PEX慢病毒载体构建及其在293FT细胞中的分泌表达

目的 构建含人MMP-9信号肽-MMP-2-PEX片段的重组慢病毒,并在293FT细胞中分泌表达PEX蛋白.方法 利用RT-PCR、基因重组等技术,构建含MMP-9信号肽-MMP-2-PEX片段的重组慢病毒表达载体pBPLV-signal-PEX,在脂质体介导下与包装质粒（pLP1、pLP2）、包膜质粒（pLP/VSVG）共转染293FT细胞,包装产生慢病毒并进行滴度测定.慢病毒感染2931;3＂细胞后,Western印迹法检测293FI＂细胞培养上清中PEX的表达.结果 酶切和DNA测序表明慢病毒表达载pBPLV-signal-PEX构建正确,四质粒共转染293FT细胞成功获得慢病毒;慢病毒感染293FT细胞后,在细胞培养卜清中可检测到PEX蛋白的表达.结论 成功构建了含人PEX的重组慢病毒,在体外有效感染293fT细胞并持续分泌表达目的 蛋白,为进一步研究PEX在肿瘤侵袭与转移中的作用提供实验基础.     

食管鳞状细胞癌中MMP-9、CD-147的表达及意义

目的：探讨基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）和CD-147在食管鳞状细胞癌的表达及其与肿瘤浸润转移的关系。方法：应用免疫组化S-P法观察57例食管鳞癌组织中MMP-9、CD-147的表达,并探讨其与食管鳞癌临床病理资料的关系。结果：MMP-9、CD-147在癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为82．46％,64．91％;在癌旁组织中的阳性表达率分别是29．82％,8．77％。在食管鳞癌中,MMP-9及CD-147的表达均与食管鳞癌的浸润深度有关,与分化程度无明显关联;有淋巴结转移的病例阳性表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组。结论：MMP-9及CD-147的表达均与食管鳞癌的浸润深度及淋巴结转移有关。     

重组蛋白融合信号肽在大肠杆菌周质空间表达的研究进展

重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达时,往往面临着形成包涵体的问题,而重组蛋白若是分泌至周质空间则基本解决了这一问题,周质空间的周质蛋白不仅能帮助重组蛋白正确折叠还有利于二硫键的生成。信号肽是一段由15-30个氨基酸组成,被融合在重组蛋白N端的短肽,按照结构、功能的不同可以划分为N区、H区和C区,具有引导重组蛋白转运至细胞周质空间的作用。本文综述了信号肽的结构组成、作用机理和基本分泌途径,讨论了信号肽的高效转运和筛选方法,总结了在大肠杆菌中重组蛋白融合信号肽实现周质表达的新进展,并对未来高效信号肽选择方面的研究进行了探讨。     

MMP-2及MMP-9与主动脉疾病相关性的研究进展

基质金属蛋白酶是一类可降解细胞外基质的蛋白酶,基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9为明胶酶,可降解细胞外基质中的胶原蛋白及弹性蛋白,其动态平衡对维持细胞外基质的稳定具有重要意义。主动脉的细胞外基质是主动脉中层重要的组成部分,细胞外基质成分的改变可导致主动脉中层结构的损伤,在主动脉疾病的发生、发展过程中起着重要作用。主动脉基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9的表达失衡可引起主动脉中层细胞外基质的降解,导致主动脉中层结构的损伤,从而促进主动脉疾病的发生。同时,主动脉疾病也可导致血浆中MMP-2、MMP-9浓度的升高。本文对近年来基质金属蛋白酶与主动脉疾病相关性的研究及进展作一综述,为心血管疾病发生机制的研究和治疗提供文献依据。     

颞下颌关节紊乱患者关节液中MMP-3 和MMP-9表达的临床意义

目的:研究颞下颌关节紊乱(TMD)患者关节液中基质金属蛋白酶-3(MMP-3)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平变化及临床意义,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法:选取2013年4月到2016年4月我院收治的TMD患者60例,根据患者病变程度分为炎性疾病组(n=21例)、结构紊乱组(n=18例)、骨关节病组(n=21例),另选取同期健康志愿者30例为对照组采集研究者的关节液标本并应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫法检测关节液标本中MMP-3和MMP-9的水平。结果:骨关节病组MMP-3和MMP-9水平显著高于结构紊乱组、炎性疾病组和对照组,结构紊乱组、炎性疾病组显著高于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),结构紊乱组与炎性疾病组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:关节液中MMP-3和MMP-9水平随着TMD病变程度增加而明显升高,能在一定程度上反应颞下颌关节病严重程度。     

