血死亡或乙醚麻醉处死后,解剖后在镜下对其脑底表面的动脉及前后交通支进行了观察。结果所解剖的长爪沙鼠存在7种前交通支的变异类型和5种后交通支变异类型。其中,前交通支缺失的类型占总数的46·1%,后交通支的缺失类型占总数的85·2%,两者同时缺失的概率为39·27%,与单侧结扎的方法制备脑缺血模型的成模率相近。结论长爪沙鼠的脑底动脉前后交通支存在多种变异,尤其是某些个体存在完整的后交通支。     

长爪沙鼠脑底动脉Willis环变异缺失遗传特性分析及脑缺血模型高发群体的初步培育

目的研究长爪沙鼠脑底动脉Willis环遗传特性,并定向培育脑缺血高发种群。方法通过对5代定向培育的长爪沙鼠高发群动物共398只动物的右侧颈总动脉结扎模型进行观察,比较长爪沙鼠亲代与子代间脑底动脉Willis环的变异缺失类型,探求其遗传特性,并根据该遗传特性将Willis环后交通支缺失且前交通支缺失或细小的同类型的长爪沙鼠父母所生的子代雌雄个体配对繁殖,定向培育长爪沙鼠半脑缺血模型高发生率种群。结果当双亲的Willis环类型一致时,其子代大部分与其父母一致;而当双亲的Willis环类型不一致时,Willis环前交通支与母亲一致率为60.4%,前交通支与父亲的一致率为48.2%,两者的差异有显著性意义（P=0.015）。长爪沙鼠半脑缺血模型高发生率种群定向培育5代后,行单侧颈总动脉结扎时,一侧脑缺血造模成功率由F1代的40%提高到F5代的75%。结论长爪沙鼠脑底动脉Willis环变异有明显的遗传性,初步培育出了长爪沙鼠半脑缺血模型高发生率种群。     

树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)的脑底动脉环

用25只树鼩,从升主动脉灌注带色的橡胶乳液,在解剖显微镜下进行解剖观察,用目测微尺进行测量。大多数树鼩(22只)有完整的脑底动脉环。由左、右大脑前动脉向内侧各发一前交通动脉组成大脑前总动脉。前交通动脉口径为大脑前动脉的75～85％。后交通动脉口径与大脑后动脉相近,连于颈内动脉与大脑后动脉(基底动脉的分支)之间。测量了组成脑底动脉环有关动脉的口径。由于后交通动脉足够粗大,只有中断左、右颈总动脉和左、右椎动脉,才能造成全脑缺血。     

树qu（Tupaia belangeri chinensis）的脑底动脉环

用25只树qu,从升主动脉灌注带色的橡胶乳液,在解剖显微镜下进行解剖观察,用目测微尺进行测量。大多数树qu（22只）有完整的脑底动脉环。由左、右大脑前动脉向内侧各发一前交通动脉组成大脑前总动脉。前交通动脉口径为大脑前动脉的75-85%。后交通动脉口径与大脑后动脉相近,连于颈内动脉与大脑后动脉（基底动脉的分支）之间。测量了组成脑底动脉环有关动脉的口径。由于后交通动脉足够粗大,只有中断左、右颈总动脉和左、右椎动脉,才能造成全脑缺血。     

昆虫心肌电位的细胞内记录

<正> 昆虫有一条从头部到腹部末端,沿背壁中线纵向延伸的背血管,背血管借心翼肌附着在背壁上,可以分为背动脉和心脏。背动脉位于头胸部,无收缩搏动功能。心脏位于腹部,按体节膨胀成心室,每心室的两侧各有心门一个。心脏可以收缩搏动。昆虫的循环系统是开放式的。血淋巴由背动脉流出,从头部向后在体腔内的各组织和器官间流动。血淋巴不象高等动物的血液那样,具有输送氧和二氧化碳的功能。因     

中国水蛇头部动脉大体解剖观察

以２０个已作血管注射的蛇头进行解剖学观察。结果：外颈动脉分布于下颌,主要分支有活动脉气管动脉、下颌各肌肉的动脉、齿动脉;内颈动脉则主要分布于上颌和脑内,分支有腭浅动脉、颞动脉、口腔动脉、咽动脉、背支（即脑内动脉）、腹支（即上颌动脉）等,静脉大与同名动脉伴行,齿静脉单独进入内颈静脉是其特点。     

