湘鄂边境地区茅口组上段褐藻类化石的发现及其意义

本文扼要地叙述湘鄂边境地区下二叠统茅口组上段含碳硅质泥岩(石煤)中褐藻类化石的发现,定名为拟墨角藻(来定种)Quasifucus sp.,并由此推测藻类是形成石煤的一种主要物质成分。     

江苏六合冶山早寒武世金臂虫(Bradoriida)

1974年以来,笔者对湖北均县习家店寒武纪地层和三叶虫进行了专题研究,在下、中寒武统建立4个新组名。本文主要就习家店寒武纪三叶虫动物群进行描述,计15属、25种,其中包括4个新种、9个未定种,另有3个属种名称不能确定。本区的下寒武统由黑色岩系组成。下部杨家堡组,厚53m,由下而上进一步分为硅质岩段,炭质板岩-石煤段和硅质板岩段三个岩性段,硅质岩段平行不整合于上震旦统白云岩之上。上部岩屋沟组,岩性单一,由含炭质粉砂质     

藏药翁布挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从藏药翁布嫩枝叶中提取挥发油,用GC-MS技术对其化学成分进行分析,用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。翁布挥发油中共鉴定出90种化合物,主要成分为脂肪烃24种(30.11%)、酯类11种(16.6%)、芳香烃15种(17.31%)、脂肪醇类4种(4.26%)、醚类2种(0.5%)、酮类3种(0.28%)、醛类6种(0.96%)、芳香醇3种(2%)、噻唑类3种(1.75%)、酚类5种(1.55%)、脂肪酸8种(2.06%)、醇类2种(1.25%)、萜类1种(0.15%)、酰胺类3种(1%)。     

Comin牌检测试剂盒

简介苏州科铭生物技术有限公司自主研发、生产和销售Comin牌检测试剂盒,目前拥有26个系列200种常用测定指标330种检测试剂盒,其中辅酶Ⅰ(NAD)系列(15种)、辅酶Ⅱ(NADP)系列(16种)、维生素C系列(7种)、脂肪酸系列(15种)、淀粉系列(13种)、蔗糖系列(17种)、P450系列(10种)、土壤系列(14种)和转氢酶系列(2种)是市场上独家拥有的试剂盒。详情请登录本公司网站查询,或者致电本公司申请纸质版本产品手册。     

广东象头山国家级自然保护区野生保健植物资源调查

据调查,广东象头山国家级自然保护区共有野生保健植物39科56属84种,其中裸子植物2科2属3种,双子叶植物34科50属75种,单子叶植物3科4属6种。主要分布于蔷薇科Rosaceae(13种)、桑科Moraceae(5种)、冬青科Aquifoliaceae(3种)、忍冬科Caprifoliaceae(3种)、蝶形花科Papilionacea(3种)、蓼科Polygonaceae(3种)、茜草科Rubiaceae(3种)、越桔科Vacciniaceae(3种)、马鞭草科Verbenaceae(3种),主要分布属有悬钩子属Rubus(6种)、冬青属Ilex(3种)、忍冬属Lonicera(3种)、菝葜属Smilax(3种)、乌饭树属Vaccinium(3种)。对该区保健植物资源情况、生活型、利用部位等进行分析,并结合保护区的实际情况提出开发利用建议。     

福建九阜山野生芳香植物资源及其开发利用

对福建省尤溪县九阜山省级自然保护区野生芳香植物资源进行调查,结果表明,该区共有野生芳香植物47科91属132种,占福建省芳香植物89科306属758种的52.8%、29.7%和17.4%。优势科有樟科(22种)、蔷薇科(10种)、兰科(10种)、唇形科(9种)、菊科(7种)、木兰科(5种)、木犀科(4种)、芸香科(3种)、报春花科(3种)、桑科(3种)、金镂梅科(3种);优势属有山胡椒属(6种)、樟属(4种)、润楠属(4种)、蔷薇属(4种)、蒿属(4种)、木姜子属(3种)、石楠属(3种)、珍珠菜属(3种)。开发利用价值较大的种类有马尾松、草珊瑚、鱼腥草、山苍子、樟树、黄绒润楠、刨花润楠、乌药、黄丹木姜子、胡颓子、石荠苎、枫香、金樱子、黄栀子、金银花与艾蒿等。对该区野生芳香植物的种类组成、芳香部位、生活型、分布以及开发利用途径进行了分析,并提出开发利用对策。     

中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布（附表）

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论.     

