VEGF-D表达与下咽癌组织淋巴管生成及预后的相关性

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子-D(Vascular endothelial growth factor D,VEGF-D)在下咽癌组织中的表达规律、与淋巴管密度(LVD)、淋巴结转移之间的关系及其在下咽癌预后中的意义。方法采用Western-bolt方法检测6例下咽癌和6例正常下咽组织中VEGF-D蛋白的表达情况,以45例经病理确诊的下咽癌组织为实验组,15例下咽良性病变组织为对照组,采用免疫组化SP法对上述组织中VEGF-D蛋白的表达进行分析,同时采用5′-核苷酸酶染色法(5′-Nase)计数淋巴管密度(LVD),并结合临床病理特征和生存资料进行相关分析。结果①Western-bolt结果显示下咽癌组织中VEGF-D的表达量较正常组织明显增加。②在下咽癌组织中VEGF-D的阳性率为44.4%,明显高于在良性病变组织的表达水平(P<0.05)。③VEGF-D表达与LVD、淋巴结转移、淋巴管浸润显著相关(P<0.05),与年龄、性别、肿瘤部位及组织学分级无关(P>0.05)。③Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析VEGF-D的表达与生存率不相关(P>0.05)。结论 VEGF-D促进下咽癌淋巴管生成和淋巴管转移,但与下咽癌预后不相关。     

VEGF-D在甲状腺癌组织中的表达和意义

目的:探讨甲状腺癌中血管内皮生长因子-D(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor,VEGF-D)在甲状腺癌中的表达及意义.方法:免疫组织化学染色方法分别对16例癌周正常组织和56例甲状腺癌组织切片染色,观察癌周正常组织和甲状腺癌组织VEGF-D的表达情况.结果:(1)在甲状腺癌中VEGF-D阳性表达主要见于细胞的胞膜上和胞质中.VEGF-D阳性表达在癌周正常组织和甲状腺癌分别为18.7%和71.4%,两者在统计学上有显著差异.(2)在甲状腺癌中VEGF-D在淋巴结非转移组表达阳性率为60.0%,而转移组表达为83.8%,明显高于非转移组,两者问在统计学上有显著差异.(3)在甲状腺乳头状癌中VEGF-D阳性表达在非转移组50%,淋巴结转移组85.1%,明显高于非转移组,说明VEGF-D在淋巴结转移组比非淋巴结转移组表达显著,VEGF-D的阳性表达与甲状腺癌的淋巴结转移显著相关.结论:(1)在癌周甲状腺组织VEGF-D阳性反应较弱,在甲状腺癌组织VEGF-D阳性反应较强,两者比较有显著性差异.(2)在甲状腺癌中,尤其是甲状腺乳头状癌中,其癌组织中VEGF-D的表达强度增加,与无淋巴结转移的甲状腺癌组织相比,有淋巴结转移的甲状腺癌组织中VEGF-D的表达较强,可作为肿瘤转移的指标之一.     

趋化因子受体7在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与血管内皮生长因子-D的关系

目的探讨趋化因子受体7(chemokine receptor 7, CCR7)在乳腺癌组织中的表达及与血管内皮生长因子-D(vascular endothelial growth factor-D, VEGF-D)在乳腺癌淋巴转移中的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学Elivision法和原位杂交方法检测98例乳腺癌组织及30例乳腺正常组织中CCR7、VEGF-D及其mRNA表达情况,D2-40标记微淋巴管,计数微淋巴管密度(lymphatic vessel density, LVD)。结果乳腺癌组织中CCR7和其mRNA的表达阳性率分别为67.3%和71.4%,显著高于对照组;VEGF-D和其mRNA的表达阳性率分别为69.4%和73.5%,也显著高于对照组。CCR7水平在乳腺癌淋巴结转移阳性组显著增高;CCR7及VEGF-D表达阳性组LVD值分别为12.91±3.38和13.38±3.81,均显著高于CCR7及VEGF-D表达阴性组。CCR7表达阳性组中VEGF-D表达显著高于CCR7表达阴性组,CCR7表达与VEGF-D表达呈正相关。结论 CCR7通过VEGF-D诱导淋巴管新生,是乳腺癌淋巴转移的重要因子。     

