不同糖源及糖水平对大菱鲆糖代谢酶活性的影响

采用34双因素实验设计, 以初始质量为(8.060.08) g的大菱鲆幼鱼(Scophthalmus maximus L.)为对象, 研究在饲料中添加3种糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)及4个水平(0、5%、15%、28%)对大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解关键酶己糖激酶(HK)、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)和糖异生关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)、1, 6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)活性的影响。结果表明: 饲料糖添加量从0升高到15%时, 大菱鲆的糖酵解酶GK和PK活性随饲料葡萄糖或糊精含量的增加而增加; 当饲料中葡萄糖或糊精含量为28%时, GK和PK活性有下降的趋势。3种糖源的4个添加水平对HK和PFK活性均无显著影响(P 0.05)。添加不同水平的葡萄糖对大菱鲆糖异生途径的PEPCK活性无显著影响(P 0.05), 但在饲料中葡萄糖添加量为5%时显著促进了FBPase活性(P 0.05), 当葡萄糖添加量升高为15%或28%时, FBPase活性与对照组无显著差异(P 0.05)。糊精作为饲料糖源时抑制了大菱鲆肝脏FBPase和PEPCK的活性, 而添加不同水平的蔗糖对FBPase和PEPCK活性的影响均不显著(P 0.05)。总的来说, 从大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏糖代谢角度而言, 在饲料中添加15%的葡萄糖或糊精时, 可以有效促进大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解能力; 较添加葡萄糖, 糊精在促进大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解的同时对糖异生存在一定程度的抑制。蔗糖作为饲料糖源时, 仅在添加量为28%时显著促进糖酵解酶GK活性, 糖酵解其他酶活性以及糖异生酶活性均不受蔗糖水平的显著影响。       

L-丙氨酸对海南粗榧悬浮细胞合成三尖杉酯类碱的影响

该研究在海南粗榧悬浮细胞培养的不同阶段(5、10、15、20 d),分别添加不同剂量的L-丙氨酸(10、30、50、100 mg·L~(-1)),测定细胞生长、细胞活力及产物含量,确定L-丙氨酸最佳的添加时间及添加剂量。结果表明:添加L-丙氨酸对细胞生长和细胞活力均有抑制作用;在海南粗榧悬浮培养第15天、添加30 mg·L~(-1)L-丙氨酸时,产物含量最高(4.853 6 mg·L~(-1)),是对照(2.853 8 mg·L~(-1))的1.7倍。同时,为了探讨添加L-丙氨酸对海南粗榧悬浮细胞糖代谢的影响,对培养基糖耗程度、细胞内糖酵解途径(glycolytic pathway,EMP途径)关键酶丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase,PK)活力、磷酸戊糖途径(hexose monophosphate pathway,HMP途径)关键酶6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase,G6PDH)活力进行了测定,结果显示添加L-丙氨酸后,植物细胞培养液中总耗糖速度与对照相比无明显差异,丙酮酸激酶(PK)活力与对照(25.37 U·g~(-1))相比下降了29.10%,G6DPH活力是对照组(53.49 U·g~(-1))的1.33倍。以上结果说明,糖代谢途径中碳通量在一定程度上由EMP途径转向了HMP途径,三尖杉酯类碱合成的前体物PEP积累,E4P合成量增加,均有利于产物三尖杉酯类碱含量的增加。     

肌苷合成关键酶活性与肌苷积累之间的关系

测定比较了高产肌苷菌、低产肌苷菌和野生菌肌苷合成途径中PRPP转酰胺酶、sAMP合成酶、IMP脱氢酶和5′核苷酸酶的比活以及活细胞的肌苷水解能力,进一步阐明了菌株产苷性能与肌苷合成途径关键酶活力间的密切关系。根据高产肌苷菌的酶学特性,确定了高产肌苷菌进一步基因工程改造的方向。研究表明酶学研究对有目的、有方向地进行高产菌株的选育工作具有重要意义。     