利用骨骼肌细胞高效表达人基质金属蛋白酶-9

为探讨利用培养的骨骼肌细胞表达人基质金属蛋白酶的可行性,利用PCR和DNA重组技术构建人mmp-9-myc-his/pcDNA3基因表达载体,转染成肌细胞QM-7,G418筛选阳性转染子.诱导细胞分化成肌管后,收集细胞培养上清.经Western印迹检测,表达产物分子量为93kD,与蛋白标准品对照推测表达量约10~15mg/L.利用Ni-NTA琼脂糖从1L培养上清中纯化到4~6mgMMP-9纯品,纯化效率约50%.经明胶酶谱检测,表达蛋白可以降解明胶.这些结果表明所表达的MMP-9具有生物活性,为以MMP-9为靶分子的特异拮抗剂和/或药物的筛选、MMP-9定量检测试剂盒的开发以及MMP-9的功能研究奠定了基础;以鹌鹑成肌细胞QM-7作为外源蛋白脊椎动物细胞表达体系具有表达量高、经济等优点,有可能进一步研究开发成为新的外源重组蛋白脊椎动物细胞表达体系.     

降钙素基因相关肽对LPS诱导肺泡巨噬细胞分泌MMP-9的影响

目的：探讨降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）对经脂多糖（LPS）诱导大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的影响及其机制。方法：对经LPS诱导的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞给予不同浓度的CGRP干预,并同时设置对照,分别收集上清液,采用明胶酶谱法测定LPS、CGRP或二者联合干预后大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌MMP-9的变化。结果：①正常肺泡巨噬细胞仅分泌少量MMP-9,各浓度CGRP对其分泌无影响,但经LPS诱导后MMP-9的分泌均明显升高（P〈0．01）;②不同浓度的CGRP干预呈剂量依赖方式降低LPS诱导的肺泡巨噬细胞MMP-9的分泌（P〈0.01）。③CGRP下调LPS诱导的肺泡巨噬细胞MMP-9分泌的作用可为蛋白激酶C阻断剂H-7及钙调蛋白阻断剂W-7部分逆转（P〈0.05）。结论：CGRP可明显下调LPS诱导的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞MMP-9活性,其机制与蛋白激酶C及钙调蛋白信号途径有关。     

重组CC16蛋白对慢性阻塞性肺疾病小鼠肺组织结构及MMP-9和TIMP-1表达的影响

目的研究重组大鼠CC16(rCC16)蛋白质对减轻慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)小鼠模型肺组织损伤的作用,及对肺组织中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP)-1表达的调节作用。方法将40只清洁级C57BL/6小鼠随机分为4组,分别为空白组、COPD模型组、rCC16剂量组1和剂量组2。除空白组外,其余小鼠均采用吸烟3月法制备COPD模型,从第3月开始空白组和模型组给予PBS滴鼻,rCC16剂量组1和剂量组2分别给予1μg/g体重和2.5μg/g体重的rCC16滴鼻干预。观察各组小鼠精神状态、饮食情况、体重变化及大小便情况等,H&E染色观察各组小鼠肺组织形态结构变化,荧光定量聚合酶链式反应、免疫组织化学法检测MMP-9和TIMP-1信使RMA(mRNA)和蛋白质的表达变化。结果空白组小鼠体重随饲养周期增大,COPD组小鼠体重较空白组明显减轻,rCC16干预组后,干预组2小鼠体重逐周增大,但干预组1小鼠体重增加较缓慢,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);COPD模型组小鼠肺组织结构明显破坏,肺泡间隔增宽,部分形成肺气肿,rCC16干预组后,小鼠肺部的肺泡结构趋于完整,肺大泡的形成也减少;COPD模型组小鼠肺组织MMP-9和TIMP-1的表达均明显高于空白组(P<0.05);rCC16干预后,均可降低MMP-9和TIMP-1的表达,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),rCC16对MMP-9的降低作用具有剂量依赖性,而对TIMP-1的调节不呈剂量依赖性。结论 rCC16滴鼻干预可以减轻COPD小鼠肺组织的损伤,降低肺组织中MMP-9和TIMP-1的表达,对COPD的治疗具有积极意义。     

胃癌组织中MMP-7和TIMP-1的表达及意义

目的:探讨基质金属蛋白酶-7(MMP-7)及其组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)与胃癌发生发展的关系.方法:采用免疫组化技术检测46例胃癌组织和相应癌旁组织中MMP-7和TIMP-1的表达,结合病人临床病理资料进行综合分析.结果:胃癌组织中MMP-7阳性表达率(60.87%)显著高于相应癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其表达与淋巴结转移(P<0.05)相关.胃癌组织中TIMP-1的阳性表达率(93.48%)明显高于相应癌旁组织(63.04%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其表达与淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05).结论:MMP-7与胃癌的侵袭转移有关,TIMP-1有可能成为评价胃癌恶性生物学行为的指标.     