VEGF-D和CD105在胰腺癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨VEGF-D,CD105在胰腺癌发生、发展及转移过程中的意义.方法:采用免疫组织化学S-P法,检测VEGF-D,CD105在53例胰腺癌组织(胰腺癌组)及10例正常胰腺组织(对照组)中的表达,计数MVD,并与临床病理学资料进行分析比较.结果:胰腺癌组织中VEGF-D的阳性表达明显高于正常胰腺组织(P＜0.05).VEGF-D的表达与胰腺癌的临床分期及淋巴结有无转移有关(P＜0.05).胰腺癌中,CD105标记的微血管密度(MVD)明显高于非肿瘤性胰腺组织.CD105的表达水平与胰腺癌临床分期及病理分级有关.胰腺癌组织中CD105抗体标记的微血管密度(MVD)结果显示:在有淋巴结转移的癌组织中,其MVD值高于无淋巴结转移组有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).VEGF-D阳性表达组的MVD显著高于VEGF-D表达阴性组的MVD(P＜0.05):CD105在胰腺癌中的表达与VEGF-D的表达呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论:VEGF-D的表达与胰腺癌的血管生成有关.MVD值有可能作为判断胰腺癌生物学行为的潜在指标.     

VEGF-C和VEGF-D在胃癌组织中的表达与微血管生成的关系及临床意义

目的:观察胃癌患者血管内皮生长因子C和D(vascular endothelial growth factor-C and-D,VEGF-C,VEGF-D)在胃癌组织中的表达以及其与肿瘤微血管生成的关系.方法:采用免疫组化S-P法检测30例胃癌组织和30例正常胃组织中VEGF-C和VEGF-D蛋白的表达,检测微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD).结果:胃癌组织VEGF-C和VEGF-D表达明显高于正常胃组织(p<0.01),其中淋巴结转移组VEGF-C、VEGF-D的表达与淋巴结未转移组间差异显著(p<0.05).胃癌组织MVD值明显高于正常胃组织(p<0.01),淋巴结转移组MVD值明显高于未转移组(p<0.01).MVD与VEGF-C的蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达高度相关(r=0.735,p<0.05),与VEGF-D的蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达成正相关(r=0.623,p<0.05).结论:VEGF-C和VEGF-D的高表达与肿瘤微血管生成及淋巴道转移密切相关,可作为评估胃癌患者预后的重要参考指标.     

TGF-β1和Smad4在膀胱癌中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的：观察转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）和Smad4在膀胱癌组织内的表达情况,并分析其与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法：选择在本院确诊的膀胱癌患者50例,根据淋巴结转移与否分为淋巴结转移组（30例）和无淋巴结转移组（20例1。应用免疫组化法检测膀胱癌组织内TGF-β1和Smad4的表达。以D2—40作为淋巴管内皮特异性标记物,检测膀胱癌组织内淋巴管生成情况并分析其与TGF-β1和Smad4的表达的关系。结果：TGF．B1主要表达于膀胱癌细胞胞浆内,在淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组（P=0．017）。Smad4表达于膀胱癌细胞胞浆和胞核内,在无淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于有淋巴结转移组（P=0．005）。Smad4表达阳性组的淋巴管数密度（LVD）明显低于Smad4表达阴性组（P=0．037）。TGF-p1的表达与Smad4的表达呈显著的负相关性（P=0．001）。结论：TGF-β1的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移呈显著正相关,Smad4的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移呈显著负相关,TGF-β1／Smad4信号通路可能在膀胱癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移过程中起重要作用。     

乳腺癌中VEGF-D/VEGFR-3与淋巴管生成的关系及临床意义探讨

目的研究乳腺癌组织中VEGFR-3、VEGF-D的表达与微淋巴管密度(LVD)及临床病理指标间的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学S-P法检测120例乳腺癌组织中VEGFR-3、VEGF-D的表达,Podoplanin标记微淋巴管,计数微淋巴管密度(LVD),分析VEGFR-3与乳腺癌预后的关系。结果乳腺癌组织中VEGFR-3蛋白表达阳性率为46.67%,明显高于乳腺良性肿瘤组织(P0.01);VEGFR-3蛋白表达阳性组LVD值为17.86±6.09,显著高于阴性组(P0.01);VEGFR-3蛋白表达与淋巴结转移显著相关(x2=22.173,P0.01);且VEGF-D蛋白阳性组中VEGFR-3表达亦显著高于阴性组(P0.01)。结论VEGF-D/VEGFR-3是乳腺癌淋巴管生成的重要诱导因子,与肿瘤的侵袭和转移及预后密切相关。     