脑膜中动脉的形态变异及其在人类进化上的意义

对现代人、直立人、早期智人、晚期智人脑膜中动脉前支和后支压迹的形态的观察和对比发现：从直立人到现代人脑膜中动脉管径从粗到逐渐变细,分枝从简单到逐渐复杂,前支趋向于增大,后支趋向于缩小,呈现出一定的规律性,有地域性差异。作者认为脑膜中动脉的这种分布形式间接地反映了直立人向智人演化及现代人类形成过程中,大脑各部分比例的变化和功能的日益复杂对供血需求的影响。在研究颅骨与大脑之间的关系上及脑演化上,脑膜中动脉有一定的意义。     

正常成人脑主要供血动脉的MSCT血管成像研究

目的:观测正常脑动脉多层螺旋CT血管成像(multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA)主要动脉的起始部内径、走行、形态及其分支的显示情况,为脑血管疾病的诊断提供参考资料.方法:选择40例健康体检者行全脑血管64层MSCTA检查,采用ADW4.2工作站测量各主要动脉起始部内径,观测其走行、形态和变异,并统计各级分支的显示率.结果:正常成人脑动脉常见的变异发生在组成脑底动脉环的大脑前动脉A1段、前后交通动脉及大脑后动脉起始段,以后交通动脉变异最大.颈内动脉末段、大脑前动脉A1段、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、眼动脉、前交通动脉、后交通动脉及脉络膜前动脉在MSCTA上的显示率分别为100%、95%、100%、100%、100%、92.5%、58.8%和72.5%.主要脑动脉起始部内径分别是:颈内动脉末段4.013±0.770 mm、大脑前动脉A1段2.709±0.877 mm、大脑中动脉3.498±0.640 mm、大脑后动脉2.025±0.608 mm、眼动脉1.640±0.334 mm、后交通动脉1.491±0.697mm及脉络膜前动脉1.460±0.483mm.结论:正常成人脑血管变异主要发生于脑底动脉环,脑血管直径与其供血范围及分布区血流动力学因素相关.     

前交通动脉复合体的显微外科解剖研究

目的：通过手术显微镜对前交通动脉复合体及穿支进行解剖和测量,进一步熟悉和掌握该复合体的结构及毗邻血管的走行,为前交通动脉瘤手术提供解剖学依据。方法：用红色乳胶经颈内动脉对15例（30侧）福尔马林固定的湿性尸头进行灌注,然后在手术显微镜下对前交通动脉复合体进行解剖观测,所得结果用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。测量大脑前动脉A1和A2段、前交通动脉、Heubner回返动脉、A1段和前交通动脉穿支的长度、直径和各种形态变异。结果：未经选择的标本双侧A1发育无明显差异;术中对Heubner回返动脉、A1段穿支、前交通动脉穿支应仔细分辨加以保护;A1中1/3段穿支少,可作为前交通动脉瘤手术时临时阻断A1的部位;血管造影时前交通动脉不易看清与多种因素有关。结论：前交通动脉复合体复杂多变,熟悉前交通动脉复合体及穿支的解剖特点,对外科医生处理该区疾病至关重要。     

虫类药治疗顽症验案4例

１病案介绍１．１血管性头痛张某,女,３５岁,１９９２年３月２０日初诊。患者头部右侧疼痛反复发作十年之久,每遇劳累或情绪波动则头痛复发,头部右侧及前额如锥刺,经久不愈,面色晦滞,舌质紫气,苔薄,脉涩。症乃瘀血阴络,拟活血祛瘀治之：当归１０ｇ、川芎１０ｇ...     

Arcade-like anastomoses between the posterior intercostal arteries in man

The intercostal arteries of 12 nonpreserved human bodies were investigated: in 8 specimens they were injected with Latex for anatomical preparation, 4 specimens were radiographed after injection of Angiographin. Arcade-shaped anastomoses were consistently found to be present between neighboring intercostal arteries IV-VIII; frequently, inconstant arcade-like communications were seen as far down as the 11th intercostal artery. The superior and inferior ends of each arcade were equidistant from the aorta as were the right and left arcades. Communications on the right side were stronger than those on the left.     

