菰和菖蒲对富营养化水体净化效率的比较

研究了菰〔Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Stapf〕、菖蒲(Acorus calamusL.)及它们的复合体系对富营养化水体的净化效果。结果表明,菰和菖蒲在供试富营养化水体中均能正常生长,二者单独种植体系或等量混合种植体系对富营养化水体均有一定的净化能力。单独种植的菰和菖蒲及二者的混合种植体系对供试水体中总氮的去除率分别为92.8%、92.7%和94.9%;对氨氮的去除率分别为95.5%、97.4%和96.6%;对总磷的去除率分别为83.9%、94.3%和84.7%;对CODCr的去除率分别为83.0%、85.5%和86.7%。单独种植的菖蒲对总磷的去除效果明显好于单独种植的菰和二者的混合种植体系。菰和菖蒲的混合种植体系对富营养化水体的净化效果与单独种植体系无明显差异。     

水体泥沙对菖蒲和石菖蒲生长发育的影响

三峡库区消落带植物恢复不仅面临长期淹水逆境,还面临高水位落差、反季节消落等环境因素的胁迫。菖蒲和石菖蒲是库区常见的两种湿生植物,探讨它们在泥沙水体中的生长发育,有利于为三峡库区消落带植被恢复的物种选择提供科学依据。用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60和90NTU的浑浊水体,8月将菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)和石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii S.)植株分别种植于上述水体中,翌年4月统计植株的萌发数、叶长、叶宽、叶片数,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定叶片的快速光响应曲线。结果表明,各浊度组植株的萌发率与对照组相同,30NTU组石菖蒲和菖蒲的植株数显著多于对照组,且石菖蒲的植株数随水体浊度增加呈增多趋势,而菖蒲的植株数呈相反趋势。石菖蒲和菖蒲30NTU组植株的叶长、叶宽以及总叶片数、总叶长均显著大于对照组;石菖蒲60NTU组和90NTU组植株的叶长、叶宽和总叶长显著小于对照组(P<0.05),而菖蒲60NTU组的叶长、叶宽和叶片数显著大于对照组(P<0.01),90NTU组植株的叶长、叶宽和叶片数与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),且菖蒲60NTU组和90NTU组植株的总叶片数和总叶长均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。由快速光响应曲线可知,在较高光强照射下各浊度组植株的光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)和相对电子传递速率(rETR)均显著降低,但在低光下各浊度组植株的qP、qN和rETR均显著高于对照组,且菖蒲对低光的耐受范围大于石菖蒲。因而,菖蒲和石菖蒲均能长期生长于浅(0.9m)的悬浮泥沙水体中,具有一定的耐淹能力。     

5种湿地植物对生活污水净化效果研究

选择芦苇、水葱、千屈菜、扁秆藨草、长苞香蒲5种常见湿地植物分别构建人工湿地小试系统,测试它们对生活污水的净化作用,分析污水净化过程中氮磷元素在植物体内和土壤中的动态分布,以明确各湿地植物对污水的综合净化能力。结果表明:（1）5种湿地植物对生活污水中的CODcr、铵态氮、总氮和总磷的去除效果显著高于无植物对照;随处理时间延续,污水中CODcr、铵态氮、总氮和总磷浓度均呈下降趋势,定植土壤中的总氮和总磷含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。（2）5种植物能够吸收污水中89.7%～97.9%的磷元素,污水中剩余的磷元素量较少（2.1%～10.3%）;污水中氮元素在植物体、污水和土壤中分布因植物种类不同有很大差别,芦苇、水葱和长苞香蒲可吸收污水中76.1%～83.4%的大部分氮元素,而千屈菜和扁秆藨草对氮元素吸收量较少（分别为45.0%和46.8%）,在污水和土壤中滞留的氮元素较多（21.7%～31.6%）。（3）5种植物对氮元素的积累能力显著大于对磷元素的积累能力;5种湿地植物对生活污水的综合净化能力差异较大,从强到弱依次为芦苇＞长苞香蒲＞水葱＞扁秆藨草＞千屈菜。     

菖蒲对污水净化作用的探索与实践

采集菖蒲等本地常见的4种湿地植物,用娄底市四处水样分别进行水培实验、金鱼生存实验和COD与总氮含量测定,定性、定量地测定了菖蒲净化污水的效果,并提出了水源治理的立体生态模型。     

一种净化水体的植物——石菖蒲

石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii)产于中国黄河以南地区,印度、泰国、越南等国也有。其生态地理分布十分局限,仅见于山溪中有水花飞溅的石面上。周围的伴生植物除苔藓外,有时可见苔草(Carex spp.)丛生。据此而论,似乎这种天南星科植物是洁净水体的偏爱者。为了了解它对污染水质的耐受能力,我们进行了室内养植试验。     