血管内皮生长因子-C与乳腺癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子-C与乳腺癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的关系。方法免疫组化法检测21例乳腺增生组和68例乳腺浸润性导管癌组病灶组织内VEGF-C蛋白的表达,并用淋巴管内皮细胞特异性标志物D2-40标记肿瘤新生淋巴管,计数肿瘤淋巴管的密度（LVD）。结果乳腺浸润性导管癌组VEGF-C的表达和淋巴管的密度（LVD）都明显高于乳腺增生组（P〈0．01）;乳腺浸润性导管癌中VEGF-C阳性组中淋巴管的密度（11．32±5．78）与VEGF-C阴性组中的淋巴管密度（8．75±3．53）,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;乳腺浸润性导管癌中VEGF-C蛋白的表达和淋巴管密度（LVD）都与有无腋窝淋巴结转移及淋巴结转移个数有关（P〈0．05）。结论VEGF-C在乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴管的生成中起着重要的作用;VEGF-C的高表达和淋巴管密度（LVD）的升高是促进乳腺导管癌淋巴结转移的重要的影响因素。     

血管内皮生长因子-D在乳腺癌淋巴转移中的临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌中血管内皮生长因子-D(VEGF-D)对淋巴管生成的作用及其与临床病理指标和预后的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学S-P法检测120例乳腺癌组织中VEGF-D的免疫反应性,同时以D2-40、podoplanin标记微淋巴管,计数微淋巴管密度(LVD),分析其与临床病理指标及预后的关系。结果乳腺癌组织中VEGF-D蛋白免疫反应阳性率、LVD值均明显高于乳腺纤维腺瘤组织;乳腺癌组织中VEGF-D蛋白免疫反应与淋巴结转移呈正相关,且LVD值与VEGF-D表达呈线性相关。结论 VEGF-D参与乳腺癌淋巴管生成,影响乳腺癌的预后。     

VEGF-C和VEGF-D在肝内胆管癌组织中的表达与淋巴结转移的关系及临床意义

目的:探讨胆管癌患者血管内皮生长因子C和D(vascular endothelial growth factor-C and-D,VEGF-C and VEGF-D)在胆管癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤淋巴结转移的关系。方法:应用免疫组化SABC法及Real-time PCR法检测57例胆管癌组织和正常胆管组织中VEGF-C、VEGF-D蛋白及其mRNA的表达。结果:胆管癌组织VEGF-C和VEGF-D表达明显高于正常胆管组织(P<0.01),其中淋巴结转移组VEGF-C、VEGF-D的表达与淋巴结未转移组间统计学差异显著(P<0.05)。VEGF-C和VEGF-D在胆管癌组织中的表达与淋巴结转移有关(P<0.01)。结论:胆管癌细胞非摄入性高表达的VEGF-C和VEGF-D与淋巴结转移密切相关,可作为评估胆管癌患者预后的重要参考指标。     

口腔鳞癌中D2-40表达的特点及临床意义

目的探讨口腔鳞癌组织中淋巴管分布、密度及其与临床病理因素之间的关系。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测口腔癌D2-40的表达情况,计数淋巴管密度（lymphatic vessel density,LVD）,分析其与临床病理特征间的关系。结果口腔鳞癌中的淋巴管形态及分布在不同区域具有异质性。与肿瘤中心（肿瘤实质）及癌旁正常组织比较,肿瘤边缘区（肿瘤间质）的淋巴管LVD为（11.09±2.958）,显著高于肿瘤中心（5.81±1.334）及癌旁正常组织（4.96±1.716）,且形态多呈扩张状态。结论口腔鳞癌中的淋巴管主要位于肿瘤边缘区,肿瘤边缘区LVD与淋巴结转移状态相关,检测口腔癌边缘区的LVD对预测是否发生淋巴结转移可能具有重要意义。     

