云南海口早寒武世褐藻化石新知

主要报道了产自云南海口耳材村早寒武世筇竹寺组玉案山段澄江生物群中的褐藻化石－拟点叶藻（Punctariopsis latifolia gen.et sp.nov.)简单拟点叶藻（Punctariopsis simplex gen.etsp.nov.)和古德带藻（Vendotaenia cf.antiqua Gnilovskaya)3种。这些化石丰富了澄江生物群物种的多样性,为研究该群生物爆发性演化提供了新的证据。同时通过对现生褐藻和褐藻化石形态学的比较研究,表明化石属和现代属在系统演化上可能有较密切的亲缘关系,并进一步证明了澄江生物群在云南海口地区发生于一个潮间带和亚潮带的海水环境。     

苏木科植物上的拟茎点霉新种及中国新纪录种

报道了苏木科植物上的两个拟茎点霉 Phomopsis 新种：羊蹄甲生拟茎点霉 Phomopsis bauhinicola 和决明生拟茎点霉 Phomopsis cassiicola ,和两个中国新记录种：羊蹄甲拟茎点霉 Phomopsis bauhiniae 和决明拟茎点霉 Phomopsis cassiae 。新种附有拉丁文、英文描述和显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(HMA)。     

中国近海叶海兔属一新种和一新记录(无楯目:海兔科)

叶海兔属Petalifera Gray,1847是海兔科Aplysiidae的一群小型种类,除了分布于地中海,大西洋的Petalifera petalifera Rang,1828曾被认为是环热带分布种外,见于世界各热带、亚热带海域潮间带—潮下带浅水区的海草间、石头下。在我国,张玺(1935)报道过分布于黄、渤海区,生活在潮间带大叶藻Zostera marina上的一种斑叶海兔Petalifera punctulata。作者在青岛沿岸潮间带大叶藻上又发现2种,一种是分布于日本南部沿岸的枝叶海兔Petalifera ramosa,在我国为首次记录、另一种命名为青岛斑叶海兔Petalifera qingdaonensis是新种。     

苏木科植物上的拟茎点霉新种及中国新纪录种

报道了苏木科植物上的两个拟茎点霉 Phomopsis 新种:羊蹄甲生拟茎点霉 Phomopsis bauhinicola 和决明生拟茎点霉 Phomopsis cassiicola , 和两个中国新记录种:羊蹄甲拟茎点霉 Phomopsis bauhiniae 和决明拟茎点霉 Phomopsis cassiae 。新种附有拉丁文、英文描述和显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室 (HMA) 。     

点叶菊属,中国菊科一新归化属

报道了中国菊科的新归化属种:点叶菊属(Porophyllum Guettard)点叶菊([P.ruderale(Jacquin)Cassini]。点叶菊属原产于美洲,这是本属植物在我国境内归化的首次记录。该种在许多地方表现出入侵性,建议加强动态监测。     

扶桑绵粉蚧的过冷却点和体液结冰点测定

本文测定了扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley除卵期以外其它各虫态的过冷却点和结冰点.结果表明,该虫过冷却点以1龄若虫最低,为-24.02℃;雄虫预蛹次之,为-22.13℃;雄虫蛹、雄虫2龄若虫、雌虫3龄若虫、雄成虫、雌虫2龄若虫、雌成虫过冷却点逐渐升高,分别为-21.08℃、-20.25℃、-19.05℃、-18.42℃、-17.91℃、-16.89℃.体液结冰点也以1龄若虫最低,为-23.2℃;雄虫预蛹次之,为-19.09℃;雄虫蛹、雄虫2龄若虫、雌虫3龄若虫、雌虫2龄若虫、雌成虫、雄成虫体液结冰点逐渐升高,分别为-16.64%、-15.81℃、-13.92℃、-13.20℃、-12.85℃、-12.79℃.试验结果表明扶桑绵粉蚧过冷却点低,耐寒性较强,可能适宜在中国北部更广泛的区域生存.     