柠檬酸钠对L-组氨酸发酵代谢流分布的影响

目的：建立谷氨酸棒杆菌TL1105生物合成L-组氨酸的代谢网络模型,并进行代谢网络计量分析。方法：通过所构建的L-组氨酸代谢网络模型,利用MATLAB软件计算出添加柠檬酸钠和不添加柠檬酸钠发酵中后期代谢网络的代谢流分布。结果：在L-组氨酸分批发酵过程中,在发酵初期未添加柠檬酸钠的条件下流向戊糖磷酸途径（HMP）的代谢流为9.59,合成组氨酸的代谢流为8.91;在发酵初期添加2g/L柠檬酸钠的条件下流向HMP的代谢流为12.74,合成组氨酸的代谢流为9.61。结论：在发酵初期添加柠檬酸钠能够改变L-组氨酸生物合成途径的关键节点6-磷酸葡萄糖、丙酮酸及乙酰辅酶A的代谢流分布,保持糖酵解途径、三羧酸循环与HMP之间代谢流量平衡,有利于提高L-组氨酸生物合成途径的代谢流量,最终使流向组氨酸的代谢流增加了7.86%。     

外源添加代谢中间体对产琥珀酸放线杆菌厌氧发酵制备丁二酸的影响

考察了外源添加中间代谢产物对菌体生长及发酵产酸的影响,结果表明添加0.5g/L磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)时丁二酸产量最高。围绕产琥珀酸放线杆菌NJ113厌氧发酵产丁二酸的代谢网络进行代谢通量分析,发现添加PEP后己糖磷酸途径(HMP)与糖酵解途径(EMP)的通量比由39.4∶60.3提高至76.8∶22.6,解决了丁二酸合成过程中还原力不足的矛盾,导致PEP生成草酰乙酸的通量提高了23.8%,丁二酸代谢通量从99.8mmol/(gDCW·h)增至124.4mmol/(gDCW·h),而副产物乙酸及甲酸的代谢通量分别降低了22.9%、15.4%;关键酶活分析结果表明,添加0.5g/LPEP后PEP羧化激酶比酶活达到1910U/mg,与对照相比提高了74.7%,而丙酮酸激酶的比酶活降低了67.5%。最终丁二酸浓度为29.1g/L,收率达到76.2%,比未添加PEP时提高了11.0%。     

基于有氧糖酵解的天然小分子抑制剂的研究进展CSCD

有氧糖酵解作为恶性肿瘤最显著的能量代谢特征之一,肿瘤细胞中大约有50%的ATP是通过有氧糖酵解途径合成的,同时糖酵解过程中产生的各种中间代谢产物也是合成蛋白质等生物大分子重要的原料来源。此外酵解途径导致的乳酸增加为肿瘤细胞提供了一个酸性成长环境,有利于其浸润和转移,因此其在维持肿瘤细胞能量需求、合成代谢平衡和肿瘤浸润和转移方面发挥着重要作用。研究表明有氧糖酵解的过程与葡萄糖转运蛋白、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、磷酸果糖激酶等密切相关。目前靶向有氧糖酵解相关转运蛋白和关键限速酶已经成为抗肿瘤药物研发的有效途径,本文对目前天然产物中靶向有氧糖酵解相关蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究最新进展及作用机理进行总结,以期为相关领域药物研究人员提供新的思路和参考。     

己糖激酶-Ⅱ与肿瘤的糖代谢

己糖激酶作为糖酵解途径的第一个关键酶,在肿瘤细胞中有高度表达,并使肿瘤细胞表现出高度的糖分解代谢表型。该介绍己糖激酶一Ⅱ基因的组成特点及其在肿瘤细胞中的表达特征等。     

肿瘤有氧糖酵解的研究进展CSCD

代谢重编程是肿瘤细胞重要的标志特征。本文通过介绍恶性肿瘤细胞己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT)等糖酵解过程中关键酶;PI3K/PKB、m TOR和AMPK等细胞信号转导途径;p53、c-myc和HIF-1等转录因子在肿瘤细胞有氧糖酵解中的研究进展,进而深入了解其在肿瘤诊断和治疗中具有的潜在价值。     