LYVE-1和D2—40在检测早期宫颈鳞状细胞癌和癌前病变微淋巴管中的研究

目的对比分析两种常用的淋巴内皮细胞标记分子LYVE-1和D2—40在检测宫颈癌癌前病变和早期宫颈鳞状细胞癌（简称鳞癌）组织中微淋巴管的异同,结合临床资料分析其与宫颈鳞癌的临床分期,淋巴转移和病理特点之间的关系。方法采用SP法检测抗人淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体-1（1ymphatic Vesselendothelial HAreceptor-1,LYVE-1）多克隆抗体和D2—40单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色分别检测22例宫颈癌癌前病变和36例早期宫颈鳞癌组织中的淋巴管密度（lympatie vessel density,LVD）,图像分析系统统计LVD的水平。结果 1.两种标记分子检测均发现在宫颈癌前病变和早期鳞癌中LVD随着疾病的进展而显著增加（P〈0．001）,同时均发现LVD与盆腔淋巴结状态密切相关。2．对比两种分子染色效果,两种标记分子各有优劣,联合起来使用更为可靠。结论 LYVE-1和D2-40结合使用能更准确反应宫颈淋巴管的情况,宫颈癌前病变和早期宫颈癌组织中高淋巴管分布与淋巴转移和肿瘤分期有关。     

p16、survivin、cyclin D1 在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨抑癌基因p16、细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1和凋亡抑制基因survivin在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及意义。方法:膀胱移行细胞癌组67例,10例正常正常膀胱粘膜作为对照,采用免疫组织化学方法检测p16和cyclin D1、survivin蛋白表达,然后分析上述三种蛋白在膀胱癌组织中的表达情况,以及随着不同临床分期和病理分级表达的变化。结果:所有膀胱癌患者平均年龄58.16岁,其中男性患者38例。免疫组织化学分析表明,p16和cyclin D1、survivin蛋白均表达在细胞的细胞核。膀胱癌组织中P16表达明显低于正常对照组,而cyclin D1和survivin表达明显高于正常对照组。随着临床分期的进展,p16表达明显下降,cyclinD1表达明显上升;而随着膀胱癌病理分级升高,p16表达明显下降,survivin表达上升。此外,膀胱癌组织中,p16与cyclin D1p16之间存在着明确的负相关。结论:p16、cyclin D1、survivin在膀胱移行细胞癌的生物学行为中起重要作用,p16,cyclin D1和survivin与膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性进展有关。     

Does Immunohistochemistry Allow Easy Detection of Lymphatics in the Optic Nerve Sheath?

We evaluated the validity of anti-D2-40 and anti-LYVE-1 (antibodies against lymphatic endothelium) for IHC diagnosis and semiquantification of lymphatic vessels in the dura mater of the intraorbital portion of the human optic nerve (ON). Fourteen specimens were analyzed using light microscopy within 12 hr postmortem. We found in all specimens that both D2-40 and LYVE-1 stained lymphatic vessels as well as venules and arterioles. Our findings show lymphatic vessels in the meninges of the intraorbital portion of the human ON. Anti-D2-40 and anti-LYVE-1 antibodies, however, are not found to be exclusively specific to the endothelial layer of lymphatics because they also stain the endothelial layer of venules and arterioles. For the unequivocal identification of lymphatics, additional morphological criteria are necessary. Nevertheless, D2-40 and LYVE-1 staining allows rapid identification of endothelial layers. (J Histochem Cytochem 56:1087–1092, 2008)     

p53 protein expression and proliferative activity in imprints of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

OBJECTIVE: To investigate p53 protein expression and proliferative activity in imprints of tumor biopsies from superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in relation to the histologic grade of malignancy and recurrence status. STUDY DESIGN: The study group consisted of 70 cases of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. In order to investigate p53 protein expression and Ki-67 expression, an immunocytochemical avidin-extravidin complex technique was performed using monoclonal antibodies p53 D0-7 and proliferating cells correspondingly. RESULTS: Thirty-seven percent of superficial transitional cell carcinoma cases showed positive expression of p53 protein. No correlation was found between p53 protein expression and grade of malignancy (P = .45). p53 Protein expression was statistically correlated with a high Ki-67 labeling index (LI) (P < .001) and recurrence status (P < .001). Forty-seven percent of cases showed a Ki-67 LI > 25%. No correlation was found between a high Ki-67 LI and grade of malignancy (P = .703). A significant difference in high Ki-67 LI between recurrent and nonrecurrent tumors of the same grade (P < .001) and between recurrent and nonrecurrent tumors was found independently of grade (P < .001). CONCLUSION: These results on cytologic material could provide useful information on the biologic behavior of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder at the time of diagnosis.     