广东省草本花卉上的拟茎点霉新种和新记录种

报道了采自草本花卉上的一个拟茎点霉Phomopsis新种(千日红拟茎点霉Ph.gomphrenae)和两个中国新记录种(风仙花拟茎点霉Ph.impatientis与埋生拟茎点霉Ph.immersa)。新种千日红拟茎点霉的甲乙型分生孢子不论长度还是宽度均小于之前报道的两个拟茎点霉,并且缺少第三种分生孢子。新种附有拉丁文描述及显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(SCHM)。     

点地梅属的分子系统学、生物地理学和垫状形态的趋同进化

报道了青藏高原地区的点地梅属Androsace L.及羽叶点地梅属Pomatosace Maxim.共14种29个居群的ITS与trnL-F DNA序列各27与25条;并结合已报道相关种类的有关序列,构建了“点地梅群”的分子系统发育树。研究发现“点地梅群”的4个属为一单系类群,含有两个稳定的分支：一支全部由点地梅属的种类组成,另一支分别由羽叶点地梅属、Douglasia Lindley、Vitaliana Sesler和9种点地梅属植物组成;点地梅属裂叶组sect. Samuelia Schlechtd.的3个种与点地梅组sect. Androsace的2个种在3套序列分析中位于不同的系统位置。各分支基部的种都分布在中国东南部及青藏高原东部,分子地理标记的结果支持形态学提出该地区为“点地梅群”植物起源地的假设。从青藏高原东部地区向欧洲及其他北半球地区存在不同时期内多个进化支的多次扩散。粗略的时间估算表明该群植物可能是在第三纪的中新世以来才开始发生的。垫状种类分别在青藏高原和欧洲独立起源,而在青藏高原地区的分化要早于在欧洲的分化,在前一地区可能与青藏高原自中新世开始发生的造山运动、形成高海拔的山地有关,而在后一地区则是与第三纪末至第四纪的冰期气候反复波动有关。垫状植物在青藏高原上的大规模分布则可能较晚,与冰期结束后全新世晚期气候再次变冷有关。一些物种种内的遗传分化也可能部分反映了气候来回波动中它们在高原上的退缩和再扩张过程     

中国特有属——羽叶点地梅属的细胞学研究

本文首次对中国特有的羽叶点地梅属Pomatosace Maxim．进行了细胞学研究。羽叶点地梅P. filicula Maxim．的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为复杂染色中心型和中间型;染色体数目为2n=20,核型公式为2n=18m+2sm;染色体大小介于6.4μm至4.1 μm之间;核型不对称性为2A型。细胞学证据支持羽叶点地梅属与点地梅属相近的观点。     

中国大陆的梅衣科地衣Ⅶ.缘点梅属

最近世界42位著名地衣学家和分子生物学家基于分子、形态和化学综合证据承认和接受了梅衣类属群中的27个属,影响很大。被承认和接受的27属中包括仅由4个种组成的、由梅衣属中一亚属提升为属级单位的Nipponoparmelia。作者首次将Nipponoparmelia的汉语名称称为缘点梅属。报道中国缘点梅属4种地衣,简述了每个种的表型特征(形态、化学、分布)。订正了作者以前使用的名称Parmotrema pustulatum(Elix&Bawingan)O.Blanco,A.Crespo,Divakar,Elix&Lumbsch,这个种的正确名称应是Parmotrema neopustulatum Kurok.。     

Acrochaete marchantiae comb. nov. and Trichothyra irregularis gen. et sp. nov. with notes on other species of small filamentous green algae from St. Lucia (West Indies)

Nine species of small, filamentous green algae were identified from St. Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles. Observations were made on field-collected material and isolates obtained in unialgal culture. Acrochaete marchantiae (Setchell & Gardner) comb. nov. has been transferred from Pringsheimiella marchantae Setchell & Gardner. Trichothyra irregularis is described as a new genus and species, Blastophysa arrhiza Wille and B. polymorpha Kjellman are considered synonyms of B. rhizopus Reinke, and Phaeophila polymorpha Jao is considered synonym of P. dendroides (Crouan) Batters. These species were associated with a wide variety of substrate, including other algae, corals, rocks, and wood, with little apparent host specificity. All of the species recorded are new records for St. Lucia and five species are new records for the Caribbean.     

Seasonal patterns of abundance,distributions, and phenology in relation to growth strategies of three Sargassum species

Seasonal patterns of abundance of Sargassum johnstonii Setchell & Gardner, S. herporhizum Setchell & Gardner, and S. sinicola Setchell & Gardner var. camouii (Dawson) Norris & Yensen were observed in the northern Gulf of California where mean monthly sea temperatures range annually from < 14 °C to nearly 30 °C. The three species displayed peaks in size, canopy cover, and fertility in the spring, in between periods of seasonal temperature extremes. Larger plants were the first to develop reproductive structures, suggesting that a threshold in size must be reached before plants become fertile. Fertile receptacles were shed in summer. S. sinicola var. camouii retained a greater portion of its primary stipes during the summer dieback than the other two species and showed a second peak in fertility in fall. Whereas tropical Sargassum are most abundant in winter and temperate-zone Sargassum are most abundant in summer months, the Gulf of California species achieve maximum size and fertility in between seasons of extreme temperatures. A long-term decline in abundance of Sargassum was observed at the study site between 1977 and 1981, possibly due to the detrimental effects on Sargassum of anomalously warm sea temperatures in the Gulf of California in 1978 or to the subsequent effects of warm temperature on food webs in the region.     

