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1.
Lipids and trophic interactions of ice fauna and pelagic zooplankton in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2
Catherine L. Scott Stig Falk-Petersen John R. Sargent Haakon Hop Ole Jørgen Lønne Michael Poltermann 《Polar Biology》1999,21(2):65-70
Gammarus wilkitzkii, Apherusa glacialis, Onismus nanseni, Onismus glacialis, Boreogadus saida, Parathemisto libellula and Calanus hyperboreus, collected in late June in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone, contained substantial levels (28–51% of the dry mass) of total
lipid, the highest levels (51% and 41% respectively) being in A. glacialis and C. hyperboreus. Neutral lipids were present in greater amounts than polar lipids in all species. Triacylglycerols were major neutral lipids
in A. glacialis, G. wilkitzkii and O. nanseni; triacylglycerols and wax esters were present in similar amounts in O. glacialis; higher levels of wax esters than triacylglycerols occurred in P. libellula; wax esters greatly exceeded triacylglycerols in C. hyperboreus, the opposite being true for B. saida. Diatom fatty acid markers were prominent in the triacylglycerols of G. wilkitzkii, O. nanseni, O. glacialis and, particularly, of A. glacialis; 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11) moieties were abundant in wax esters of G. wilkitzkii, O. nanseni, O. glacialis, P. libellula and C. hyperboreus, and in triacylglycerols of B. saida. We deduce that A. glacialis feeds mainly on ice algae and phytodetritus, G. wilkitzkii and the Onismus spp. feed on calanoid copepods as well as ice algae, whereas P. libellula and especially B. saida feed extensively on calanoid copepods.
Accepted: 17 May 1998 相似文献
2.
This paper reports the results of an investigation of dovekies (Alle alle) breeding at Hakluyt Island in the Thule District, Northwest Greenland. The paper presents a comprehensive examination of
the chick diet of dovekies in the species' most important breeding area. Food delivered to nestlings consisted primarily of
copepods Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis in the copepodite stages IV and V. Themisto libellula, other amphipods, decapods and fish larvae in small numbers were found in the chick diet. The zooplankton in the chick diet
is presented both in terms of numbers and dry weight. The characteristic copepod of high-arctic waters, C. hyperboreus, was found to be the single most important species in the chick diet, contributing approximately 54% of the dry food weight.
The food samples revealed low diversity, and the three species C. hyperboreus, C. glacialis and T. libellula made up 91.5% of the total zooplankton dry weight. The results from this paper are compared with previous dovekie-chick diet
studies.
Accepted: 14 June 2000 相似文献
3.
Summary The amphipods Gammarus wilkitzkii and Onisimus glacialis, which commonly occur in burrows and pockets or near the bottom of the Arctic sea-ice, are euryhaline osmoregulators, displaying regulation of haemolymph concentrations of sodium and chloride. O. glacialis is the most efficient regulator. The amphipod Parathemisto libellula, which seems restricted to the subice fauna, is a stenohaline osmoconformer with no ability to regulate haemolymph concentrations of sodium and chloride. Thus, the physiological measurements made support the observed micro-distribution of the amphipods in relation to the Arctic sea ice. 相似文献
4.
Haakon Hop Christopher J. Mundy Michel Gosselin Andrea L. Rossnagel David G. Barber 《Polar Biology》2011,34(12):1947-1958
Early summer in the Arctic with extensive ice melt and break-up represents a dramatic change for sympagic–pelagic fauna below
seasonal sea ice. As part of the International Polar Year-Circumpolar Flaw Lead system study (IPY-CFL), this investigation
quantified zooplankton in the meltwater layer below landfast ice and remaining ice fauna below melting ice during June (2008)
in Franklin Bay and Darnley Bay, Amundsen Gulf, Canada. The ice was in a state of advanced melt, with fully developed melt
ponds. Intense melting resulted in a 0.3- to 0.5-m-thick meltwater layer below the ice, with a strong halocline to the Arctic
water below. Zooplankton under the ice, in and below the meltwater layer, was sampled by SCUBA divers. Dense concentrations
(max. 1,400 ind. m−3) of Calanus glacialis were associated with the meltwater layer, with dominant copepodid stages CIV and CV and high abundance of nauplii. Less abundant
species included Pseudocalanus spp., Oithona similis and C. hyperboreus. The copepods were likely feeding on phytoplankton (0.5–2.3 mg Chl-a m−3) in the meltwater layer. Ice amphipods were present at low abundance (<10 ind. m−2) and wet biomass (<0.2 g m−2). Onisimus glacialis and Apherusa glacialis made up 64 and 51% of the total ice faunal abundance in Darnley Bay and Franklin Bay, respectively. During early summer,
the autochthonous ice fauna becomes gradually replaced by allochthonous zooplankton, with an abundance boom near the meltwater
layer. The ice amphipod bust occurs during late stages of melting and break-up, when their sympagic habitat is diminished
then lost. 相似文献
5.
