生物素标记寡核苷酸探针探测扩增的病理性突变珠蛋白基因

用末端转移酶催化生物素核苷酸底物(Biotin-ll-dUTP)共价连接在合成的寡核苷酸3’羟基末端,从而合成了两种寡核苷酸探针(β~T_(41-42)及β~A_(41-42))。用它们分别与克隆化扩增的正常和突变的β—珠蛋白基因片段杂变。结果表明该探针都具有与~(32)P探针相似的特异性,其杂交的灵敏度为2—3pg(特异序列)。进而将探测HbS基因的正常和异常两种寡核苷酸19聚体(β~A_6和β~S_6)用~(32)P和生物素分别标记;将HbS杂合子病人的白细胞DNA经聚合酶链反应(PCR)法扩增,并以含正常β—珠蛋白基因的DNA片段作对照,与两种探针分别进行斑点杂交。所得结果完全一致;Hbs杂合子DNA对正常和异常探针都显出杂交信号,而正常DNA只与β~A探针显杂交信号。     

光标生物素HBV-DNA探针及其临床应用

本文报告了应用生物素交联光敏补骨酯素(Bp,Biotin-Psoralen)标记HBV DNA探针的动力学研究和临床应用结果。表明化学合成Bp经366nm光照与DNA发生加成反应。能标记dsDNA,也能标记ssDNA。加热可使Bp-dsDNA变性,强碱则不能使Bp-dsDNA变性。临床DNA检测结果表明,应用Bp-HBV探针杂交,DNA检出率与HBeAg符合率达99.08％,与~(32)P-HBV符合率达98.8％,提示光标记Bp-HBV探针灵敏度接近同位素探针。     

生物工程技术讲座(十) 核酸标记—生物探针法

在核酸的研究中不用放射性同位素,而用生物素(biotin)标记DNA或RNA分子做为探针来检测核酸分子的方法,是最近几年内开展起来的实验新技术。按一般常规在进行核酸的分析、鉴定以及分子杂交等实验之前,首先以所谓“DNA缺口翻译”的方法制备用同位素标记的DNA(探针)。即把待标记的已知DNA分子用核酸酶(DNase)切成缺口,加入能识别并附着在缺口上的大肠杆菌     

光敏生物素和DIG标记Orf病毒DNA探针的研究

目的：是用于Orf病毒病的诊断和相应重组菌的检测,将HCE DNAHindⅢ/A,B片断及重组质粒pGRL-4A中消化的A片断用光敏生物素和地高辛进行标记,对不同病毒分离株DNA进行检测,并对不同重组质粒进行了Dot-blotting和Southem-blotting检测。结果：用光敏生物素标记的探针最低可检出12pg的DNA,地高辛标记的探针最低可检出0.1pg的DNA,且有极强的特异性。     

生物素标记DX_(13)探针及一例甲型血友病家系分析

 以Bio-ll-dUTP替代dTTP经二步法缺口平移标记DNA片段制得生物素DX_(13)探针。其碱性磷酸酶ABC体系显色灵敏度为100fg(约5×10~(-18)mol);与5μg染色体DNA进行Southern印迹杂交,可得清晰的单拷贝杂交区带。以此探针对一血友病家系做RFLP分析,确定两成员为甲型血友病基因携带者。与32P探针对比,两种探针的杂交和分析结果完全一致。表明高标记的生物素探针可应用于单拷贝基因分析和基因诊断。     

荧光原位杂交技术在染色体结构研究中的应用

1969年 Gall和 Pardue首先用同位素标记的 RNA探针定位特定的靶 DNA序列 ,开创了原位杂交技术 ,但同位素探针的高背景限制了它对靶序列的精确定位 ,随后发展了一系列非同位素方法 ,最初有生物素探针 ,用荧光素标记亲合素 ,酶联反应或胶体金检测 ,其他包括乙酰氨基荧光素 ( AAF) ,汞 ,地高辛 ( DIG)和 2 -三硝基酚等。荧光原位杂交 ( fluorescence in situ hybridiza-tion FISH)技术就是指将 DNA探针用特殊修饰的核苷酸分子标记 ,通过原位杂交与靶染色体或 DNA上特定的序列结合的方法学 ,靶染色体通常固定在载玻片上 ,杂交结果用荧…     