信号肽优化在枯草芽孢杆菌体系中对脂肪酶LipS分泌表达的影响

枯草芽孢杆菌具有良好的安全性和优异的外分泌能力,是目前常用的脂肪酶异源分泌表达体系。在枯草体系中如何提高脂肪酶分泌量是目前的研究热点。该体系中信号肽与目的基因不匹配和目标蛋白总表达量不高是导致脂肪酶LipS分泌表达效果较差的重要原因。针对这些问题,依据信号肽结构特征的不同(正电荷与疏水氨基酸个数的差异)对枯草芽孢杆菌体系中Sec和Tat这两个主要分泌途径的信号肽进行了筛选,结果显示Tat途径中的phoD信号肽分泌效果明显优于其他信号肽。在此基础上,通过替换使用诱导型表达载体、突变优化phoD信号肽,并考察了表达条件的影响,显著提高了脂肪酶LipS的分泌表达量,发酵液中转酯酶活达到62.07U/L,占总酶活的62.30%,较原始分泌表达体系的分泌量提高了13.7倍。     

PEX12 interacts with PEX5 and PEX10 and acts downstream of receptor docking in peroxisomal matrix protein import

Peroxisomal matrix protein import requires PEX12, an integral peroxisomal membrane protein with a zinc ring domain at its carboxy terminus. Mutations in human PEX12 result in Zellweger syndrome, a lethal neurological disorder, and implicate the zinc ring domain in PEX12 function. Using two-hybrid studies, blot overlay assays, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments, we observed that the zinc-binding domain of PEX12 binds both PEX5, the PTS1 receptor, and PEX10, another integral peroxisomal membrane protein required for peroxisomal matrix protein import. Furthermore, we identified a patient with a missense mutation in the PEX12 zinc-binding domain, S320F, and observed that this mutation reduces the binding of PEX12 to PEX5 and PEX10. Overexpression of either PEX5 or PEX10 can suppress this PEX12 mutation, providing genetic evidence that these interactions are biologically relevant. PEX5 is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein and previous PEX5-binding proteins have been implicated in docking PEX5 to the peroxisome surface. However, we find that loss of PEX12 or PEX10 does not reduce the association of PEX5 with peroxisomes, demonstrating that these peroxins are not required for receptor docking. These and other results lead us to propose that PEX12 and PEX10 play direct roles in peroxisomal matrix protein import downstream of the receptor docking event.     

鼠OAZ1基因的真核表达质粒的构建及其在COS7细胞中的表达

构建鼠OAZ1基因真核表达质粒,观察OAZ1-GFP融合蛋白在绿猴肾细胞COS7中的表达。利用RT-PCR的方法获得鼠OAZ1基因,再利用重叠延伸PCR缺失掉OAZ1序列中的205位碱基T,由此获得无需阅读框移码即可编码全长OAZ1的突变基因。将此突变基因克隆入真核表达载体pEGFP-N1获得重组质粒pEGFP-N1-OAZ1-T。将此质粒瞬时转染COS7后,采用RT-PCR,Western blotting,免疫荧光技术观察检测目的基因的表达情况。结果显示,酶切和测序证明质粒pEG-FP-N1-OAZ1-T构建正确,转染COS7细胞后,OAZ1-GFP融合蛋白能在细胞中高效表达。成功构建了pEGFP-N1-OAZ1-T真核表达质粒,在COS7细胞内,该质粒能成功指导OAZ1-GFP融合蛋白合成。     

Novel proteins interacting with peroxisomal protein receptor PEX7 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Peroxisomal matrix protein transport relies on 2 cytosolic receptors, PEX5 and PEX7, which import peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) and PTS2-containing proteins, respectively. To better understand the transport mechanism of PEX7, we isolated PEX7 complexes using proteomics. We identified PEX5 as well as PTS1- and PTS2-containing proteins within the complex, thereby confirming the interaction between PEX5 and PEX7 during cargo transport that had been previously characterized by biochemical approaches. In addition, a chaperone T-complex and 2 small Rab GTPases were identified. We recently reported that the RabE1c is involved in the degradation of the PEX7 when abnormal PEX7 is accumulated on the peroxisomal membrane. This study expands our knowledge on the transport machinery via PEX7 by identifying both known and novel PEX7-interacting proteins and thus is helpful for further investigation of the regulation of the peroxisomal protein receptor during its translocation.     