Ice amphipod distribution relative to ice density and under-ice topography in the northern Barents Sea 总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3
Haakon Hop Michael Poltermann Ole Jørgen Lønne Stig Falk-Petersen Reinert Korsnes William Paul Budgell 《Polar Biology》2000,23(5):357-367
Arctic ice amphipods are part of the sympagic macrofauna in the Marginal Ice Zone of the northern Barents Sea and represent
an important link from lower to higher trophic levels in some Arctic marine food chains. The species diversity in this area
(1995/1996) consisted of four species: Gammarus wilkitzkii, Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus nanseni and Onisimus glacialis. The larger ice amphipod, G. wilkitzkii, was the most abundant with the highest biomass (>90%), whereas A. glacialis was abundant, but contributed little to the total biomass (<4%). The other two species were found only in small numbers.
Both abundance and biomass of ice amphipods decreased along a latitudinal gradient from north to south across the Marginal
Ice Zone. Their distribution was also related to the under-ice topography with regard to mesoscale structures (edge, flat
area, dome and ridge). Overall, the abundance and biomass on ridges were much higher in comparison to other mesoscale structures,
although edges also showed high abundance, but low biomass. The large G. wilkitzkii was consistently abundant on ridges. The small A. glacialis was predominately associated with edges, but also showed high numbers in dome-shaped areas. The Onisimus species were present in low numbers at all structures, and their biomass contributed <10% on any one structure. The reasons
for different distribution patterns of the dominant amphipod species under Arctic sea ice are probably related to different
requirements of the species, especially for food, shelter and physiological conditions.
Accepted: 27 November 1999 相似文献
6.
Fridtjof Mehlum 《Polar Biology》1997,18(2):116-127
Species associations and affinity to sea ice among arctic marine birds were studied during ship transects in the northern
Greenland and Barents Seas in the period 1980–1984. Associations were investigated at the scale of visual contact, and the
sampling units were 10-min periods, corresponding to a transect length of 1.5–3 km. In the Greenland Sea, three or four of
the most abundant species, fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), little auk (Alle alle), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) and kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, composed a recurrent group in all years. In the Barents Sea, fulmars, Brünnich's guillemots and kittiwakes were most often
clustered. A positive association with sea ice was found in more than one cruise in three seabird species: black guillemots,
ivory gulls and little auks, whereas seven other species showed negative association with ice in more than one cruise. The
observed species associations and affinities to sea ice reflect similarities in diet among the species involved.
Received: 23 February 1994 / Accepted: 12 January 1997 相似文献
7.
Daily ingestion rates of the pelagic hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula were studied in the marginal ice zone of the Arctic Fram Strait by feeding experiments, respiration measurements and an allometric approach based on body mass. Amphipods were collected by stratified multiple opening/closing net hauls and Rectangular Midwater Trawl (RMT 8) in August 2000 during the expedition ARK XVI/2 of R/V “Polarstern”. T. libellula occurred with abundances of 0.043 and 0.015 ind. m−3 in the upper 30 m of the water column at two RMT 8 stations. Based on respiration data, the daily ingestion necessary to cover metabolic energy demands measured 1.9±0.6% of body carbon per day. Actual prey consumption during feeding experiments with Calanus copepodids as prey was very similar and accounted for 1.9±1.5% day−1, indicating that feeding on Calanus can meet the energy demands of T. libellula. In general, experimental results were slightly lower than the maximum potential ingestion (2% day−1 for an individual of median body dry mass of 32 mg) estimated by an allometric equation based on body mass, but feeding experiments showed a strong variability. Reduced metabolism and low ingestion rates of T. libellula are consistent with low ambient temperature, large body size, slow growth and long life span of this polar species. The effect of the active pelagic life style of T. libellula on metabolism and ingestion rate is discussed in comparison to the sympagic (i.e. ice-associated) amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii of similar body size living in the same environment. In relation to the mesozooplankton biomass in the investigation area, the predation impact by T. libellula was low. However, high-Arctic conditions also limit the secondary production of principal prey species, such as Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus, so that even low predation rates may affect the growth of prey populations. 相似文献
8.