A CANDID ASSESSMENT OF SYSTEMATICS IN THE LAMINARIALES: MUDDLED MORPHOLOGIES AND SKETCHY SEQUENCES

Algae of the Alariaceae, Laminariaceae and Lessoniaceae are the largest, most complex, and, arguably, most fascinating of the seaweeds. It is, therefore, a profound paradox that these species remain in taxonomic chaos despite the contemporary emphases on systematics. Setchell and Gardner established the classification system in 1925, recognizing these families on the basis of clear morphological features. At that time, however, they acknowledged that some species had features consistent with placement in two families, or that obscured logical placement in any of the families. Ironically, the problems noted by Setchell and Gardner have been ignored and the system has become entrenched in kelp literature. Initial molecular studies highlighted the shortcomings noted by Setchell and Gardner, and further indicated that little of the morphology-based system was natural. It was obvious that the diagnostic morphological features, presence or absence of sporophylls and ontogenetic splitting, were 'noisy' being gained and lost independently many times in kelp evolution. Despite the insights of the initial molecular studies, they had limitations and key relationships remained unresolved. The investigations used the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) of the ribosomal cistron that have phylogenetic limitations owing to their short length, which is exacerbated by the many variable regions that can't be aligned confidently and must be removed prior to phylogenetic analyses. Many molecular publications have appeared subsequent to the first ITS results, and their contribution towards elucidating kelp phylogeny will be assessed. Current investigations using the Large Subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) for kelp systematics will also be discussed.     

New species, observations, and a list of new records of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) from the Hawaiian Islands

Two new species of brown algae (Phaeophyceae), Padina moffittiana Abbott et Huisman, sp. nov. and Cutleria irregularis Abbott et Huisman, sp. nov., are described from the Hawaiian Islands (between 19°04′N, 155°35′W and 28°25′N, 178°20′W). In addition, the new combination Cutleria canariensis is proposed for Aglaozonia canariensis. New observations are presented on Nereia intricata Yamada, a species described 67 years ago and known only from its type specimen. New records of a further 14 species are given for the Hawaiian Islands. These 17 taxa bring the total number of species of brown algae recorded for the Hawaiian Islands to 55, an increase of 28%. Of the 15 new records, two are recent ‘accidental’ introductions: Dictyota flabellata (Collins) Setchell et Gardner and Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt from California. Six records are notable because of their great distances from previously known collections: Nereia intricata Yamada from the Ryukyu Is., Japan; Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum (Meneghini) Hauck, from the Adriatic, Mediterranean, warm Atlantic and southern Australia; Distromium flabellatum Womersley, Spatoglossum macrodontum J. Agardh, and Sporochnus moorei Harvey, from Australia; Desmarestia ligulata (Lightfoot) Lamouroux from temperate and colder waters in the Pacific and Atlantic. A comparison with some Japanese species of Padina confirms that Padina japonica Yamada should be subsumed with Padina sanctae‐crucis Børgesen, as proposed earlier.     

Intertidal distribution of infauna in a central California lagoon: the role of seasonal blooms of macroalgae

This study examined the roles of seasonal blooms of green algae, Ulva expansa (Setchell) Setchell et Gardner, and biotic disturbance by burrowing ghost shrimp, Callianassa gigas Dana, and foraging rays, on the intertidal distributions of a phoronid, Phoronopsis viridis Hilton, and a tellinid bivalve, Macoma nasuta (Conrad). Algal removal experiments in 1984 and 1986 demonstrated that heavy seasonal algal cover in the lower zone significantly reduced the abundances of both Phoronopsis and Macoma. Growth of Macoma transplanted into the algal zone was significantly lower in plots with algal cover than in plots regularly cleared of algae. Algal cover did not significantly affect early recruitment of either Phoronopsis or Macoma. Neither ghost shrimp nor rays appeared to reduce the abundances of phoronids or clams, although ray disturbance did result in a significant increase in the proportion of phoronids regenerating dorsal body parts. These results indicate that seasonal algal blooms are capable of producing discrete patterns of infaunal distribution in intertidal sedimentary habitats.     