PEX5 protein binds monomeric catalase blocking its tetramerization and releases it upon binding the N-terminal domain of PEX14

Newly synthesized peroxisomal matrix proteins are targeted to the organelle by PEX5. PEX5 has a dual role in this process. First, it acts as a soluble receptor recognizing these proteins in the cytosol. Subsequently, at the peroxisomal docking/translocation machinery, PEX5 promotes their translocation across the organelle membrane. Despite significant advances made in recent years, several aspects of this pathway remain unclear. Two important ones regard the formation and disruption of the PEX5-cargo protein interaction in the cytosol and at the docking/translocation machinery, respectively. Here, we provide data on the interaction of PEX5 with catalase, a homotetrameric enzyme in its native state. We found that PEX5 interacts with monomeric catalase yielding a stable protein complex; no such complex was detected with tetrameric catalase. Binding of PEX5 to monomeric catalase potently inhibits its tetramerization, a property that depends on domains present in both the N- and C-terminal halves of PEX5. Interestingly, the PEX5-catalase interaction is disrupted by the N-terminal domain of PEX14, a component of the docking/translocation machinery. One or two of the seven PEX14-binding diaromatic motifs present in the N-terminal half of PEX5 are probably involved in this phenomenon. These results suggest the following: 1) catalase domain(s) involved in the interaction with PEX5 are no longer accessible upon tetramerization of the enzyme; 2) the catalase-binding interface in PEX5 is not restricted to its C-terminal peroxisomal targeting sequence type 1-binding domain and also involves PEX5 N-terminal domain(s); and 3) PEX14 participates in the cargo protein release step.     

Mechanistic Insights into PTS2-mediated Peroxisomal Protein Import: THE CO-RECEPTOR PEX5L DRASTICALLY INCREASES THE INTERACTION STRENGTH BETWEEN THE CARGO PROTEIN AND THE RECEPTOR PEX7*

The destination of peroxisomal matrix proteins is encoded by short peptide sequences, which have been characterized as peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) residing either at the C terminus (PTS1) or close to the N terminus (PTS2). PTS2-carrying proteins interact with their cognate receptor protein PEX7 that mediates their transport to peroxisomes by a concerted action with a co-receptor protein, which in mammals is the PTS1 receptor PEX5L. Using a modified version of the mammalian two-hybrid assay, we demonstrate that the interaction strength between cargo and PEX7 is drastically increased in the presence of the co-receptor PEX5L. In addition, cargo binding is a prerequisite for the interaction between PEX7 and PEX5L and ectopic overexpression of PTS2-carrying cargo protein drastically increases the formation of PEX7-PEX5L complexes in this assay. Consistently, we find that the peroxisomal transfer of PEX7 depends on cargo binding and that ectopic overexpression of cargo protein stimulates this process. Thus, the sequential formation of a highly stable trimeric complex involving cargo protein, PEX7 and PEX5L stabilizes cargo binding and is a prerequisite for PTS2-mediated peroxisomal import.     

Peroxisomal protein PEX13 functions in selective autophagy

PEX13 is an integral membrane protein on the peroxisome that regulates peroxisomal matrix protein import during peroxisome biogenesis. Mutations in PEX13 and other peroxin proteins are associated with Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) disorders, a subtype of peroxisome biogenesis disorder characterized by prominent neurological, hepatic, and renal abnormalities leading to neonatal death. The lack of functional peroxisomes in ZSS patients is widely accepted as the underlying cause of disease; however, our understanding of disease pathogenesis is still incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that PEX13 is required for selective autophagy of Sindbis virus (virophagy) and of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) and that disease‐associated PEX13 mutants I326T and W313G are defective in mitophagy. The mitophagy function of PEX13 is shared with another peroxin family member PEX3, but not with two other peroxins, PEX14 and PEX19, which are required for general autophagy. Together, our results demonstrate that PEX13 is required for selective autophagy, and suggest that dysregulation of PEX13‐mediated mitophagy may contribute to ZSS pathogenesis.     