黄菖蒲叶片对水分的生物学响应及其净化水质作用

为解决漓江流域水质下降和生态系统退化的关键问题,开展黄菖蒲抗逆性以及水质净化作用研究,为漓江水陆交错带生态修复的植物选择提供科学依据。采用盆栽试验,研究了黄菖蒲在不同基质内不同淹水胁迫下的叶片生长情况,共设5个处理,并在全土基质中开展净化水质实验。结果表明:随着水淹深度的增加,黄菖蒲叶片数明显下降;半淹处理对黄菖蒲生长最有利;水淹时间对黄菖蒲叶片数、叶长、叶宽与叶面积有极显著影响;黄菖蒲叶片长度、宽度和叶片数随淹水处理没有明显差异,基质对黄菖蒲的生长无显著差异;水分比基质对黄菖蒲生长影响大;种植黄菖蒲处理后pH减小为中性,在一定程度上可以净化水质,但对氮磷的净化效果不明显。     

两栖榕在人工湿地的生长特性及其对污水的净化效果

研究了两栖榕在潜流型人工湿地的生长特性及其对污水的净化效果。一年多的实验表明,生长在人工湿地的两栖榕具有发达的侧根和不定根,保持正常的净光合速率,蒸腾速率,根系活力生长速率。两栖榕人工湿地对TN,TP,CODCr和BOD5的去除率分别为54．2％、40．9％、72．4％和74．3％,与无植物系统相比较,去除率分别提高了17％、12％、10％和11％,此外,两栖榕人工湿地系统中,水力停留时间对去除率果有一定影响。     

土壤逐渐干旱对菖蒲生长及光合荧光特性的影响

在土壤逐渐干旱过程中,连续测定典型湿地植物菖蒲生长发育状况及叶片叶绿素荧光参数,结果表明:短期内(实验第O-3天)土壤水分含量下降(土壤含水率自53.86％下降至42.6％)有利于菖蒲生长,干旱组菖蒲叶片Fv/ Fm、Yield、qP显著高于对照组(实验期间土壤平均含水率为53.49±0.6％)(P＜0.05),qN则低于对照组;随着土壤进一步干旱(土壤含水率自42.6％下降至18.02％,实验第3-9天),菖蒲叶片qN值则由0迅速上升至0.403,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),Fv/Fm值与对照相比无显著差异(P＞0.05),叶片保持较高的热耗散以维持光合结构PSⅡ保持正常,并能以降低叶片含水率、叶面积(叶片卷曲避光)减少水分蒸腾及降低根系含水率促进水分吸收的方式进行自我保护;随着土壤干旱程度加剧(土壤含水率自18.02％下降至4.5％、实验第9-12天),菖蒲叶片Fv/ Fm、yield、qP值显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),qN值降为0,光合结构PSⅡ受到损坏,第11天、12天,叶片含水率分别降至75.79％和68.78％,此时菖蒲也逐步以自小叶片至大叶片的顺序枯萎衰亡,表明在土壤水分快速下降过程中过高的生物量将不利于菖蒲保持水分,而80％左右的叶片含水率是维持菖蒲存活的临界值.     

磷对藻类生长及污水净化的影响

在室内模拟氧化槽中比较研究了污水中不同磷含量及氮磷比例对藻类生长及污水净化的影响。原污水中氮含量均为20mg/L,磷含量分别为1.25、2.50、5、10mg/L,结果发现原污水中的N/P为20/2.5时,藻类净生产量最高,污水净化效果最好。     

中国西南部菖蒲属的细胞学研究，兼论菖蒲的细胞地理

通过对中国西南部3种菖蒲属（Acorus L.）植物（菖蒲A.calamus L.、石菖蒲A.tatarinowii Schott和金钱蒲A.gramineus Soland.）的细胞学研究,发现分布在运动及四川的9个菖蒲居群中,有5个居群为四倍体（2n=4x=44）,4个居群为六倍体（2n=6x=66）。其中四倍体见于滇南及川西南;六倍体见于滇中及滇西北,并为首次报道。在云南及贵州分布的石菖蒲及金钱蒲5个居群均为二倍体。讨论了菖蒲分布区从二倍本、三倍体、四倍体和六倍体4种不同倍性居群的分布规律和可能的演化关系,六倍体居群的产生很可能喜马拉雅造山运动有关。     

Cytological Study on Acorus L. in Southwestern China,with Some Cytogeographical Notes on A. calamus

Chromosome counts of three Acorus species ( A. calamus L., A. tatarinowii Schott and A.　gramineus Soland.) were performed in the Southwestern China. Both A. tatarinowii and A. gramineus shared the same chromosome numbers 2n=24. Populations of A.calamus in South and Southwestern Yunnan are tetraploids (2n=44) while those in the central and northwestern Yunnan being hexaploids (2n=66). The hexaploids are reported here for the first time. Attention was drawn to the ploidy pattern in A.calamus . It seems that the hexaploids were evolved from their ancestors during the early Tertiary as an impact of orogenesis of the Himalayas.     

