岷江上游干旱河谷矮探春叶片特征与环境因子的关系

对岷江上游干旱河谷矮探春(Jasminumhumile L.)的叶片形态解剖特征进行了显微观察,分析了海拔梯度上叶片形态与环境因子的关系。结果表明,矮探春叶片呈长椭圆形,叶肉组织分化明显;随着海拔升高,叶面积、厚度、干重、饱和含水量、海绵组织厚度,中脉厚度以及厚角组织厚度/中脉厚度之比(M/C)等呈增大趋势,而栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度之比(P/S)则减小;叶片长/宽比、表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和比叶重在海拔梯度上无明显差异。叶面积、干重、饱和含水量、叶厚度和海绵组织厚度等参数两两之间呈显著正相关,而它们与P/S均呈显著负相关。叶面积、干重、海绵组织厚度和M/C等主要受土壤含水量的影响,并随着土壤含水量增加而增大;P/S随着土壤含水量和年降水量增加而减小;叶片厚度、饱和含水量和中脉厚度均随着温和度的降低而增大。岷江上游干旱河谷区土壤水份和生长季温度可能是影响矮探春叶片形态解剖特征的主要因子。     

Effects of plant coverage on shrub fertile islands in the Upper Minjiang River Valley

The patchy distribution of vegetation in dry land results in well-documented fertile islands. However, the response of shrub fertile islands to plant recovery and the underlying mechanisms, such as the linkage plant and soil properties, remain unknown.We sampled soils from areas with three different plant coverages(25%, 45%, and 75%) and three of their adjacent inter-plants to investigate soil physicochemical and microbial properties in the upper Minjiang River arid valley. The results showed that these factors were influenced by the persistence of plants that contrasted with the inter-plant interspaces. We found fertile islands in under-plant soil that were enhanced with increasing plant coverage, from 25% to 45% and 75%; however, there were no significant differences between 45% and 75% plant coverage apart from the soil clay content and the fungi to bacteria ratio. The soil microbial communities in under-plant soil were strongly influenced by the total soil carbon(TC), soil organic carbon(SOC),and available nitrogen(AN), whereas the microbial communities in inter-plant soil were primarily constrained by the AN and available phosphorous(AP). Moreover, the inter-plant soil properties, including gravimetric soil water content, pH, electrical conductivity(EC), and soil C:N ratio, were also strongly influenced by adjacent vegetation, which suggested that fertile islands may be beneficial for plant recovery in this region.     

岷江上游干旱河谷优势灌丛群落土壤生态酶化学计量特征

与碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)分解矿化相关的土壤生态酶的相对活性可以揭示微生物生长和代谢过程的能量限制。尽管干旱生态系统愈来愈受到生态学家的关注,但在土壤水分有效性限制和斑块状分布的植被背景下,探讨土壤酶活性化学计量特征,及其与土壤物理、化学因子和土壤微生物群落结构的关系的相关研究仍十分缺乏。通过调查岷江干旱河谷不同水分梯度4个研究样地(两河口、飞虹、撮箕和牟托)灌丛及其丛间空地的土壤物理化学性质、微生物群落组成和土壤生态酶活性,探讨不同水分梯度样地间及灌丛和空地间土壤酶活性计量的分布特征。结果显示,岷江干旱河谷土壤C∶N∶P酶活性化学计量表现出了与全球尺度上酶活性化学计量的相对特异性(C∶N∶P=3∶2∶2 vs.1∶1∶1)。整体上,岷江干旱河谷区域土壤微生物生长代谢存在一定程度的N限制。虽然酶活性化学计量特征在所有空地和灌丛土壤之间总体未表现出显著差异,但对各研究地的进一步分析表明,两个相对干旱的两河口和飞虹样地表现出更为明显的N限制,而两个相对湿润的撮箕和牟托样地则存在一定的P限制。这种样地间的差异性主要受土壤水分有效性的驱动。逐步回归分析表明,土壤含水量是不同样地间土壤C∶N酶活性比(ln(BG)∶ln(NAG+LAP))和N∶P酶活性比(ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP))的决定性影响因子。而土壤含水量与C∶N酶活性比具有显著正相关关系,与N∶P酶活性比表现为显著负相关关系。此外,土壤真菌、菌根真菌和真菌∶细菌比对土壤酶活性化学计量的影响,说明了真菌和菌根真菌类群对干旱河谷养分循环的重要作用。     