NOTES ON SEVERAL MYRIONEMATACEAE FROM CALIFORNIA USING CULTURE STUDIES1

A revision of several of the Myrionemataceae described by Setchell & Gardner in 1922 from the Pacific Coast of North America has been undertaken. Collections at different seasons, on different substrates, and comparisons with the types and isotype material, as well as culture studies, show that many of these species are merely different stages of a few algae. Twenty-seven species or forms have been grouped into 4 species and several changes of genus have been made. Life histories observed are simple, generally asexual except for Hecatonema streblonematoides, which shows a “Microsyphar”- like gametophyte.     

Morphology and life history of Scytosiphon canaliculatus comb. nov. (Scytosiphonales,Phaeophyceae) from Japan*

Morphology of field material and life history in culture were studied in Scytosiphon canaliculatus (Setchell et Gardner) comb. nov. from northern Japan. Erect gametophytes of S. canaliculatus are cylindrical, tubular, up to 7 mm wide and 40 cm long, and without regular constrictions. S. canaliculatus has pronounced anisogamy and ascocysts accompanied with plurilocular gametangia. The life history of S. canaliculatus showed an alternation between erect gametophytes and crustose prostrate sporophytes bearing unilocular sporangia. Since field sporophytes of S. canaliculatus were found to be identical with Hapterophycus canaliculatus Setchell et Gardner (Ralfsiaceae, Phaeophyceae), it is proposed to transfer H. canaliculatus to the genus Scytosiphon. In the field, gametophytes with plurilocular gametangia appeared in spring and disappeared in summer. Sporophytes with unilocular sporangia were collected in late autumn and winter. Unilocular sporangia were produced at 15°C in short-day culture conditions and unispores developed into erect gametophytes at 5–15°C. It is suggested that the seasonal Occurrence of gametophytes in the field is due to the seasonal formation of unilocular sporangia, which is regulated by temperature and photoperiod.     

Seasonality of the red algal crust 'Petrocelis franciscana'(Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) on boulder-strewn shores of southern British Columbia, Canada

The red algal crust,‘Petrocelis franciscana’ Setchell et Gardner [= tetrasporophytic phase of Mastocarpus papillatus (Agardh) Kützing] exists as discrete patches on boulders throughout the intertidal zone at Burrard Inlet in Vancouver (mainland British Columbia) and at Sooke, Vancouver Island (British Columbia). This study photographically quantifies monthly surface area of 60 individual crusts over 12‐ and 18‐month periods, respectively, at the two sites. Conspicuous seasonal fluctuations in ‘Petrocelis’ abundance and relatively low survivorship of crusts sampled suggest that not all crusts are as static and as long‐lived (> 25 years) as previously suggested. Herbivory, sloughing of senescing tissue and abiotic factors visibly reduce ‘Petrocelis’ abundance in fall and winter; regeneration of lost crust tissue and relatively rapid crust growth occur from spring to early fall.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS BLIDINGIA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN CALIFORNIA1

The green algal genus Blidingia (Ulvales), reported for the first time in California only 4 years ago, is now found to be fairly widely distributed there as B. minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin var. minima. B. minima var. subsalsa (Kjellman) Seagal is now recorded for California. Ulva vexata Setchell and Gardner [Enteromorpha vexata (Setch. & Gardn.) Doty] is reduced to varietal status as B. minima var. vexata, and is reported, to be found in 2 ecological forms. Forms with expanded, ulvoid blades are common to exposed localities and is the form described by Setchell & Gardner. Smaller, narrower, enteromorphoid forms are found near river mouths and are the kind referred to by Doty. There are many intermediate forms of this variety. Characters which are used to separate Blidingia from Enteromorpha are critically evaluated.     

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS REVEALS CRYPTIC DIVERSITY IN PORPHYRA (RHODOPHYTA)1

The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene was amplified from 15 species of the red alga Porphyra and digested with restriction enzymes to generate data for species identification. The subset of species selected for phylogenetic analysis was P. cuneiforms (Setchell et Hus) Krishnamurthy, P. nereocystis anderson, P. schizophylla Hollenberg et Abbott, P. thuretii Setchell et Dawson and Porphyra 1674. Bangia sp. was used as an out-group. Restriction sites were mapped and used as characters in parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis. The phylogenetic hypotheses generated were compared statistically to possible alternative phylogenies based on traditional morphological taxonomic characters. The results indicate that the current subgenera in Porphyra do not represent monophyletic groups and that traditional morphological and ecological taxonomic characters alone may not be adequate for definitive species identification and cannot be relied on as an indication of Porphyra have large insertions in the SSU gene that are apparently splicesd from the final SSU rRNA molecule. The possible character, distribution and potential significance of these putative introns are discussed.