广东南岭大型真菌区系地理成分特征初步分析

对广东南岭自然保护区内的大型真菌区系进行了初步分析.结果:种类最多的科是多孔菌科共有62种(占总种数的18.7%);第二为口蘑科共有42种(占总种数的12.7%) ; 第三是红菇科共28种(占总种数的8.6%).含10种或以上依次为牛肝菌科(20种)、伞菌科 (19种)、鹅膏科(15种)、炭角菌科(15种)、麦角菌科(13种)、粉褶蕈科(12种)和丝膜菌科(11种).种数(包括种下单位)10种以上的属有6属(占总属数的4.4%)共有种类77种(占全部种数的23.3%),它们依次是红菇属Russula(18种)、鹅膏属Amanita (14 种)、虫草属Cordyceps(13种)、炭角菌属Xylaria(11种)、粉褶蕈属Entoloma(11种) 、乳菇属Lactarius(10种);种数(包括种下单位)2～9种的属有54属(占总属数的39.7 % );仅含1个种的属有76属(占了总属数的55.9%).从属的区系地理成分上可分为:①广布成分(62.5%)、②泛热带成分(16.2%)、③热带亚洲-热带美洲成分(2.2%)、④热带亚洲 -热带非洲成分(0.7%)、⑤北温带成分(15.4%)、⑥地中海区-西亚至中亚成分(1. 5% )、⑦东亚-北美洲成分(1.5%).表明了南岭自然保护区的大型真菌属是以广布成分为主(62.5%),其中热带成分与北温带成分比较接近.     

广州市花地湾市场宠物两栖动物调查

通过对广州市花地湾花鸟鱼虫市场两栖类宠物贸易进行为期3年27次调查,共记录贸易两栖类类44种,隶属2目16科35属。有尾目(Caudata)2科7属8种,钝口螈科(Ambystomatidae)1属2种,蝾螈科(Salamandridae)6属6种;无尾目(Anura)14科28属36种,铃蟾科(Bombinatoridae)1属1种,蟾蜍科(Bufonidae)3属3种,角花蟾科(Ceratophryidae)2属5种,其中1种为杂交种,丛蛙科(Dendrobatidae)2属4种,雨蛙科(Hylidae)3属5种,非洲树蛙科(Hyperoliidae)1属1种,角蟾科(Megophryidae)2属2种,姬蛙科(Microhylidae)5属6种,澳雨蛙科(Pelodryadidae)1属1种,叶泡蛙科(Phyllomedusidae)1属1种,负子蟾科(Pipidae)1属1种,箱头蛙科(Pyxicephalidae)1属1种,蛙科(Ranidae)2属2种,树蛙科(Rhacophoridae)3属3种。分布于国内的两栖类16种,外来物种共28种。受保护种类26种,所占比例达59.09%。讨论了两栖类宠物贸易对国内外珍稀濒危种类保护的压力、对生态系统的压力和对两爬类研究的影响。     

贵州麻山地区宗地乡苗族聚集地野生植物资源利用分析

运用民族植物学研究方法,对贵州宗地乡苗族聚集地野生植物资源利用进行了分析。结果发现:当地常用野生植物有83 种, 隶属42 科,较多的为菊科12 种(14.46%)、百合科6 种(7.23%)、禾本科5 种(6.02%)、蔷薇科5 种(6.02%)。以根、茎、皮、叶、花、果实、芽、全株利用为主的植物,分别有7 种(8.43%)、33 种(39.76%)、3 种(3.61%)、26 种(31.33%)、2 种(2.41%)、19 种(22.89%)、5 种(6.02%)和16 种(19.28%)。食用植物有26 种(31.33%);药用植物有37 种(44.58%);建材植物有12 种(14.46%);饲料植物有9 种(10.84%);工艺植物有6 种(7.23%);纤维植物有5 种(6.02%);染料植物有3 种(3.61%);油料植物有2 种(2.41%);仪式用植物和娱乐植物各有1 种(1.20%)。具三种利用类型的植物有6 种(7.23%);具两种利用类型的植物有12 种(14.46%)。研究表明,宗地乡苗族野生植物利用跟这些植物的生物学特性、喀斯特生境和当地苗族文化密不可分,需要进一步加强整理与挖掘。     

On the nature of the horny scales of the pangolin

The pangolin scale is a horny derivative of the epidermis. It is complex in structure and is divisible into three distinct regions. The dorsal plate forms approximately one-sixth of the scale thickness. It is composed of flattened solid keratinized cells without basophilic nuclear remnants. This region tends to fray easily. The dorsal plate contains bound phospholipids and sulphydryl groups but is weak in disulphide bonds.
The bulk of the scale is made up of the intermediate plate formed of less flattened cells without basophilic nuclei. This region is rich in disulphide bonds but contains no appreciable bound phospholipids or sulphydryl groups.
The ventral plate is only a few cells thick and is rich in bound phospholipids, which also occur in the underlying scale bed epidermis.
These three regions of the scale are formed from separate epidermal germinal areas which do not develop a granular layer. Keratohyalin granules are, however, formed in the epidermis between the scales.
It is suggested on the basis of histological structure and dishribution of chemical constituents that pangolin scales are probably homologous with primate nails.
Evidence against the views that they are homologous with reptilian scales or are derived from compressed hairs is presented.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the brain in the newborn