光滑球拟酵母新霉素抗性株加速葡萄糖代谢

为进一步提高光滑球拟酵母发酵生产丙酮酸的生产强度,在能量代谢分析的基础上提出了降低ATP合成酶活性、但不影响NADH氧化的育种策略。通过亚硝基胍诱变,获得一株新霉素抗性突变株N07,该菌株F1ATPase活性降低65%、丙酮酸产量高于48gL且单位细胞消耗葡萄糖能力提高38%。添加双环己基碳二亚胺(DCCD)、叠氮钠(NaN3)、新霉素显著降低出发株F1ATPase活性但不影响突变株F1ATPase活性。突变菌株胞内ATP含量下降23.7%导致生长速率和最终菌体浓度(为出发菌株的76%)均低于出发菌株,但葡萄糖消耗速度和丙酮酸生产速度分别提高34%和42.9%,发酵周期缩短12h。进一步研究发现,突变株糖酵解途径中关键酶磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶和磷酸甘油醛激酶的活性提高了63.7%、28.8%和14.4%,电子传递链关键酶活性提高10%。结果表明降低真核微生物F1ATPase活性有效地提高了糖酵解关键酶活性而加速葡萄糖代谢。     

肿瘤有氧糖酵解的研究进展

代谢重编程是肿瘤细胞重要的标志特征。本文通过介绍恶性肿瘤细胞己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT)等糖酵解过程中关键酶;PI3K/PKB、m TOR和AMPK等细胞信号转导途径;p53、c-myc和HIF-1等转录因子在肿瘤细胞有氧糖酵解中的研究进展,进而深入了解其在肿瘤诊断和治疗中具有的潜在价值。     

Effect of dilute acid pretreatment on the saccharification and fermentation of rye straw

This research shows the effect of dilute acid pretreatment with various sulfuric acid concentrations (0.5–2.0% [wt/vol]) on enzymatic saccharification and fermentation yield of rye straw. After pretreatment, solids of rye straw were suspended in Na citrate buffer or post-pretreatment liquids (prehydrolysates) containing sugars liberated after hemicellulose hydrolysis. Saccharification was conducted using enzymes dosage of 15 or 25 FPU/g cellulose. Cellulose saccharification rate after rye straw pretreatment was enhanced by performing enzymatic hydrolysis in sodium citrate buffer in comparison with hemicellulose prehydrolysate. The maximum cellulose saccharification rate (69%) was reached in sodium citrate buffer (biomass pretreated with 2.0% [wt/vol] H₂SO₄). Lignocellulosic complex of rye straw after pretreatment was subjected to separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF). The SHF processes conducted in the sodium citrate buffer using monoculture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ethanol Red) were more efficient compared to hemicellulose prehydrolysate in respect with ethanol yields. Maximum fermentation efficiency of SHF processes obtained after rye straw pretreatment at 1.5% [wt/vol] H₂SO₄ and saccharification using enzymes dosage of 25 FPU/g in sodium citrate buffer, achieving 40.6% of theoretical yield. However, SHCF process using cocultures of pentose-fermenting yeast, after pretreatment of raw material at 1.5% [wt/vol] H₂SO₄ and hydrolysis using enzymes dosage of 25 FPU/g, resulted in the highest ethanol yield among studied methods, achieving 9.4 g/L of ethanol, corresponding to 55% of theoretical yield.     