α—~(32)P HBV DNA探针的制备及其在血清检测中的应用

采用缺口转移(Nick-translation)方法标记克隆化的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA制备探针,能特异地与HBV DNA杂交,在本实验条件下,其最低检测量为0.2pg,同位素参入率为23.5—67.0％,使用100μCi ~(32)P dCTP,比放射活性为10~8cpm//μg DNA左右。临床血清检测统计分析表明:HBV DNA与HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAg、DNAP的阳性符合率分别为53.3％、69.7％、78.6％、81.7％,其灵敏性和特异性均比免疫学检测法高。     

背角无齿蚌基因组(GT)n微卫星DNA特征

利用磁珠富集法筛选背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)的微卫星分子标记,采用Sau3A1酶对完整DNA进行酶切,以生物素标记的(GT)15寡核苷酸探针从酶切片段中筛选微卫星序列.洗脱的杂交片段克隆到PGEM-T载体上构建富集微卫星基因组文库后,通过菌液PCR筛选检测出阳性克隆进行测序.结果表明:在筛选的18...     

~(125)Ⅰ标记乙型肝炎病毒DNA探针的制备及应用

本文报道用国产~125I-碘化钠标记乙型肝炎病毒DNA制备探针,可得到较高比度的产物,一般稳定在10~7—10(?)cpm/μg DNA。用该探针对不标记的乙型肝炎病毒DNA进行点分子杂交。可检测到5pg左右DNA。对17例血液标本进行点分子杂交,结果与32p-标记乙型肝炎病毒DNA探针杂交结果基本一致。     

根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)的 Ti 质粒(二)

转移 DNA—T—DNAChilton 等人利用同位素标记的 Ti 质粒做探针,发现加入高浓度烟草肿瘤的 DNA 后 Ti质粒 DNA 的复性速度有加快的趋势,表明肿瘤 DNA 中有 Ti 质粒的顺序,但该顺序不多,而且没有检测到完整的 Ti 质粒。以后这些作者将章鱼肉碱型的 Ti 质粒 B6—806用内切酶Smal 分解成19个片段,分别用同位素标记做成探针,然后与肿瘤进行分子杂交,结果有二段 Ti 质粒的 DNA(3b 和10c)能和肿瘤 DNA杂交,这是二个相邻近的片段,称为 T-DNA(图4)。Ti 质粒中与肿瘤 DNA 同源的 DNA     

Cytometric analysis of DNA replication inhibited by emetine and cyclosporin A

DNA staining methods based on aspecific interactions with dye molecules have been replaced by an immunofluorescent approach to measure DNA replication. Biotin-11-dUTP was incorporated into permeable thymocytes isolated after emetine or cyclosporin A treatment of mice. Active sites of DNA replication were amplified based on biotin-avidin interaction and verified under fluorescent microscope. Cytometry of fluorescent images allow the direct measurement of replicating DNA without aspecific detection of total cellular DNA. Cytometric analysis of replication revealed that emetine acts at the early S phase, while cyclosporin A blocks in vivo DNA synthesis at mid S phase.     

Cytometric analysis of DNA replication inhibited by emetime and cyclosporin A

Summary DNA staining methods based on aspecific interactions with dye molecules have been replaced by an immunofluorescent approach to measure DNA replication. Biotin-11-dUTP was incorporated into permeable thymocytes isolated after emetine or cyclosporin A treatment of mice. Active sites of DNA replication were amplified based on biotin-avidin interaction and verified under fluorescent microscope. Cytometry of fluorescent images allow the direct measurement of replicating DNA without aspecific detection of total cellular DNA. Cytometric analysis of replication revealed that emetine acts at the early S phase, while cyclosporin A blocks in vivo DNA synthesis at mid S phase.     