Soil Fauna Affects Dissolved Carbon and Nitrogen in Foliar Litter in Alpine Forest and Alpine Meadow

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) are generally considered important active biogeochemical pools of total carbon and nitrogen. Many studies have documented the contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition, but the effects of the soil fauna on labile substances (i.e., DOC and TDN) in litter during early decomposition are not completely clear. Therefore, a field litterbag experiment was carried out from 13th November 2013 to 23rd October 2014 in an alpine forest and an alpine meadow located on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Litterbags with different mesh sizes were used to provide access to or prohibit the access of the soil fauna, and the concentrations of DOC and TDN in the foliar litter were measured during the winter (the onset of freezing, deep freezing and thawing stage) and the growing season (early and late). After one year of field incubation, the concentration of DOC in the litter significantly decreased, whereas the TDN concentration in the litter increased. Similar dynamic patterns were detected under the effects of the soil fauna on both DOC and TDN in the litter between the alpine forest and the alpine meadow. The soil fauna showed greater positive effects on decreasing DOC concentration in the litter in the winter than in the growing season. In contrast, the dynamics of TND in the litter were related to seasonal changes in environmental factors, rather than the soil fauna. In addition, the soil fauna promoted a decrease in litter DOC/TDN ratio in both the alpine forest and the alpine meadow throughout the first year of decomposition, except for in the late growing season. These results suggest that the soil fauna can promote decreases in DOC and TDN concentrations in litter, contributing to early litter decomposition in these cold biomes.     

岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上四川黄栌叶片特征及其与环境因子的关系

研究了岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上四川黄栌（Cotinus coggygria）叶片特征及变化特点,以及它们与环境变化的相互关系。测定指标有叶片形念结构（叶长、叶宽、叶面积和叶长／叶宽）,表皮特征（气孔器密度和面积、孔径、表皮细胞密度和面积）以及生态特征（生物量、比叶最、饱和含水量）。结果表明。随着海拔升高叶长,叶宽、叶面积、生物量、饱和含水量以及表皮细胞面积呈增大趋势;而表皮细胞密度呈减小趋势;气孔器面积和比叶重在海拔1950m以下,随着海拔上升而增加。1950m的区域明显减小,气孔器密度的变化趋势与之相反;孔径和叶长／叶宽无明显变化。多元统计分析显示,叶面积、饱和含水世和气孔器面积主要与温和度有关,三者随着海拔升高和温和度降低呈增大趋势;随着水热综合因子的增加,气孔器密度减小而孔径和比叶重增大;随着年降水量的增加生物量和气孔器面积基增大趋势,面表皮细胞密度减小;表皮细胞面积随着生物温度降低而增加。综合分析表明,岷江上游干旱河谷缺水和生长季节高温是影响叶片特征变化的主要因素。     

怒江中游西藏境内干旱河谷荒漠植被特征

基于实地调查资料,对西藏境内怒江中游河谷的特殊荒漠型植被进行了研究。结果表明：（1）22个样方中有85种维管植物,其种子植物属的分布区类型以泛热带分布为主,占21．6％;种以中国特有分布中的西南特有成分为主,占53．2％;（2）生活型谱以矮高位芽植物为主,占41．2％,地面芽植物占40．0％;（3）采用Raunkiaer频度分析,出现在10个以上样方中的物种有白刺花、垫状卷柏、芸香草和阔盖中国蕨等,频度分别是68．2％、50．0％、50．0％、45．5％;（4）根据该河谷区域的气候特点、干旱程度、群落的生态外貌特征和生活型等,并结合《中国植被》对灌丛和荒漠的划分,认为该河谷区域的植被盖度极低,不属于灌丛类型,而是非地带性的干旱河谷型荒漠植被。     