Christian Wexels Riser Marit Reigstad Paul Wassmann Elena Arashkevich Stig Falk-Petersen 《Polar Biology》2007,30(6):719-730
The balance between faecal pellet (FP) production and destruction that accelerates or diminishes vertical export has an effect
on pelagic-benthic coupling, but is inadequately known. Production, export and retention of copepod FP were investigated in
the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the northern Barents Sea in July 2003. Older stages of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis dominated the copepod biomass and FP production experiments revealed that more than 90% of the FP were produced in the upper
50 m where most of the copepods were located both day and night. Copepod pellets typically made up ∼10% of the vertical particulate
organic carbon flux, and significantly less than what was produced by the copepod community. This implies a variable but significant
retention of pellets. We suggest that retention of FP is caused partly by the zooplankton themselves and that retention of
FP is the rule rather than the exception in the Barents Sea, particularly during non-bloom scenarios. 相似文献
9.
Spatial distribution and life-cycle timing of zooplankton in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea during the summer melt season in 1995 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Falk-Petersen S; Pedersen G; Kwasniewski S; Hegseth E; Hop H 《Journal of plankton research》1999,21(7):1249-1264
The marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the northern Barents Sea is ecologically
important because it represents a highly productive area in Arctic water
masses north of the Polar Front. During a multi-disciplinary cruise in
1995, ecological and oceanographic processes were investigated at four
stations located in a north-south transect in the MIZ. This study was
carried out in Arctic water masses north of the Polar Front where ice
conditions varied from dense first-year pack ice to open water. Also, the
phytoplankton development varied along the transect from a pre-bloom
situation at the northern-most station to a post-bloom situation in the
open water. This paper includes a study of the zooplankton community and
population structure of some of the dominant copepod species. Numerically,
the most important mesozooplankton components were the copepods
Calanus glacialis, Pseudocalanus minutus and
Oithona similis. Copepods of Atlantic origin, such as
Calanus finmarchicus and Oithona
atlantica, gave evidence of an advection of Atlantic water
masses into the area. It is concluded that the occurrence of new cohorts of
Arctic copepods coincides with the onset of the phytoplankton bloom in the
MIZ, and, that therefore, the spawning relies on stored energy.
相似文献
10.
Paul E. Renaud Jørgen Berge Øystein Varpe Ole Jørgen Lønne Jasmine Nahrgang Camilla Ottesen Ingeborg Hallanger 《Polar Biology》2012,35(3):401-412
During a recent period of increased influx of warm Atlantic water to the western coast of Svalbard, we have observed a northward
expansion of boreal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) into areas dominated by the native polar cod (Boreogadus saida). To determine the potential impact of new ecological interactions, we studied the diet of co-occurring juvenile gadoids
in fjords, open water, and sea ice around Svalbard. We also reviewed the available literature on polar cod feeding in different
habitats across the Arctic to determine whether region, habitat, or fish size may influence diet. Feeding by polar cod in
the pelagic zone was size dependent, with small fish primarily consuming Calanus spp. and smaller copepods, with an increasing ration of Themisto spp. at larger sizes. In benthic habitats, diets were more varied and included considerably more unidentified material and
sediment. Less than 40% dietary overlap was detected among the three species when they were found together. Stable isotope
analyses indicated these patterns were representative of longer-term assimilation. The low interspecific dietary overlap suggests
little direct competition. Future increases in abundance and the high predation potential of the boreal taxa, however, may
impact the persistence of polar cod on some Arctic shelves. 相似文献
11.
The Barents Sea is an important area with respect to fisheriesresources (i.e. capelin and cod). In May, June and August 1981zooplankton biomass was measured along a transect at 30°E,from the ice border southwards. A maximum was recorded in Atlanticwater by the end of June (>100 g wet weight m2 InAugust the biomass values were relatively low south of the Polarfront and increased northwards into Arctic water (50g m2 The species composition was influenced by the distributionof cold Arctic water and warmer Atlantic water. The zooplanktonwas dominated by the copepods Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis;the former is regarded as an Atlantic species and C. glacialisas an Arctic species. 相似文献
12.