Detection of mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms using a primer elongation reaction on oligonucleotide microarrays

We have developed a novel allele-specific primer elongation protocol using a DNA polymerase on oligonucleotide chips. Oligonucleotide primers carrying polymorphic sites at their free 3'end were covalently bound to glass slides. The generation of single-stranded targets of genomic DNA containing single nuclotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be typed was achieved by an asymmetric PCR reaction or exonuclease treatment of phosphothioate (PTO)-modified PCR products. In the presence of DNA polymerase and all four dNTPs, with Cy3-dUTP replacing dTTP, allele-specific extension of the immobilized primers took place along a stretch of target DNA sequence. The yield of elongated products was increased by repeated reaction cycles. We performed multiplexed assays with many small DNA targets, or used single targets of up to 4.4 kb mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence to detect multiple SNPs in one reaction. The latter approach greatly simplifies preamplification of SNP-containing regions, thereby providing a framework for typing hundreds of mtDNA polymorphisms.     

Evaluation of non-radioactive labelling and detection of deoxyribonucleic acids: Part one: chemiluminescent methods

The growth of analytical methods for the detection of nucleic acid from various biological samples reflects recent advances in biotechnology development especially in the areas of genetic, infections and cancer diagnosis. The target DNA is detected by hybridization techniques derived from Southern's blotting. However such assays, based on the use of ³²P labelled DNA probes, bring with them the associated problems of handling radioactive materials. In order to overcome these difficulties, a number of chemiluminescent detection methods have recently been developed.These new, alternative probe labelling procedures and chemiluminescent detection methods are easy to use in routine assays performed in research laboratories as well as for medical applications, and can reach the level of sensitivity found in classical radiolabelling techniques.The techniques investigated include peroxydase, biotin 16-dUTP or digoxigenin 11-dUTP probe labelling. The target DNAs are transferred onto nitrocellulose or nylon membranes and further fixed by heat or UV crosslinking. Specific hybridization on the target DNA is finally revealed by the use of chemiluminescent substrates. For all these techniques the detection limit is 10 aM (attomol) of a 561 bp target DNA. However for the probes labelled with peroxydase and with digoxigenin the detection limit drops to 1.0 aM of the target DNA. In the present paper we shall compare several of these DNA labelling and detection procedures and show that the detection threshold can vary by as much as a factor of 20 from method to method. This is the first time that various chemiluminescent methods for label and detection of DNA are compared and evaluated in order to determine the best protocol.     

Pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP): application to allele-specific amplification

To measure mutation load or to detect minimal residual disease, a robust method for identifying one mutant allele in the range of 10(6)-10(9) wild-type alleles would be advantageous. Herein, we present evidence that pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP) has the potential to provide a highly specific and robust method of allele-specific amplification if DNA polymerases with higher pyrophosphorolysis activity can be found or engineered. In PAP, pyrophosphorolysis and polymerization by DNA polymerase are coupled serially by utilizing a pyrophosphorolysis-activatable oligonucleotide (P*). P*, which is an allele-specific oligonucleotide with a dideoxynucleotide at the 3' terminus, can be activated by pyrophosphorolysis to remove the 3' terminal dideoxynucleotide in the presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) and the complementary strand of the allelic template; then the activated P* can be extended by DNA polymerization. Specificity results from both pyrophosphorolysis and polymerization because significant nonspecific amplification requires the combination of mismatch pyrophosphorolysis and misincorporation by the DNA polymerase, which is an extremely rare event. Proof of principle has been achieved with a polymorphic site within the human D1 dopamine receptor gene. The effects of the dideoxyoligonucleotide sequences, DNA polymerases, PPi concentrations, allele-specific templates, pH and dNTP concentrations were examined.     

The control of DNA replication in a cell-free extract that recapitulates a basic cell cycle in vitro