On 50 brains of newborns of either sex, the exterior and interior morphology was studied. The exterior morphology of the brain was conformable to the configuration of the skull. The insula is relatively large, but extremely inadequately grooved. The subcortical masses are well pronounced but there is in general a very slight difference between the white and gray matter of the brain. The convolutions and grooves of the cerebellum are very distinctly marked, the nucleus dentatus is large and white matter is prevalent. The brain stem is rather well formed, distinctly plastic, this being particularly true for the region of the rhomboid fossa and medulla oblongata.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

Dissymmetry of the origins of the roots of the spinal cord in the dog

The spinal cord in 25 non-inbred dogs has been studied macro-microscopically. The dissymmetry in the arrangement level in the right and left root bases on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord is much greater than on the ventral surface. The same as in the human being, the dissymmetry is the greatest in the thoracic part (as compared to other spinal parts). On the ventral surface of the spinal cord both along the anterior and posterior margin of the root bases, there is a right-sided dissymmetry (with cranial shift); on the dorsal surface it is present only at the roots along the posterior margin. The dissymmetry of the dog spinal cord is quantitatively estimated along its whole extension.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the origin of the genetic code and the stability of the translation apparatus

An “error theory” is developed which can be applied to determine the stability of a macromolecular translation machinery which reproduces itself. It is shown that the overall effects of a multitude of possible error versions of macromolecules can be treated statistically, and that such a statistical approach is of considerable usefulness in the theoretical treatment of complex macromolecular systems. The theory is developed within the context of a detailed treatment of the “frozen accident” hypothesis for the origin of the genetic code. A model is described which permits some thermodynamic characterization of the components involved in the code nucleation. The model also proves useful in resolving a stability “paradox” described by Orgel, which relates to the translation stability in present-day organisms and mechanisms of ageing. It indicates that any experimentally found decrease in translation accuracy with age is probably not due to an inherent instability in the translation apparatus. Relevant experiments are suggested.     

Glycosylation of the Escherichia coli TibA Self-Associating Autotransporter Influences the Conformation and the Functionality of the Protein

The self-associating autotransporters (SAATs) are multifunctional secreted proteins of Escherichia coli, comprising the AIDA-I, TibA and Ag43 proteins. One of their characteristics is that they can be glycosylated. Glycosylation of AIDA-I and Ag43 have been investigated, but not that of TibA. It is still not clear whether glycosylation of the SAATs affect their structure or their functionality. Therefore, we have looked at the effects of glycosylation on the TibA adhesin/invasin. TibA is glycosylated by TibC, a specific glycosyltransferase, and the two genes are encoded in an operon. In this study, we have found that the glycosylation of TibA is not limited to the extracellular functional domain, as previously observed with AIDA-I and Ag43. We have determined that unglycosylated TibA is not able to promote the adhesion of bacteria on cultured epithelial cell, even though it is still able to promote invasion, biofilm formation and autoaggregation of bacteria. We have purified the glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of TibA, and determined that TibA is less stable when not glycosylated. We finally observed that glycosylation affects the oligomerisation of TibA and that unglycosylated TibA is locked in a conformation that is not suited for adhesion. Our results suggest that the effect of glycosylation on the functionality of TibA is indirect.     

Study on the morphology of the gall-bladder of the goat

200 gall-bladders of goat were studied for histology and histochemistry. The lining epithelium is tall columnar with striated border. The glands are mucous and serous, and the secretion of both surface and glands is a polyssaccharide-protein complex. The regional differences at neck, body and fundus of the gall-bladder are described. Few enterochromaffin cells with granules, which are PAS-positive and contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, are encountered at the wedge between the granular epithelial cells and the cells lining the crypts. The relationship between these cells and lymphocytic infiltration is discussed. The thick circular muscle layer at the neck region is considered a sphincter of the gall-bladder.     

Unusual structure of the biliary system in the liver of the grass carp and the silver carp

It is known that the bile canaliculus in the liver of almost all vertebrates is made up of membranes of two or more adjacent liver cells. Studying the liver cell ultrastructure of lasting and fed grass carp and silver carp, it was demonstrated that a bile canaliculus is formed by deep invagination of a cell membrane of one hepatocyte. The membrane forms microvilli along the bile canaliculus. The bile canaliculus is seen in the centre of liver cell cytoplasm on the cross section and stretches from the centre of the liver cell cytoplasm to the cell membrane on the longitudinal section. The bile canaliculus is connected with a small duct cell, which is distinct from a liver cell in its small size, little amount of cell organelles and the presence of cytoplasmic filaments. The terminal part of the biliary tract consists of one liver cell and one bile duct cell. The part of the tract adjacent to the terminal one is composed of two or three small bile duct cells devoid of basal membrane. Thus, the liver parenchyma is constituted of a net of numerous bile ducts. In the portal tract, there is a large bile duct, consisting of 12-13 bile duct cells, surrounded by basal membrane and connective tissue cells.