Chemostat studies on the regulation of glucose metabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by citrate

The effect of the relative concentrations of citrate and glucose on the regulation of key enzymes of the direct oxidative, phosphorylative, Entner-Doudoroff and pentose-cycle pathways of glucose metabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been investigated in continuous culture under conditions of NH(4) (+)-limitation. For comparison isocitrate dehydrogenase and aconitase were also assayed. Measurements were made for steady-state and transient conditions and the effect of growth rate was also studied. When cells grew on 75mm-citrate the glucose concentration had to attain 6-8mm before significant induction of enzymes of glucose metabolism occurred; the specific activities increased further as the result of both raising the glucose concentration to 30mm and then subsequently lowering the citrate to 60mm and then to 45mm. The specific activities of the glucose enzymes increased immediately during the transient period between the steady states characteristic of growth on 6mm- and 8mm-glucose, the increase continuing for about two doubling times. The converse experiment of adding increasing citrate concentrations to 45mm-glucose medium revealed an immediate induction of the citrate-transport system, oxidation of citrate following the increase in citrate concentration up to 8mm. Between 8mm- and 16mm-citrate a marked repression of gluconate, glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases and the Entner-Doudoroff enzymes occurred. Increased growth rate in citrate medium resulted in decreased specific activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Increased growth rate in citrate-glucose medium gave decreased specific activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase and aconitase whereas the activities of some of the glucose enzymes decreased initially but then increased at the highest growth rate (0.5h(-1)), at which a marked increase in glucose utilization occurred. These observations accord with the regulation of glucose enzymes by induction with glucose or its metabolites and repression by citrate or its metabolic products.     

Acetyl-CoA Synthesizing Enzymes in Cholinergic Nerve Terminals

The activities of five enzymes involved in acetyl-CoA synthesis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, ATP citrate lyase, carnitine acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA synthetase, and citrate synthase, were determined in normal nucleus interpeduncularis and nucleus interpeduncularis in which cholinergic terminals were removed following lesion of the habenulointerpeduncular tract. The activities of aspartate transaminase, fumarase, and GABA transaminase also were determined to compare the effect of lesion on other mitochondrial enzymes which are not linked to the biosynthesis of ACh. In normal nucleus interpeduncularis the activities of carnitine acetyltransferase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were higher than the activity of ChAT (choline acetyltransferase), whereas the activities of acetyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthase were considerably lower than that of ChAT. The effect of the lesion separated the enzymes into two groups: the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, carnitine acetyltransferase, fumarase and aspartate transaminase decreased by 30--40%, whereas the activities of the other enzymes descreased 5--15%. ChAT activity was in all cases less than 15% of normal. It could be concluded that none of the acetyl-CoA synthesizing enzymes decreased to the degree that ChAT did. Only pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and carnitine acetyltransferase seem to be localized in cholinergic terminals to a significant degree. ATP citrate lyase as well as acetyl-CoA synthetase seem to have less significance in supporting acetyl-CoA formation in cholinergic nerve terminals.     

不同营养物质对脱落酸液体发酵产量的影响

考察了不同营养添加物及前体对脱落酸 (abscisicacid ,ABA)液体发酵的影响。在玉米粉、黄豆饼粉、燕麦、小米粉等不同营养添加物中 ,以添加玉米粉效果较好 ,产量可提高 35 .8% ;将碳源由单一的葡萄糖改变为蔗糖∶葡萄糖 =3∶2 ,可使产量提高 6 8.8% ;而在乙酸钠等二碳至五碳原子的不同前体添加物中 ,乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、丁二酸钠、柠檬酸三钠盐等能提高脱落酸产量 ,而丙酸钙、氨基乙酸对脱落酸的生成有抑制作用 ,尤其是柠檬酸三钠盐对脱落酸产量影响最为显著 ,可使产量比对照提高 81.0 %。     

Enhanced production of (+)-terrein in fed-batch cultivation of Aspergillus terreus strain PF26 with sodium citrate

(+)-Terrein is a fungal metabolite with multiple biological activities, especially with great value in medicine. However, the mass production of single configuration terrein is still a big challenge. In this study, the effects of acetic acid, sodium acetate, citric acid and sodium citrate on the (+)-terrein production by Aspergillus terreus strain PF26 derived from marine sponge Phakellia fusca were investigated. Sodium citrate was selected for fed-batch cultivation because it showed the best effect on (+)-terrein production among the four regulators tested. As a result, 5.38 g/L (+)-terrein production was achieved by feeding 10 mM sodium citrate on the 3rd day in shake flask, which was 33.8 % higher than the control and represented the highest yield of (+)-terrein. In a 7.5-L stirred bioreactor, 2.58 g/L of (+)-terrein production was achieved by the feeding of 10 mM sodium citrate on the 8th day. The results from this study lay a basis for the high-yield production of (+)-terrein by fermentation.     