汉江中上游湿地冬季水鸟资源调查

汉江中上游河道冬季水鸟共30种,隶属7目7科。其中,冬候鸟15种,留鸟8种,占73.3%,旅鸟7种。调查分析表明:独特的动物地理区系和优越的湿地环境使汉水中上游流域成为重要的鸟类越冬地及迁徙中转地,由此形成了该地特殊的冬季鸟类结构。     

青海东部黄河上游谷地种子植物区系

黄河上游谷地位于青海省的东部,约处北纬35°20′～36°25′,东经100°55′～102°50′。属青藏高原和黄土高原的过渡地带,海拔1780～4969m,面积约13480km2,属于大陆性气候或高原大陆性气候类型。本区共有野生种子植物86科、404属、1027种。分别占青海省总科数的95.56%、总属数的79.53%、总种数的44.95%。区系特征如下:(1)种类相对较丰富,木本丰富。(2)植物种的中国特有性高,地区特有性不高。(3)就属的层面而言,中国种子植物区系15个分布区类型,特别是6个热带类型在青海境内唯一于本区都有出现。(4)属和种的分析表明,本区属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具温性、寒温和高寒类型的温带区系性质。(5)许多种、属和多数热带类型均以本区为边缘分布区,因而区系的边缘性质明显。(6)在植物区系地理方面,本区(特别是孟达林区)为华北区系、横断山区系、青藏高原的高山区系和柴达木高寒荒漠区系的交汇过渡地带,过渡区系性质明显。所以,本区作为远离青藏高原腹地的边缘地带和过渡区系,保持了其高原、高山类型的区系性质,应属距我国北方区系最为接近而高寒区系性质最弱的唐古特地区植物区系。     

The Seed Plant Flora of Valley in Upper Reaches of Yellow River in East Qinghai,China

The valley in upper reaches of Yellow River is situated in the east of Qinghai, China, between latitude 35b20c~ 36b 25c N and longitude 100b55c~ 102b50c E. This area belongs to the transitional zone of Qingha-i Tibetan Plateau and Loess Plateau at an altitudinal range of 1 780m to 4 969 m. The total area is c113 480 km2. Its climate is continental or plateau- continental one. There are 1 027 species of wild seed plants which belong to 86 families and 404 genera in the area. They are 44195% of the total species, 95156% of the total families and 79153% of the total genera in Qinghai, respectively. The floristic characteristics in wild seed plants for the area are as follows: ( 1) Species and woody ones are richer. ( 2) Species endemic to China also richer, but those endemic to Qinghai are very poor. ( 3) On the level of genera, all the fifteen distribution types in China, especia-lly all the six tropical ones only occur in the area in Qinghai. ( 4) On the analysis of genera and species, the flora is temperate in nature which is dominated by North Temperate elements especially the typical elements from the warm and cold zone of Eurasia, and also with some elements of thewarm, cold warm and alpine types. ( 5) The area is of a marginal one in distribution for many species or genera and especially for many tropical ones, so the flora of the area is clear in maginal nature. ( 6) In floristic geography, it is a converged and transitional region for the Loess Plateau Flora, Hengduan Mountians Flora, Alpine Qingha-i Tibetan Plateau Flora, as well as Qaidam Alpine Desert Flora, so the flora of the area is also conspiarously a transitional one. Therefore, as a marginal region far from the center of Qingha-i Tibetan Plateau and with a transitional flora more or less keeping the floristic nature of plateau and alpine types, so the valley in upper reaches of Yellow River in Qinghai should be a flora still belonging to the Tangute one, although it is weaker in alpine nature but conspicuously much more related to North China one.     