Blood Supply to the Interventricular Septum of the Heart in Rodents with Intramyocardial Coronary Arteries

The blood supply to the interventricular septum of the heart was studied in a sample of 1634 specimens belonging to four rodent families, Cricetidae, Arvicolidae, Gliridae, and Muridae. Most specimens (n = 1604) were examined using a corrosion-cast technique, while the remaining 30 were studied by histological techniques. In 1417 cases the coronary artery pattern was normal, and the interventricular septum was fundamentally supplied by one or rarely two septal arteries arising from the right and/or left coronary arteries. In 72 specimens the right and left coronary arteries were normal, while the septal artery arose from a separate ostium in the aorta, behaving as a third coronary artery. The remaining 145 animals possessed anomalies in the origin of the coronary arteries, and the septum was also principally irrigated by a septal artery. In 5 of these 145 anomalous cases the septal artery originated from a separate ostium in the aorta. In all specimens examined a less important vascularization of the septum was established through thinner penetrating vessels originating from the right and/or left coronary arteries. Existence of one or rarely two septal arteries is the most constant feature of the coronary artery arrangement in rodents with intramyocardial coronary arteries.     

Modelling the circle of Willis to assess the effects of anatomical variations and occlusions on cerebral flows

Blood flow in the circle of Willis (CoW) is modelled using the 1-D equations of pressure and flow wave propagation in compliant vessels. The model starts at the left ventricle and includes the largest arteries that supply the CoW. Based on published physiological data, it is able to capture the main features of pulse wave propagation along the aorta, at the brachiocephalic bifurcation and throughout the cerebral arteries. The collateral ability of the complete CoW and its most frequent anatomical variations is studied in normal conditions and after occlusion of a carotid or vertebral artery (VA). Our results suggest that the system does not require collateral pathways through the communicating arteries to adequately perfuse the brain of normal subjects. The communicating arteries become important in cases of missing or occluded vessels, the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) being a more critical collateral pathway than the posterior communicating arteries (PCoAs) if an internal carotid artery (ICA) is occluded. Occlusions of the VAs proved to be far less critical than occlusions of the ICAs. The worst scenario in terms of reduction in the mean cerebral outflows is a CoW without the first segment of an anterior cerebral artery combined with an occlusion of the contralateral ICA. Furthermore, in patients without any severe occlusion of a carotid or VA, the direction of flow measured at the communicating arteries corresponds to the side of the CoW with an absent or occluded artery. Finally, we study the effect of partial occlusions of the communicating arteries on the cerebral flows, which again confirms that the ACoA is a more important collateral pathway than the PCoAs if an ICA is occluded.     

Blood vessel size of circulus arteriosus cerebri (circle of Willis): a statistical research on 100 human subjects

The brain weight of 100 fresh cadavers of Italian subjects (60 males and 40 females), aged between 17 and 84 years, was obtained and the corrected circumference of the following blood vessels was measured: basilar artery, internal carotid arteries, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, and anterior and posterior communicating arteries. The cerebral 'potential flow' was expressed in each case by adding the circumference of the basilar artery to that of the internal carotid arteries. Moreover, the sides and the perimeter of the circle of Willis as well as the length of the basilar artery were calculated. The statistical analysis of the obtained data yielded the following main results: (1) the brain weight decreases with aging, is lower in females than in males and and is statistically correlated neither with the circumferences of the considered arteries and the 'potential flow' nor with the perimeter of the arterial polygon (circle of Willis); (2) the arteries of the left side appear to be larger than those of the right one; (3) no significant difference exists in the circumference and length of the arteries between males and females; (4) the increase of the perimeter of the arterial polygon is achieved by means of a harmonious increase of all its sides; (5) the anterior and posterior communicating arteries have an anarchic pattern, because of the relatively frequent anomalies and the lack of a correlation between their circumference and that of the vessel of origin or of outlet.     

Use of pattern recognition to classify beef cardiovascular tissues on the basis of their trace metal compositions.