Application of surface response analysis to the optimization of penicillin acylase purification in aqueous two-phase systems

Penicillin acylase purification from an Escherichia coli crude extract using PEG 3350–sodium citrate aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was optimized. An experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of PEG, sodium citrate and sodium chloride on the purification parameters. A central composite design was defined centred on the previously found conditions for highest purification from an osmotic shock extract. Mathematical models for the partition coefficient of protein and enzyme, balance of protein and enzyme, yield and purification were calculated and statistically validated. Analysis of the contours of constant response as a function of PEG and sodium citrate concentrations for three different concentrations of NaCl revealed different effects of the three factors on the studied parameters. A maximum purification factor of 6.5 was predicted for PEG 3350, sodium citrate and NaCl concentrations of 15.1, 11.0 and 8.52% respectively. However, under these conditions the predicted yield was 61%. A better compromise between these two parameters can be found by superimposing the contour plots of the purification factor and yield for 10.3% NaCl. A region in the experimental space can be defined where the purification factor is always higher than 5.5 with yields exceeding 80%.     

Intensification of surfactant synthesis in Rhodococcus erythropolis EK-1 cultivated on hexadecane

Activity of key enzymes of n-alkane metabolism was determined in cells of Rhodococcus erythropolis EK-1, a surfactant producer grown on n-hexadecane. Potassium cations were found to inhibit alkane hydroxylase and NADP(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, while sodium cations were found to activate these enzymes. Decreased potassium concentration (to 1 mM), increased sodium concentration (to 35 mM), and addition of 36 micromol/l Fe(II), required for alkane hydroxylase activity, resulted in increased activity of the enzymes of n-hexadecane metabolism and in a fourfold increase of surfactant synthesis. A 1.5-1.7-fold increase in surfactant concentration after addition of 0.2% fumarate (gluconeogenesis precursor) and 0.1% citrate (lipid synthesis regulator) to the medium with n-hexadecane results from enhanced synthesis of trehalose mycolates, as evidenced by a 3-5-fold increase in phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase and trehalose phosphate synthase, respectively.     

弗氏柠檬酸细菌TNT降解酶及其调节

在弗氏柠檬酸细菌(Citrobacter freusdii)TNT降解酶中,同时检出需NAD(P)H的TNT还原酶和需NAP(P)+的TNT脱氢酶。研究了酶形成的时闻过程和辅酶在TNT酶促降解反应中的行为。     

Enzyme profiles in two wing polymorphic soapberry bug populations (Jadera haematoloma: Rhopalidae)

Wing-polymorphic insects are excellent models for asking questions about trade-offs in physiology and life-history because of the existence of multiple morphs exhibiting numerous strategies living in one environment. We measured activities of select key enzymes in oxidative metabolism (citrate synthase), glycolysis (hexokinase, pyruvate kinase) and fatty acid oxidation (?-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, HOAD) in flying and non-flying long-winged bugs from two populations (ancestral and derived) of the wing-polymorphic soapberry bug (Jadera haematoloma). In the ancestral population, flyers had significantly greater activities of citrate synthase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and HOAD than non-flyers. In contrast, in the derived population, flyers and non-flyers showed no significant differences in the activities of any of the enzymes tested. There were no significant differences in activities of citrate synthase as a function of adult age (3-20 d) for either population. Short-winged bugs in the derived population had significantly lower citrate synthase activities than either of the two derived, long-winged morphs, however, they were analogous to the ancestral long-winged non-flyer. These results suggest an evolution of alternative flight strategies between the two populations.