Morphometry Analysis of Lymphatics in Pulmonary Adenocarcinomas With a Lepidic Growth Pattern

Lymph vessels play an important role in tumor progression. Pulmonary adenocarcinomas, accounting for half of non-small-cell lung carcinomas, compose a spectrum of histological types, exclusively or without a lepidic growth pattern (LGP) along preserved interalveolar septa. In that context, this study was designed to investigate the lymphatic vascular pattern associated with LGP and the concomitant invasive component of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Using the D2-40 monoclonal antibody as a marker of lymphatic endothelial cells, the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and vessel-area fraction (LVAF) were morphometrically analyzed in four adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS) and the LGP of eight invasive adenocarcinomas (LPIA), and compared with their invasive pattern (IPIA). LVD in AIS (2.1 ± 0.7 mm⁻²) and LPIA (2.4 ± 1 mm⁻²) were significantly lower than that in IPIA (14.9 ± 13.6 mm⁻²) (p=0.001). Moreover, the lymphatic vascular pattern in LGP was similar to that of normal lung, with isolated small lymphatic vessels within the interalveolar septa. Our results showing the scarcity of lymphatics in LGP suggest an absence of septal lymphangiogenesis associated with the LGP pattern in lung adenocarcinomas, which could explain, at least partially, the better prognosis observed in tumors with exclusive or predominant lepidic spread compared with other subtypes.     

Intralobular Pulmonary Lymphatic Distribution in Normal Human Lung Using D2-40 Antipodoplanin Immunostaining

It has been assumed for a long time that except for limited areas close to respiratory bronchioles or their satellite arteries, there is no evidence of lymphatic vessels deep in the pulmonary lobule. An immunohistochemical study using the D2-40 monoclonal antibody was performed on normal pulmonary samples obtained from surgical specimens, with particular attention to the intralobular distribution of lymphatic vessels. This study demonstrated the presence of lymphatics not only in the connective tissue surrounding the respiratory bronchioles but also associated with intralobular arterioles and/or small veins even less than 50 μm in diameter. A few interlobular lymphatic vessels with a diameter ranging from 10 μm to 20 μm were also observed further away, in interalveolar walls. In conclusion, this study, using the D2-40 monoclonal antibody, demonstrated the presence of small lymphatic channels within the normal human pulmonary lobules, emerging from interalveolar interstitium, and around small blood vessels constituting the paraalveolar lymphatics. This thin intralobular lymphatic network may play a key pathophysiological role in a wide variety of alveolar and interstitial lung diseases and requires further investigation. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:643–648, 2009)     

膀胱移行细胞癌中EphA2的表达和肿瘤MVD计数的关系

目的:探讨膀胱移行细胞癌中EphA2的生物学意义以及EphA2与微血管密度(MVD)的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学技术检测85例膀胱移行细胞癌及10例正常膀胱粘膜中EphA2的表达,采用CD31染色标记微血管,行肿瘤微血管密度计数。结果:膀胱移行细胞癌和正常膀胱粘膜EphA2表达阳性率分别为89.4%(76/85)、40%(4/10),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);EphA2表达程度与膀胱癌的病理分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移均有相关性(P<0.05);膀胱移行细胞癌EphA2阴性组与EphA2阳性纽间肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)计数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),EphA2不同阳性程度组之间MVD计数差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:EphA2可作为判定膀胱癌恶性程度的参考指标,与肿瘤微血管生成相关,有望成为膀胱癌治疗的新靶向。     

Galactosyltransferase activities in cultured urinary bladder tumor cells

After demonstrating that three bladder cancer cell lines (human bladder transitional cell carcinoma, MGH-U1; rat bladder transitional cell carcinoma, RBTCC; Nara rat bladder epidermal carcinoma, NBT-II) had galactosyltransferase (GT) activity in their cell surfaces, we investigated the effect of increasing cell density on the activity of this enzyme. All three cell lines responded to increased cell density by increased activity of cell-surface GT towards endogenous acceptor. By the use of exogenous acceptor, we showed that in the two transitional cell carcinoma lines (human and rat), the increased activity was probably caused by increased levels of endogenous acceptor rather than enzyme. In the rat bladder epidermal carcinoma line, on the other hand, increased GT activity seemed to be the result of increased levels of the enzyme. These conclusions were supported by the increased shedding of GT into the medium with increasing cell density in case of the epidermal carcinoma cells, but not the two transitional cell carcinoma lines. Total cell-associated GT activity would indicate that, in contrast to the two transitional cell carcinoma lines, the bladder epidermal carcinoma cells may have an increased rate of synthesis of GT as confluence is approached.