塔里木河上游天然胡杨林种群空间分布格局与动态研究

以新疆塔里木河上游阿瓦提县天然胡杨林为研究对象,采用相邻格子法进行实地调查,应用方差/均值比率法和5种聚集度指标研究了塔里木河上游天然胡杨林主要种群的空间分布格局与动态特征.结果显示:胡杨群落中除草本西北天冬种群空间分布格局呈随机分布外,其它主要种群均呈聚集分布;拟合检验表明,胡杨、灰叶胡杨种群为聚集分布.种群空间分布动态分析表明,灰叶胡杨在小树、中树与大树阶段均为聚集分布;胡杨种群在小树与中树阶段为聚集分布,但聚集强度减弱,到大树阶段为随机分布.研究表明,物种分布格局主要与物种本身的生物生态学特性和生境有关.     

Temperature and Moisture Modulate the Contribution of Soil Fauna to Litter Decomposition via Different Pathways

Ecosystems - Soil fauna are crucial decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems, but how the role of soil fauna varies among climatic conditions and litter substrates remains poorly understood. Here, we...     

Forest Gaps Inhibit Foliar Litter Pb and Cd Release in Winter and Inhibit Pb and Cd Accumulation in Growing Season in an Alpine Forest

Aims

The release of heavy metals (such as Pb and Cd) from foliar litter play an important role in element cycling in alpine forest ecosystems. Although natural forest gaps could play important roles in the release of heavy metals from foliar litter by affecting the snow cover during the winter and solar irradiation during the growing season, few studies have examined these potential roles. The objectives of this study were to document changes in Pb and Cd dynamics during litter decomposition in the center of gaps and under closed canopies and to investigate the factors that controlled these changes during the winter and growing seasons.

Methods

Senesced foliar litter from six dominant species, including Kangding willow (Salix paraplesia), Masters larch (Larix mastersiana), Mingjiang fir (Abies faxoniana), Alpine azalea (Rhododendron lapponicum), Red birch (Betula albosinensis) and Mourning cypress (Sabina saltuaria), was placed in litterbags and incubated between the gap center and closed canopy conditions in an alpine forest in the eastern region of the Tibetan Plateau. The litterbags were sampled at the snow formation stage, snow coverage stage, snow melt stage and during the growing season. The Pb and Cd concentrations in the sampled foliar litter were determined by acid digestion (HNO₃/HClO₄).

Important findings

Over one year of decomposition, Pb accumulation and Cd release from the foliar litter occurred, regardless of the foliar litter species. However, Pb and Cd were both released from the foliar litter during the winter and accumulated during the growing season. Compared with the gap center and the canopy gap edge, the extended gap edge and the closed canopy showed higher Pb and Cd release rates in winter and higher Pb and Cd accumulation rates during the growing season, respectively. Statistical analyses indicate that the dynamics of Pb were significantly influenced by frequent freeze–thaw cycles in winter and appropriate hydrothermal conditions during the growing season, the dynamics of Cd were strongly influenced by species and the presence of a forest gap at different decomposition stages. These results show that forest gaps could inhibit Pb and Cd release from foliar litter in the alpine forest of western Sichuan. In addition, a decrease in the snow depth in the winter warming scenario would promote the release of Pb during foliar litter decomposition. There exist some difference that may be influenced by litter quality, microenvironment and microtopography during litter decomposition.     

Contribution of sediment fluxes and transformations to the summer nitrogen budget of an Upper Mississippi River backwater system

Routing nitrate through backwaters of regulated floodplain rivers to increase retention could decrease loading to nitrogen (N)-sensitive coastal regions. Sediment core determinations of N flux were combined with inflow–outflow fluxes to develop mass balance approximations of N uptake and transformations in a flow-controlled backwater of the Upper Mississippi River (USA). Inflow was the dominant nitrate source (>95%) versus nitrification and varied as a function of source water concentration since flow was constant. Nitrate uptake length increased linearly, while uptake velocity decreased linearly, with increasing inflow concentration to 2 mg l⁻¹, indicating limitation of N uptake by loading. N saturation at higher inflow concentration coincided with maximum uptake capacity, 40% uptake efficiency, and an uptake length 2 times greater than the length of the backwater. Nitrate diffusion and denitrification in sediment accounted for 27% of the backwater nitrate retention, indicating that assimilation by other biota or denitrification on other substrates were the dominant uptake mechanisms. Ammonium export from the backwater was driven by diffusive efflux from the sediment. Ammonium increased from near zero at the inflow to a maximum mid-lake, then declined slightly toward the outflow due to uptake during transport. Ammonium export was small compared to nitrate retention. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