M. Poltermann 《Polar Biology》2001,24(2):89-96
The amphipod species Gammarus wilkitzkii, Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus nanseni and O. glacialis live permanently associated with the Arctic sea ice. Qualitative and semi-quantitative investigations of gut contents and
faeces showed that all four species use detritus as the main food source. Detrital lumps from the underside of sea ice had
the same item composition as amphipod gut contents and faeces. Crustacean remains and ice algae were additional food items,
but overall they were quantitatively less important. All species are omnivorous; however, differences in gut contents, behavioural
observations and functional–morphological studies of the mandibles suggest a differentiation within this feeding strategy.
G. wilkitzkii is a detritivorous-carnivorous-necrophagous-suspension-feeding species and shows the most complex feeding strategy. O. nanseni and O. glacialis are predominantly detritivorous-necrophagous, whereas A. glacialis is characterised as a more herbivorous-detritivorous species. By using a variety of the available food sources under Arctic
sea ice, the amphipods are well adapted to the under-ice habitat and are less influenced by temporal and spatial variations.
Furthermore, the wide food spectrum of all four species reduces the intra- and interspecific competition in a habitat where
certain food sources are limited or only seasonally available.
Accepted: 30 June 2000 相似文献
13.
The feeding habits of harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) in the Barents Sea were examined in studies conducted during June 1991, September 1990 and 1991, and October 1992. Analyses of stomach and intestinal contents were carried out and concurrent estimates of prey abundance were made using trawl gear. Harp seals appeared to feed at low intensity in the pack ice belt during the first half of June. There was little potential prey in the water column, but prawns (Pandalus borealis), capelin (Mallotus villosus) and polar cod (Boreogadus saida) were abundant close to the bottom. In September, the seals sampled in the northern pack ice areas of the Barents Sea fed on the pelagic amphipod Parathemisto libellula, krill (Thysanoessa spp.), prawns and, to a lesser extent, on fish species such as polar cod, sculpins (Cottidae) and snailfish (Liparidae). Trawling revealed that large quantities of Parathemisto libellala were present in the upper layers of the water column. Fish, mainly capelin and polar cod, were less abundant and occurred in deeper waters. In mid-October, the diet of seals in the northern Barents Sea consisted mainly of amphipods (Parathemisto sp.). Later in October, when increasing pack ice cover forced the harp seals to move south, the diet seemed to change from amphipods to fish prey, predominantly capelin and polar cod. 相似文献
14.
Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida) occur throughout the circumpolar north; however, their distributions at localized scales are not well understood. The seasonal habitat associations and diet preferences across life-history stages of this keystone species are also poorly known, thereby impeding effective regulatory efforts in support of conservation objectives. The distribution of Arctic Cod in the Canadian Beaufort Sea was assessed using bottom trawling in shelf and slope habitats between 20 and 1000 m depths. Highest catch biomasses occurred at 350 and 500 m depth slope stations, coinciding with >0 °C temperatures in the Pacific–Atlantic thermohalocline and Atlantic water mass. Calanus glacialis, Calanus hyperboreus, Themisto libellula, and Themisto abyssorum were identified as key prey species in the diet of Arctic Cod, comprising approximately 86 % of total biomass in guts. Hierarchical cluster analysis with a SIMPROF test identified five statistically significant (p < 0.05) diet groups among gut samples. Arctic Cod shifted from a primarily Calanus diet at shelf stations (<200 m depth) to a Themisto diet in slope habitats (>200 m depth) coinciding with an associated increase in fish standard length with depth. Smaller Arctic Cod fed primarily on Calanus copepods and larger Arctic Cod fed primarily on the larger Themisto species. The habitat and diet associations presented here will inform knowledge of structural and functional relationships in Arctic marine ecosystems, aid in mitigation and conservation efforts, and will enhance our ability to predict the effects of climate change on the local spatial and depth associations of this pivotal marine fish. 相似文献
15.
Summary The composition of lipid classes and their component fatty acid are described for copepodite stages III, IV, V, and adult females of Calanus glacialis sampled from Arctic waters of the Barents Sea during summer. Was esters were the principal component of the lipid in all copepodite stages examined, averaging 73% over all the stages. The proportion of triacylglycerols varied from 1.5% to 10.5% of total lipid among copepodite stages. The lipids of adult females contained lower levels of wax esters and higher levels of triacylglycerols than copepodite stages III, IV and V. Fatty alcohols of wax esters from copepods sampled in June and July were dominated by 20:1 (n-9) and 22:1 (n-11) alcohols with the proportion of 20:1 (n-9) increasing from stages III to adult female. 14:0 and 16:0 alcohols were the principal fatty alcohols of wax esters of a sample comprising mainly of copepodites stage III taken in August. 16:1 (n-7), 20:1 (n-9) and 20:5 (n-3) were the major fatty acids in the was esters of animals captured in June and July whereas 18:1 (n-9) predominated in the August sample. The polar lipids of the copepodite stage III from August also contained lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids than from all stages of copepods from June and July. The data are discussed in relation to life cycle strategies and trophic aspects of Calanus glacialis in the Arctic pelagic community of the Barents Sea. 相似文献
16.