Cell-free extracts prepared from Xenopus eggs support chromosome decondensation and pronuclear formation on demembranated sperm heads. 32P-dCTP pulse-labelling studies demonstrate that DNA synthesis occurs in multiple bursts of 30-40 min in extracts containing pronuclei, each burst being followed by a period of 20-50 min during which no synthesis occurs. Density substitution with bromodeoxyuridine indicates that the synthesis in each burst is semiconservative and results from new initiations, and that, following multiple bursts of synthesis, reinitiation events can occur. Changes in nuclear morphology have been characterized in the extract by phase-contrast microscopy and by fluorescence microscopy following pulse labelling with biotin-11-dUTP and staining with anti-lamin antibodies. Lamin accumulation occurs as DNA decondenses and parallels the acquisition of membrane structures. Biotin-11-dUTP incorporation is first observed in small nuclei having decondensed DNA and an extensive lamina. While DNA synthesis is occurring nuclei remain relatively small, but rapid swelling accompanied by chromosome condensation occurs when biotin incorporation ceases. Nuclear swelling and chromatin condensation is followed by nuclear membrane breakdown, lamin dispersal and chromosome formation. Mitosis lasts for approximately 20 min. Nuclear reassembly is recognized by the appearance of membrane vesicles around small pieces of decondensed DNA, which parallels the appearance of lamin islands within a chromatin mass. These 'islands' incorporate biotin, indicating that DNA synthesis is occurring, and apparently fuse as larger S-phase nuclei are formed. Extensive protein synthesis occurs for at least 4 h in most extracts. This synthesis is required for the initiation of mitotic events and the reinitiation of DNA synthesis.     

A nucleic acid biosensor for the detection of a short sequence related to the hepatitis B virus using bis(benzimidazole)cadmium(II) dinitrate as an electrochemical indicator

A novel hybridization indicator, bis(benzimidazole)cadmium(II) dinitrate (Cd(bzim)(2)(NO(3))(2)), was utilized to develop an electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of a short DNA sequence related to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The sensor relies on the immobilization and hybridization of the 21-mer single-stranded oligonucleotide from the HBV long repeat at the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The hybridization between the probe and its complementary sequence as the target was studied by enhancement of the peak of the Cd(bzim)(2)(2+) indicator using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Numerous factors affecting the probe immobilization, target hybridization, and indicator binding reactions were optimized to maximize the sensitivity and speed of the assay time. With this approach, a sequence of the HBV could be quantified over the range from 1.49x10(-7)M to 1.06x10(-6)M, with a linear correlation of r=0.9973 and a detection limit of 8.4x10(-8)M. The Cd(bzim)(2)(2+) signal observed from the probe sequence before and after hybridization with a four-base mismatch containing sequence was lower than that observed after hybridization with a complementary sequence, showing good selectivity. These results demonstrate that the Cd(bzim)(2)(2+) indicator provides great promise for the rapid and specific measurement of the target DNA.     

Kinetic mechanism of DNA polymerase I (Klenow)

The minimal kinetic scheme for DNA polymerization catalyzed by the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I (KF) from Escherichia coli has been determined with short DNA oligomers of defined sequence. A key feature of this scheme is a minimal two-step sequence that interconverts the ternary KF.DNAn.dNTP and KF.DNAn+1.PPi complexes. The rate is not limited by the actual polymerization but by a separate step, possibly important in ensuring fidelity [Mizrahi, V., Henrie, R. N., Marlier, J. F., Johnson, K. A., & Benkovic, S. J. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4010-4018]. Evidence for this sequence is supplied by the observation of biphasic kinetics in single-turnover pyrophosphorolysis experiments (the microscopic reverse of polymerization). Data analysis then provides an estimate of the internal equilibrium constant. The dissociations of DNA, dNTP, and PPi from the various binary and ternary complexes were measured by partitioning (isotope-trapping) experiments. The rate constant for DNA dissociation from KF is sequence dependent and is rate limiting during nonprocessive DNA synthesis. The combination of single-turnover (both directions) and isotope-trapping experiments provides sufficient information to permit a quantitative evaluation of the kinetic scheme for specific DNA sequences.     

Early replication signals in nuclei of Chinese hamster ovary cells

Summary DNA replication sites generally known as replicon domains were resolved as individual replication signals in interphase nuclei of permeabilized Chinese hamster ovary cells by immunofluorescent microscopy. Biotin-11-dUTP was utilized as a tool to label newly replicated DNA in permeable cells and to study the distribution of nascent DNA in pulselabel and in pulsechase experiments. Active sites of DNA replication were visualized in exponentially growing cells and in synchronized cultures throughout the S phase. Fluorescent images of replication sites were analyzed by standard fluorescense microscopy and in three dimensions by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The rapid increase in number of discrete foci of newly replicated DNA is an indication that DNA synthesis starts at limited number of sites in mammalian nuclei rather than at thousands of foci at the same time.