滦河上游地区藓类植物区系的初步研究

于2001~2005年在滦河上游地区共采集藓类植物标本1 810份,并对标本进行了整理鉴定.分析结果表明,滦河上游地区共有藓类植物27科75属175种1亚种12变种2变型,分别占全国藓类植物科、属、种(含种下分类单位)总数的41.54%、18.16%和7.74%.其中,河北省藓类植物新纪录6种1变种.该地区的优势科为丛藓科、柳叶藓科等6科,优势属为真藓属、青藓属等11属.该地区藓类植物可划分为10种区系成分,北温带成分居各种区系成分的首位,占该区系总种数的64.42%,东亚成分次之,占13.50%.该区系中温带性质的的种共计158种,占整个区系总种数的83.16%,而热带性质的种仅5种,显示了该地区藓类区系显著的温带性质.     

汾河流域中下游植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

于2011年4~10月对汾河流域中下游33个样地128个样方的植被进行样地调查和土壤取样分析,并运用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）进行群落分类,用典范对应分析法（CCA）分析7种土壤因子与汾河流域中下游植物群落的分布关系,以揭示汾河流域中下游植被的物种多样性与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:（1）汾河流域中下游地区共发现植物121种,隶属33科81个属,其中以菊科、禾本科、藜科和蓼科植物最多,分别占总数的24.79%、14.05%、8.26%和7.43%,且芦苇的分布频率最高,达到49%。（2）双向指示种分析表明,汾河流域中下游33个样地分为8个群落类型（Ⅰ~Ⅷ）。（3）汾河流域中下游植物群落的Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数变化趋势相似,而Simpson指数则与Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数呈相反的变化趋势;Pielou均匀度指数的变化趋势与其他3个指数均不同。（4）汾河流域中下游土壤含水量、速效钾含量在不同群落类型的不同样地间的差异大部分达到显著水平,土壤养分具有比较明显的空间分布中度不均的特点。（5）汾河流域中下游地区的土壤有机质含量与物种Simpson指数以及土壤全氮与Pielou均匀度指数均具有显著负相关关系。（6）CCA排序结果表明,土壤含水量及速效磷、速效钾含量是影响植被群落分布最重要的环境因子。     

干旱河谷-山地森林交错带土壤水分与养分特征

干旱河谷-山地森林交错带(EDM)在延伸亚高山森林生态功能,抑制干旱河谷上延等发挥着重要且不可替代的作用。研究了交错带邻近生态系统干旱河谷(DV)、亚高山森林(SF)以及交错带内(EDMⅠ、EDMⅡ、EDM) 3个土层(L1、L2、L3)土壤水分及养分特征,结果表明,(1) 相比于DV,EDM具有更好的土壤水环境,并为植物生长提供更多的可吸收磷,但未表现出更好的土壤氮素环境;SF则是山地垂直带谱中土壤水环境和养分环境最好的区域。(2) 交错带内由于主要植物种类及其群落结构组成不同,土壤水、肥环境仍存显著差异。(3)海拔梯度上,L1中土壤水分与氨态氮相关性不显著,与其它养分均极显著相关(P<0.01)。L3中,速效养分均与土壤水分相关性不显著;剖面层次上,EDM和EDMⅠ不同层次的土壤养分与土壤水均未表现出显著相关性,而在EDMⅡ和SF却表现出显著相关。     

Landscape-Scale Implications of the Edge Effect on Soil Fauna Activity in a Temperate Forest