Structural requirements for interaction of peroxisomal targeting signal 2 and its receptor PEX7

The import of a subset of peroxisomal matrix proteins is mediated by the peroxisomal targeting signal 2 (PTS2). The results of our sequence and physical property analysis of known PTS2 signals and of a mutational study of the least characterized amino acids of a canonical PTS2 motif indicate that PTS2 forms an amphipathic helix accumulating all conserved residues on one side. Three-dimensional structural modeling of the PTS2 receptor PEX7 reveals a groove with an evolutionarily conserved charge distribution complementary to PTS2 signals. Mammalian two-hybrid assays and cross-complementation of a mutation in PTS2 by a compensatory mutation in PEX7 confirm the interaction site. An unstructured linker region separates the PTS2 signal from the core protein. This additional information on PTS2 signals was used to generate a PTS2 prediction algorithm that enabled us to identify novel PTS2 signals within human proteins and to describe KChIP4 as a novel peroxisomal protein.     

原核表达人MMP-2PEX片段对乳腺癌细胞BICR-H1的生长及转移的抑制

目的:克隆表达人源基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)的C－端类血红素结合域片段PEX,在鸡胚脲囊膜模型上研究PEX对血管发生,乳腺癌BICR-H1的生长及转移抑制作用。方法:构建人源PEX的原核表达载体pET-28a(+)-PEX-His,转化大肠杆菌BL21DE3-pLys,异丙基β-D硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导PEX蛋白;包涵体蛋白经尿素变性后,通过Ni-NTA 琼脂糖鏊合柱纯化、复性蛋白;观察其对人脐静脉血管内皮细胞增殖和鸡胚脲囊膜血管生长的影响;用带有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的腺病毒感染高转移人乳腺癌细胞BICR-H1,接种细胞到10日鸡胚脲囊膜上致瘤,通过静脉注射不同剂量PEX后,观察瘤重、体积和肺转移。结果:5~30μg经原核表达纯化的人PEX蛋白能有效抑制人脐静脉血管内皮细胞增殖能力,表现为时间和剂量依赖效应,并可抑制鸡胚脲囊膜血管发生。BICR-H1的生长及转移在10μg PEX作用时可得到有效抑制,30μg时则完全抑制,未见有肿瘤在接种部位的形成,更未观察到肺脏的转移灶。结论:原核表达纯化的人源PEX具有抑制血管生成、进而抑制乳腺癌BICR-H1细胞的生长和转移作用,是潜在的抗血管发生治疗肿瘤药物,有进一步研发价值。     

Efficient Secretion of Recombinant Proteins from Rice Suspension-Cultured Cells Modulated by the Choice of Signal Peptide

Plant-based expression systems have emerged as a competitive platform in the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. By adding a signal peptide, αAmy3sp, the desired recombinant proteins can be secreted outside transgenic rice cells, making them easy to harvest. In this work, to improve the secretion efficiency of recombinant proteins in rice expression systems, various signal peptides including αAmy3sp, CIN1sp, and 33KDsp have been fused to the N-terminus of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and introduced into rice cells to explore the efficiency of secretion of foreign proteins. 33KDsp had better efficiency than αAmy3sp and CIN1sp for the secretion of GFP from calli and suspension-cultured cells. 33KDsp was further applied for the secretion of mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) from transgenic rice suspension-cultured cells; approximately 76%–92% of total rice-derived mGM-CSF (rmGM-CSF) was detected in the culture medium. The rmGM-CSF was bioactive and could stimulate the proliferation of a murine myeloblastic leukemia cell line, NSF-60. The extracellular yield of rmGM-CSF reached 31.7 mg/L. Our study indicates that 33KDsp is better at promoting the secretion of recombinant proteins in rice suspension-cultured cell systems than the commonly used αAmy3sp.     

Characterization of Recombinant Human Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Expressed in COS Cells

The expression vector containing the full-length cDNA of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) was transfected in COS cells by a modified calcium phosphate coprecipitation method. The cells transfected with plasmids that had a true direction of the cDNA gave a major immunoreactive band at 50 kDa. This expressed enzyme catalyzed the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) and L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine. The optimal pH of the enzyme activity with L-DOPA as a substrate was 6.5, whereas the enzyme had a broad pH optimum when L-5-HTP was used as a substrate. Addition of pyridoxal phosphate to the incubation mixture greatly enhanced the activity for both L-DOPA and L-5-HTP.