17.
Abundance, biomass and small-scale distribution of cryopelagic amphipods in the Franz Josef Land area (Arctic) 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
M. Poltermann 《Polar Biology》1998,20(2):134-138
Arctic sea ice is inhabited by several amphipod species. Abundance, biomass and small-scale distribution of these cryopelagic
(=ice associated) amphipods were investigated near Franz Josef Land in summer 1994. The mean abundance of all species was
420 ind./m2; the mean biomass was 10.61 g ww/m2. Gammarus wilkitzkii was the dominant species, whereas Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus nanseni and O. glacialis were only scarcely found. Amphipods were concentrated at the edges of ice floes and were less frequent in areas further away
under the ice. The relationship between the distribution and ecological/physiological requirements of cryopelagic amphipods,
as well as the small-scale morphology of Arctic sea ice, are discussed.
Received: 14 January 1998 / Accepted 14 April 1998 相似文献
18.
Jang-Seu Ki Hans-Uwe Dahms Il-Chan Kim Heum Gi Park Haakon Hop Jae-Seong Lee 《Polar Biology》2011,34(10):1559-1569
The information on the biology and ecology of the Arctic sea ice-associated amphipods (Apherusa glacialis, Gammarus wilkitzkii, Onisimus glacialis, and O. nanseni) has increased, but their molecular taxonomic information still remains undisclosed. In the present study, we investigated
long-range DNA sequences spanning 18S to 28S rDNA of these four sea ice-associated amphipods and analyzed their genetic relationships
with other amphipod taxa. Variations of rDNA within the individuals of the same species were not detected. Phylogenetic analyses
showed that each ice amphipod was separated, forming clusters with other conspecifics. Pairwise comparisons led to similar
phylogenetic results, showing that the molecular taxonomy of the ice amphipods was in accordance with morphological systematics.
In addition, these findings suggest that all four amphipods have little genetic variation compared with their morphologically
defined conspecifics from temperate regions. Based on DNA taxonomy, G. wilkitzkii was supported as a species in good standing, refuting a recent synonymization with Gammarus duebeni. Considerably low genetic divergences of O. glacialis and O. nanseni in 18S, ITS, and 28S rDNA suggest the presence of population distinctions within species. 相似文献
19.
Distribution of 0-group cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in August–September 2005 and 2006 was mainly restricted to the Atlantic waters of the western and central areas of the Barents
Sea. The main distribution of 0-group fish overlapped largely with areas of high biomass (>7 gm−2 dry weight) of zooplankton. The copepod Calanus finmarchicus and krill Thysanoessa inermis, which are dominant zooplankton species in both Atlantic and boreal waters of the Barents Sea, were the main prey of 0-group
cod and haddock. The main distribution, feeding areas and prey of 0-group cod and haddock overlapped, implying that competition
for food may occur between the two species. However, though their diet coincided to a certain degree, haddock seems to prefer
smaller and less mobile prey, such as Limacina and appendicularians. As 0-group fish increased in size, there seems to be a shift in diet, from small copepods and towards
larger prey such as krill and fish. Overall, a largely pelagic feeding behaviour of 0-group cod and haddock was evident from
this study. 相似文献
20.
Ingestion rates and selectivity of the Arctic pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula were studied experimentally in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, 78°N) during the summer period. Feeding incubations were conducted
on naturally occurring copepod communities at different concentrations ranging from 25 to 250 preys L−1. The ingestion rates increased with food availability from 1.3 to 17.7 preys ind−1 day−1, which corresponded to 0.3–11% of body carbon day−1. Despite the high prey concentration used in the experiments the satiation level was not reached. We suggested that T. libellula is able to take the maximum benefit from dense patches of preys, which represent a good adaptation to the high variability
in food supply characteristic of polar environment. Copepodids stage III of Calanus spp. appeared to be the preferred preys of T. libellula. Smaller copepods such as Oithona similis and Pseudocalanus spp., were also selected but only when their relative abundance exceeded 25% of the total prey available. The potential predation
impact of T. libellula is discussed in relation to the mesozooplankton small-scale patchiness and predator abundance. 相似文献