The pattern recognition procedure of discriminant analysis has been used to characterize the trace metal profiles created by the concentrations of 8 trace metals in 15 anatomic sites of beef heart tissue. Metals analyzed were copper, tin, lead, molybdenum, strontium, cesium, barium, and aluminum. Anatomic sites sampled included main pulmonary artery, aorta, mitral and tricuspid valves, left and right coronary arteries, os cordis, right atrium, left atrial appendage, crista supraventricularis, left bundle branch, free wall of the right and left ventricles, interventricular septum, and papillary muscle of the left ventricle. The striking features of the data were: (1) All specimens of the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and os cordis were ambiguously described by their trace metal profiles; (2) the four blood vessels constituted two groups of two tissues each (aorta, main pulmonary artery; left and right coronary arteries); (3) tissues derived from ordinary and specialized myocardium were quite different from blood vessels, heart valves and os cordis. Using these profiles, 85% of the specimens analyzed were correctly classified by discriminant analysis with respect to their anatomic origin.     

Features of the development of the arteries of the human liver and their practical significance

By means of roentgenography and preparation methods 145 specimens of the hepatic arteries filled with roentgenopaque latex have been studied. An essential individual changeability is peculiar for the celiac trunk structure and for formation of the hepatic arteries. A "typical" structure of the celiac trunk is observed in 66%. In other cases either "noncompleteness" of the celiac trunk, or increasing number of the branches up to 4-6 are observed. As a rule, the common hepatic artery gets of the celiac trunk (93%), but sometimes it can take its origin from the aorta, the superior mesenteric artery and some other sources (7%). The hepatic artery proper only in 73% divides into the right and left branches, in other observations the latter have their independent formation. It is necessary to distinguish the independent separation of the right and left lobar hepatic arteries from some sources and presence of additional arteries. The additional arteries are the branches that are formed from any arteries when there is present the hepatic artery proper, or substituting it independent right and left branches. The additional arteries appear from the left gastric, superior mesenteric, gastro-duodenal arteries, from the aorta, the right renal artery and other sources. The peculiarities of formation of the hepatic arteries discussed can be used in clinical practice and can make the terminology more precise.     

中国水蛇肌肉系统解剖

本文报道了中国水蛇横纹肌系统的大体解剖。其中,对躯干部肌肉描述较详。     

The mechanical properties of the systemic and pulmonary arteries of python regius correlate with blood pressures

Pythons are unique amongst snakes in having different pressures in the aortas and pulmonary arteries because of intraventricular pressure separation. In this study, we investigate whether this correlates with different blood vessel strength in the ball python Python regius. We excised segments from the left, right, and dorsal aortas, and from the two pulmonary arteries. These were subjected to tensile testing. We show that the aortic vessel wall is significantly stronger than the pulmonary artery wall in P. regius. Gross morphological characteristics (vessel wall thickness and correlated absolute amount of collagen content) are likely the most influential factors. Collagen fiber thickness and orientation are likely to have an effect, though the effect of collagen fiber type and cross‐links between fibers will need further study. J. Morphol. 276:1412–1421, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

环颈雉胃的血供

用血管铸型法和大体解剖学方法对环颈雉胃动脉的起源、分布及胃静脉的回流情况进行了解剖学研究。结果表明,环颈雉的胃动脉均由腹腔动脉分出;腺胃由腺胃背侧动脉和腺胃腹侧动脉营养,腺胃背侧动脉直接起自腹腔动态的左侧,腺胃腹侧动脉起自腹腔动脉左支。腺胃血液的静脉有腺胃前静脉和腺胃后静脉,分别汇入后腔静脉和左肝门静脉。肌胃由肌胃左动脉、肌胃右动脉和肌胃背侧动脉营养,肌胃左动脉起自腹腔动脉的左支;肌胃右动脉起自腹腔动脉的右支;肌胃背侧动脉从腺胃背动脉分支而来。回流肌胃血液的静脉有胃右静脉、胃左静脉和胃腹侧静脉;胃右静脉汇入右肝门静脉,胃左静脉和胃腹侧静脉汇入左肝门静脉。另外腺胃和肌胃的表面缺乏主干动脉间的吻合。