Although studies on edge effects on species richness and abundance are numerous, the responses of ecosystem processes to these effects have received considerably less attention. How ecosystem processes respond to edge effects is particularly important in temperate forests, where small fragments and edge habitats form a considerable proportion of the total forest area. Soil fauna are key contributors to decomposition and soil biogeochemical cycling processes. Using the bait lamina technique, we quantified soil fauna feeding activity, and its dependence on soil moisture and distance to the edge in a broad-leaved forest in Southern England. Feeding activity was 40% lower at the forest edge than in the interior, and the depth of edge influence was approximately 75 m. A watering treatment showed that moisture limitation was the main driver of the reduced feeding activity at the edge. In England, only 33% of the forest area is greater than 75 m from the edge. Therefore, assuming that the results from this single-site study are representative for the landscape, it implies that only one- third of the forest area in England supports activity levels typical for the forest core, and that edge effects reduce the mean feeding activity across the landscape by 17% (with lower and upper 90% confidence intervals of 1.3 and 23%, respectively). Changing climatic conditions, such as summer droughts may exacerbate such effects as edges lose water faster than the forest interior. The results highlight the importance of taking edge effects into account in ecological studies and forest management planning in highly fragmented landscapes.     

Interactions between Litter Lignin and Nitrogenitter Lignin and Soil Nitrogen Availability during Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Hawaiian Montane Forest

Previous work in a young Hawaiian forest has shown that nitrogen (N) limits aboveground net primary production (ANPP) more strongly than it does decomposition, despite low soil N availability. In this study, I determined whether (a) poor litter C quality (that is, high litter lignin) poses an overriding constraint on decomposition, preventing decomposers from responding to added N, or (b) high N levels inhibit lignin degradation, lessening the effects of added N on decomposition overall. I obtained leaf litter from one species, Metrosideros polymorpha, which dominates a range of sites in the Hawaiian Islands and whose litter lignin concentration declines with decreasing precipitation. Litter from three dry sites had lignin concentrations of 12% or less, whereas litter from two wet sites, including the study site, had lignin concentrations of more than 18%. This litter was deployed 2.5 years in a common site in control plots (receiving no added nutrients) and in N-fertilized plots. Nitrogen fertilization stimulated decomposition of the low-lignin litter types more than that of the high-lignin litter types. However, in contrast to results from temperate forests, N did not inhibit lignin decomposition. Rather, lignin decay increased with added N, suggesting that the small effect of N on decomposition at this site results from limitation of decomposition by poor C quality rather than from N inhibition of lignin decay. Even though ANPP is limited by N, decomposers are strongly limited by C quality. My results suggest that anthropogenic N deposition may increase leaf litter decomposition more in ecosystems characterized by low-lignin litter than in those characterized by high-lignin litter. Received 26 October 1999; accepted 2 June 2000.     

金沙江上游软刺裸裂尻鱼年龄和生长的研究

以2011年4～5月和2011年9～10月期间采集于金沙江上游的328尾软刺裸裂尻鱼Schizopygopsis malacanthus Herzenstein为材料,用微耳石鉴定年轮,对其年龄和生长进行研究,以期为进一步的鱼类生态学研究和资源保护提供依据.结果表明,微耳石上宽而暗的增长带与窄而透明的增长带交替出现,窄带与宽带交界处为年轮;体长与体重呈幂函数关系:W=0.00002L2.970;von Bertalanffy方程为:Lt=382.1067×(1-e-0.1058(t+0.1045)),Wt=949.0577×(1-e-0.1058(t +0.1045))2.970;体重生长拐点年龄为10.2龄,对应的体长和体重分别为253.4 mm、280.4 g.软刺裸裂尻鱼是裂腹鱼类中生长较慢、体型较小的种类,是对金沙江上游生态与环境适应的结果.     

岷江流域王百合和通江百合多酚氧化酶同功酶的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳技术,对岷江流域王百合3个采样点的14个样品和通江百合4个采样点的4个样品的多酚氧化酶(PPO)同功酶进行了研究。结果表明,两种百合的多酚氧化酶在种间和种内均有一定差异。酶谱的聚类分析在遗传相似系数约0.5处,将两种百合18个样品分成5个类群,其中王百合的13个样品聚成了4类,样品12则与通江百合的4个样品聚成了1类;5个类群在外部形态上也呈现出相似性。