Lindane degradation by root epiphytic bacterium Achromobacter sp. strain A3 from Acorus calamus and characterization of associated proteins

Abstract

Lindane degrading root epiphytic bacteria were isolated from wetland plant Acorus calamus. Bacterial strain A3 identified as Achromobacter sp. A3, showed maximum degradation potential of 88.7?±?1.24% for 50?mg?l^?1 lindane. Lindane biodegradation was followed by decrease in pH as well as increase in concentration of chloride ions in the culture medium. Lindane degradation potential of Achromobacter sp. A3 was also studied at different concentrations of lindane. Maximum degradation was at 10?mg l^?1 followed by 50?mg l^?1 and 100?mg l^?1 lindane. Also, lindane induced proteins were studied using SDS-PAGE. The induced proteins were identified as alpha/beta hydrolase fold-3 domain-containing protein, involved in lindane hydrolysis and extracellular solute-binding family protein having role in transmembrane transport of lindane for utilization of lindane by bacteria. The appearance of unique polypeptides in lane corresponding to media supplemented with lindane showed that the exposure of bacterial cells to lindane has resulted in regulative expression of certain proteins. So far as known, this is the first report to isolate and study lindane degrading root epiphytic bacteria from A. calamus.     

菖蒲幼苗对Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力分析

研究了菖蒲（Acorus calamus L．）幼苗对不同浓度Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力。结果表明,随Cd浓度的提高（0～25mg·L^-1）,菖蒲幼苗的株高、根长、干质量、叶绿素含量和对Cd的耐性指数均逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高;各处理组的SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且以15mg·L^-1Cd处理组最高。随胁迫时间延长（1—10d）,叶绿素含量持续下降,而SOD和POD活性及脯氨酸含量则先升高后下降。菖蒲幼苗体内Cd含量随Cd浓度的提高而增加,根系对Cd的富集能力高于地上部分。在Cd胁迫条件下,菖蒲幼苗对Cd的转移系数小于1,根系对Cd的滞留率为89．5％-93．9％,表明菖蒲幼苗根系对Cd有较强的滞留作用和富集能力。     

Isolation and characterization of insecticidal activity of (Z)-asarone from Acorus calamus L.

The insecticidal activity of Acorus calamus L. rhizome‐derived material against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was examined by using repellency method and contact toxicity. The biologically active constituent of the A. calamus rhizome was separated and identified. The results showed that the ethanol extract of A. calamus had strong repellency and contact effect to S. zeamais and the active constituent of the A. calamus was characterized as (Z)‐asarone by spectroscopic analysis. Responses from the tests varied with exposure times and doses. In the repellency test, ethanol extract of A. calamus had 93.92% repellency at 629.08 μg/cm² but only 71.38% at 157.27 μg/cm² 12 h after treatment. As a contrast, (Z)‐asarone showed 84.50% repellency at 314.54 μg/cm² and 77.02% at 78.63 μg/cm² 12 h after treatment. In the filter paper diffusion test, ethanol extract of A. calamus caused 95.56% and 17.78% mortality to S. zeamais at 314.54 μg/cm² and 78.63 μg/ cm² 4 days after treatment, while (Z)‐asarone brought about 100.00% and 15.56% mortality at 40.89 μg/cm² and 15.73 μg/cm² respectively. These results indicate that the insecticidal activity of the A. calamus extract may be due to (Z)‐asarone.     

石菖蒲与马蹄莲幼苗结构的比较解剖学研究

菖蒲属的分类和系统地位近两个世纪以来一直存在较大的争议。以菖蒲属的石菖蒲及马蹄莲属的马蹄莲为代表进行幼苗的比较解剖学研究,从幼苗结构的视角为菖蒲属独特的分类及系统地位提供证据。研究发现石菖蒲幼苗的子叶节区下部为较原始的“工”字形中始式的单中柱,而马蹄莲为散生中柱;石菖蒲根的维管柱为2—8原型星状中柱,马蹄莲为2—5原型星状中柱。石菖蒲根的内皮层细胞壁为马蹄形五面加厚;而马蹄莲为凯氏带四面加厚。石菖蒲细胞内的晶体为柱状晶,而马蹄莲为针晶。此外在子叶吸器的结构和其它贮藏物等方面也存在差异。据此认为菖蒲属应从天南星科中分出并单独成科;同时支持菖蒲属位于单子叶植物基部较孤立的系统地位。     

A Novel Tropoloisoquinoline Alkaloid,Neotatarine, from Acorus calamus L.

A novel tropoloisoquinoline alkaloid, neotatarine ( 1 ), was isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the rhizome parts of Acorus calamus L. The chemical structure was unambiguously elucidated by spectroscopic and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Neotatarine ( 1 ) exhibited significantly inhibitory activity against Aβ_{25 – 35} induced PC12 cell death with 2, 4 and 8 μm comparing with the assay control (P < 0.01).